Reimagining Holistic Health Tourism in Malaysia: Unlocking the Economic Potential with Sustainable Wellness Integration
Keywords:
Holistic health tourism, wellness tourism, travel, Malaysia, economic impact, sustainability development
Abstract
The global wellness economy is undergoing a paradigm shift from reactive healthcare to proactive and integrative well-being. Malaysia, with its rich cultural heritage, biodiversity, and established medical infrastructure, could be uniquely positioned as part of the leading holistic health tourism providers. Malaysia’s health tourism sector traditionally emphasized medical services and has long been recognized to attract patients seeking quality and affordable healthcare. Yet the global shift toward preventive and integrative wellness presents a timely opportunity to expand the country’s health tourism offerings beyond conventional medical interventions to a holistic health tourism hub. This conceptual paper explores the potential of holistic health tourism in Malaysia, encompassing a wider spectrum of physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being services. It examines Malaysia’s strengths, the challenges faced, and potential strategies to elevate the nation as a premier holistic health tourism destination in Asia. Drawing on a recent literature review, this paper suggests that by strategically developing and promoting the country’s diverse natural, cultural heritage, and wellness resources, Malaysia can tap into a growing market, diversify its tourism portfolio, and significantly contribute to its economic development. The paper concludes with strategic implications for policymakers, industry players, and future researchers.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Abdul Ghani, N., Abdul Rani, M. R., & Che Noriah, O. (2015). Traditional Malay medicine and its role in wellness tourism. Jurnal Pengajian Melayu, 26(1), 45–60.
A?azade, S. (2024). Travel for health as a type of niche tourism and economic growth: A cross?country panel data analysis. International Journal of Tourism Research, 26(4), e2681.
Alvarez & Marsal. (2024, April 24). Medical Tourism in Malaysia: Tail Winds Driving Growth. Retrieved from https://www.alvarezandmarsal.com/sites/default/files/2024-04/Malaysia%20Medical%20Tourism%20report%20-%20revised%20-%20April%2024%2C%202024.pdf
Aniza, I., Aidalina, M., Nirmalini, R., Inggit, M., & Ajeng, T. (2009). Health tourism in Malaysia: the strengths and weaknesses. Journal of Community Health, 15(1), 7-15.
Bardukova, L. (2024). Health and Wellness Tourism: Current Trends and Strategies in the Bulgarian Tourism Industry. Economics and Computer Science, (2), 22-36.
Bhuyan, K. N., Naik, R., & Khangarot, G. (2025). Wellness tourism: nurturing nature and achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) while travelling. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-32.
B?otnicka, A., Górski, Z., & Jurasi?ski, D. (2024). Current Trends On The Wellness Tourism Market In Light Of Selected Reports Analysing The Effects Of The Covid-19 Pandemic. Folia Turistica, 62.
Castro, L.D., Sy, P., & Gan, J. (2019). Medical Tourism. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
Chan, J. (2008). CHI Spa at The Shangri-La’s, Sabah, Malaysia: Its philosophy and management concept – ‘journey of experiences’. In Health and wellness tourism, pp. 350-355. Routledge.
Dewi, R. D. C. (2025). Development of Medical Wellness-Based Health Tourism in Indonesia: Case Study of Traditional Medicine and Melukat Ritual in Bali. Multidiscience: Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, 2(1), 281-289.
Dini, M., & Pencarelli, T. (2022). Wellness tourism and the components of its offer system: A holistic perspective. Tourism Review, 77(2), 407–423. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-08-2020-0373
Eusébio, C., Carneiro, M. J., Kastenholz, E., & Alvelos, H. (2012). The economic impact of health tourism programs. In Quantitative methods in tourism economics. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, p. 153-173
Faraj, M., Siow, M. L., & Maruthaveeran, S. (2024). Therapeutic Environment Design Elements in Malaysia's Medical Tourism Accommodations: An Observation Study. International Journal of Sustainable Development & Planning, 19(3), p. 917.
Figueiredo, N., Abrantes, J. L., & Costa, S. (2024). Mapping the sustainable development in health tourism: A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 16(5), 1901. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16051901
Global Wellness Institute. (2025). Wellness Tourism. Retrieved from https://globalwellnessinstitute.org
GlobeNewswire. (2025, March 11). Wellness Tourism Market is expected to Clock Revenue of USD 3,276.5 billion by the end of 2035. Retrieved from https://www.globenewswire.com
Haghighat, J., & Masoomzadeh, S. (2020). Investigation of Nonlinear Effects of Health Tourism on Iran's Economic Growth: Self-regression approach with distributive intervals, Journal of Management Strategies in Health System, 5(2).
Haldar, P. (2023). Wellness Tourism: An Empirical Study on Tourists' Motivation. OPJU Business Review, 2, 58-69.
Hashemi, S. M., Jusoh, J., Kiumarsi, S., & Mohammadi, S. (2015). Influence factors of spa and wellness tourism on revisit intention: The mediating role of international tourist motivation and tourist satisfaction. International Journal of Research, 3(7), 1-11.
Hashim, R., Mohd Hanafiah, M. H. & Jamaluddin, M. R. (Eds.). (2019). Positioning and branding tourism destinations for global competitiveness. IGI Global.
Idrus, S., Yusoff, A. Q., Arham, A. F., & Nizam, N. Z. (2020). Wellness Tourism Destination Analysis Case in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(10), 752-764.
Islamic Tourism Centre. (2025, February 19). ITC expands the Muslim-friendly tourism and hospitality assurance and recognition (MFAR) program, recognizing seven new Muslim-friendly travel operating businesses. Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture Malaysia. https://www.itc.gov.my/itc-expands-muslim-friendly-tourism-and-hospitality-assurance-and-recognition-mfar-programme-recognising-seven-new-muslim-friendly-travel-operating-businesses/
Jamaludin, S. S. S., Shian, B. H., & Jing, P. (2024). Role of Traditional and Complementary Medicine in Sustaining Health and Well-Being of Malaysians. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 19(3), 10-25.
Khairunnisa, C., & Hatta, M. (2017). The development of health tourism industries in Malaysia. Economics, 4(1), 1-11.
Khoa, N. D., & Nhu Y, D. T. (2021). Economic Motives and Problems of Health Tourism in the Asia Pacific. Czech Journal of Tourism, 9(1), 22-40. DOI: 10.2478/cjot-2020-0002.
Koncul, N. (2012). Wellness: A New Mode of Tourism. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 25, 525 - 534.
Laing, J., & Weiler, B. (2007). Mind, body, and spirit: Health and wellness tourism in Asia. In Asian tourism: Growth and Change (pp. 379-389). Routledge.
Latiff, A. R. A., Mohd, S., & Daud, L. (2020). The economic contribution of tourism in Malaysia: Input-output approach. International Journal of Business and Economy, 2(4), 1-12.
Lee, L. Y. S., Lam, K. Y. C., & Lam, M. Y. C. (2020). Urban wellness: the space-out moment. Journal of Tourism Futures. DOI 10.1108/JTF-10-2019-0111
Liao, C., Zuo, Y., Xu, S., Law, R., & Zhang, M. (2022). Dimensions of the health benefits of wellness tourism: A review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1071578.
Mohd Dahlan, M. F. K., & Omar, M. S. (2021). Seni urutan tradisional Melayu: Kearifan tempatan yang kekal relevan atau dipinggirkan? Jurnal Peradaban Melayu, 16(1), 1–15.
MOTAC. (2022). National Tourism Policy 2020–2030. Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture Malaysia.
Musa, G., Thirumoorthi, T., & Doshi, D. (2012). Travel behaviour among inbound medical tourists in Kuala Lumpur. Current issues in tourism, 15(6), 525-543.
Muzaffar, F., & Hussain, I. (2016). Medical tourism: Are we ready to take the challenge? Journal of Pakistan Association of Dermatology, 17, 215-218.
Nazir, F., & Kumar, J.a (2025). Wellness and Health Tourism in Malaysia: Current Barriers and Recommendations. Chapter in Book In: Kulshreshtha, S.K., Michopoulou, E. (eds) Wellness Tourism in Asia. Perspectives on Asian Tourism. Springer, Singapore, 141-154. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-2867-4_9
Nazir, N., & Kumar, R.b (2025). Malaysia's integrative wellness tourism roadmap: Challenges and opportunities. Asia-Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 30(1), 44–59.
Nizam, H. H. (2025). Malaysia tops medical tourism ranking. Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2025/05/1222759/malaysia-tops-medical-tourism-ranking
Ordabayeva, M., & Yessimzhanova, S. (2016). Development of Healthcare and Wellness Tourism Marketing. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(5), 118-124.
Prommahaa, J. (2015). Destination branding: Brand management and brand engagement of health and wellness tourism in Thailand and the ASEAN region. Sociology, 5(8), 653-675.
Rocha, G.K., Seabra, C., Silva, C., & Abrantes, J.L. (2016). Holistic Tourism: Motivations, Self-Image and Satisfaction. Journal of Tourism Research and Hospitality, 2016, 1-8.
SDG Roadmap for Malaysia Phase II 2021-2025. Retrieved from https://www.ekonomi.gov.my
Seabra, C., Silva, C., Faias, C., Abrantes, J. L., & Paiva, O. (2014). Holistic tourism: A new form of living and feeling tourism. RTetD, 21(22), 177-178.
Seow, A. N., Foroughi, B., & Choong, Y. O. (2024). Tourists’ satisfaction, experience, and revisit intention for wellness tourism: E word-of-mouth as the mediator. Sage Open, 14(3), 21582440241274049.
Siddiqui, A. (2025, February 1). Malaysia Turns Key Med Tourism Hub. Retrieved from https://www.biospectrumasia.com
Smith, M., & Puczkó, L. (2014). Health, tourism, and hospitality: Spas, wellness, and medical travel. Routledge.
SP Models Kingdom. (2025). Strategic Investment Opportunity in Malaysia’s Rapidly Growing Wellness, Halal Tourism, and Eco Retreat Development Market. Retrieved from https://spmodels.net
Stará, J., & Peterson, C. (2017). Understanding the concept of wellness for the future of the tourism industry: A literature review. Journal of Tourism & Services, 8(14), 18-29.
Subramaniam, T., & Thuraiselvam, S. (2025). Memorable experience and future demand for wellness tourism in Malaysia: a study on Gen Z’s perceptions. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 17(3), 322-331.
The Edge Malaysia (2025). Muslim-friendly tourism — the next big opportunity Malaysia should not miss. Retrieved from https://theedgemalaysia.com/content/advertise/muslim-friendly-tourism-next-big-opportunity-malaysia-should-not-miss
Tourism Malaysia. (2022). Tourism Malaysia marketing plan 2022–2026. Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture Malaysia. https://www.tourism.gov.my/files/uploads/TM_Marketing_Plan_2022_2026.pdf
Tripathi, S., & Said, F. B. (2023). Significant Trends in Asia’s Wellness Tourism and Research Agenda: A Systematic Literature Review Analysis. Journal of Tourismology, 9(2), 97-112.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Malaysia. (2022). Malaysia Sustainable Tourism Recovery Project launched in partnership with the Ministry of Tourism and the Ministry of Finance. https://www.undp.org/malaysia/press-releases/malaysia-sustainable-tourism-recovery-project-launched-partnership-ministry-tourism-and-ministry-finance
Velayuthan, S. K., Hashim, N. A. A. N., Muhamed, A. B., Yusoff, Z. A., & Ramlee, S. I. F. B. (2019). A proposed framework on urban vacationers' motivation in visiting spa and wellness centres. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(5), 597-603.
Wellnesstourism.com. (2025). The Healing Traditions of Malaysia: Wellness Tourism in a Multicultural Paradise. Retrieved from https://www.wellnesstourism.com/article/the-healing-traditions-of-malaysia-wellness-tourism-in-a-multicultural-paradise
Yusof, S. A., & Salleh, N. H. (2023). Ecotourism, sustainability, and the halal economy: The case of Malaysian wellness retreats. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 18(4), 211–225.
Zain, N. A. M., Hanafiah, M. H., Asyraff, M. A., Ismail, H., & Zain, W. M. A. W. M. (2023). Exploring Medical Tourism Competitiveness In Malaysia, Thailand, And Singapore: The Indonesian Tourists’ perspectives. Planning Malaysia, 21.
A?azade, S. (2024). Travel for health as a type of niche tourism and economic growth: A cross?country panel data analysis. International Journal of Tourism Research, 26(4), e2681.
Alvarez & Marsal. (2024, April 24). Medical Tourism in Malaysia: Tail Winds Driving Growth. Retrieved from https://www.alvarezandmarsal.com/sites/default/files/2024-04/Malaysia%20Medical%20Tourism%20report%20-%20revised%20-%20April%2024%2C%202024.pdf
Aniza, I., Aidalina, M., Nirmalini, R., Inggit, M., & Ajeng, T. (2009). Health tourism in Malaysia: the strengths and weaknesses. Journal of Community Health, 15(1), 7-15.
Bardukova, L. (2024). Health and Wellness Tourism: Current Trends and Strategies in the Bulgarian Tourism Industry. Economics and Computer Science, (2), 22-36.
Bhuyan, K. N., Naik, R., & Khangarot, G. (2025). Wellness tourism: nurturing nature and achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) while travelling. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-32.
B?otnicka, A., Górski, Z., & Jurasi?ski, D. (2024). Current Trends On The Wellness Tourism Market In Light Of Selected Reports Analysing The Effects Of The Covid-19 Pandemic. Folia Turistica, 62.
Castro, L.D., Sy, P., & Gan, J. (2019). Medical Tourism. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
Chan, J. (2008). CHI Spa at The Shangri-La’s, Sabah, Malaysia: Its philosophy and management concept – ‘journey of experiences’. In Health and wellness tourism, pp. 350-355. Routledge.
Dewi, R. D. C. (2025). Development of Medical Wellness-Based Health Tourism in Indonesia: Case Study of Traditional Medicine and Melukat Ritual in Bali. Multidiscience: Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, 2(1), 281-289.
Dini, M., & Pencarelli, T. (2022). Wellness tourism and the components of its offer system: A holistic perspective. Tourism Review, 77(2), 407–423. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-08-2020-0373
Eusébio, C., Carneiro, M. J., Kastenholz, E., & Alvelos, H. (2012). The economic impact of health tourism programs. In Quantitative methods in tourism economics. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, p. 153-173
Faraj, M., Siow, M. L., & Maruthaveeran, S. (2024). Therapeutic Environment Design Elements in Malaysia's Medical Tourism Accommodations: An Observation Study. International Journal of Sustainable Development & Planning, 19(3), p. 917.
Figueiredo, N., Abrantes, J. L., & Costa, S. (2024). Mapping the sustainable development in health tourism: A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 16(5), 1901. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16051901
Global Wellness Institute. (2025). Wellness Tourism. Retrieved from https://globalwellnessinstitute.org
GlobeNewswire. (2025, March 11). Wellness Tourism Market is expected to Clock Revenue of USD 3,276.5 billion by the end of 2035. Retrieved from https://www.globenewswire.com
Haghighat, J., & Masoomzadeh, S. (2020). Investigation of Nonlinear Effects of Health Tourism on Iran's Economic Growth: Self-regression approach with distributive intervals, Journal of Management Strategies in Health System, 5(2).
Haldar, P. (2023). Wellness Tourism: An Empirical Study on Tourists' Motivation. OPJU Business Review, 2, 58-69.
Hashemi, S. M., Jusoh, J., Kiumarsi, S., & Mohammadi, S. (2015). Influence factors of spa and wellness tourism on revisit intention: The mediating role of international tourist motivation and tourist satisfaction. International Journal of Research, 3(7), 1-11.
Hashim, R., Mohd Hanafiah, M. H. & Jamaluddin, M. R. (Eds.). (2019). Positioning and branding tourism destinations for global competitiveness. IGI Global.
Idrus, S., Yusoff, A. Q., Arham, A. F., & Nizam, N. Z. (2020). Wellness Tourism Destination Analysis Case in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(10), 752-764.
Islamic Tourism Centre. (2025, February 19). ITC expands the Muslim-friendly tourism and hospitality assurance and recognition (MFAR) program, recognizing seven new Muslim-friendly travel operating businesses. Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture Malaysia. https://www.itc.gov.my/itc-expands-muslim-friendly-tourism-and-hospitality-assurance-and-recognition-mfar-programme-recognising-seven-new-muslim-friendly-travel-operating-businesses/
Jamaludin, S. S. S., Shian, B. H., & Jing, P. (2024). Role of Traditional and Complementary Medicine in Sustaining Health and Well-Being of Malaysians. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 19(3), 10-25.
Khairunnisa, C., & Hatta, M. (2017). The development of health tourism industries in Malaysia. Economics, 4(1), 1-11.
Khoa, N. D., & Nhu Y, D. T. (2021). Economic Motives and Problems of Health Tourism in the Asia Pacific. Czech Journal of Tourism, 9(1), 22-40. DOI: 10.2478/cjot-2020-0002.
Koncul, N. (2012). Wellness: A New Mode of Tourism. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 25, 525 - 534.
Laing, J., & Weiler, B. (2007). Mind, body, and spirit: Health and wellness tourism in Asia. In Asian tourism: Growth and Change (pp. 379-389). Routledge.
Latiff, A. R. A., Mohd, S., & Daud, L. (2020). The economic contribution of tourism in Malaysia: Input-output approach. International Journal of Business and Economy, 2(4), 1-12.
Lee, L. Y. S., Lam, K. Y. C., & Lam, M. Y. C. (2020). Urban wellness: the space-out moment. Journal of Tourism Futures. DOI 10.1108/JTF-10-2019-0111
Liao, C., Zuo, Y., Xu, S., Law, R., & Zhang, M. (2022). Dimensions of the health benefits of wellness tourism: A review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1071578.
Mohd Dahlan, M. F. K., & Omar, M. S. (2021). Seni urutan tradisional Melayu: Kearifan tempatan yang kekal relevan atau dipinggirkan? Jurnal Peradaban Melayu, 16(1), 1–15.
MOTAC. (2022). National Tourism Policy 2020–2030. Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture Malaysia.
Musa, G., Thirumoorthi, T., & Doshi, D. (2012). Travel behaviour among inbound medical tourists in Kuala Lumpur. Current issues in tourism, 15(6), 525-543.
Muzaffar, F., & Hussain, I. (2016). Medical tourism: Are we ready to take the challenge? Journal of Pakistan Association of Dermatology, 17, 215-218.
Nazir, F., & Kumar, J.a (2025). Wellness and Health Tourism in Malaysia: Current Barriers and Recommendations. Chapter in Book In: Kulshreshtha, S.K., Michopoulou, E. (eds) Wellness Tourism in Asia. Perspectives on Asian Tourism. Springer, Singapore, 141-154. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-2867-4_9
Nazir, N., & Kumar, R.b (2025). Malaysia's integrative wellness tourism roadmap: Challenges and opportunities. Asia-Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 30(1), 44–59.
Nizam, H. H. (2025). Malaysia tops medical tourism ranking. Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2025/05/1222759/malaysia-tops-medical-tourism-ranking
Ordabayeva, M., & Yessimzhanova, S. (2016). Development of Healthcare and Wellness Tourism Marketing. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(5), 118-124.
Prommahaa, J. (2015). Destination branding: Brand management and brand engagement of health and wellness tourism in Thailand and the ASEAN region. Sociology, 5(8), 653-675.
Rocha, G.K., Seabra, C., Silva, C., & Abrantes, J.L. (2016). Holistic Tourism: Motivations, Self-Image and Satisfaction. Journal of Tourism Research and Hospitality, 2016, 1-8.
SDG Roadmap for Malaysia Phase II 2021-2025. Retrieved from https://www.ekonomi.gov.my
Seabra, C., Silva, C., Faias, C., Abrantes, J. L., & Paiva, O. (2014). Holistic tourism: A new form of living and feeling tourism. RTetD, 21(22), 177-178.
Seow, A. N., Foroughi, B., & Choong, Y. O. (2024). Tourists’ satisfaction, experience, and revisit intention for wellness tourism: E word-of-mouth as the mediator. Sage Open, 14(3), 21582440241274049.
Siddiqui, A. (2025, February 1). Malaysia Turns Key Med Tourism Hub. Retrieved from https://www.biospectrumasia.com
Smith, M., & Puczkó, L. (2014). Health, tourism, and hospitality: Spas, wellness, and medical travel. Routledge.
SP Models Kingdom. (2025). Strategic Investment Opportunity in Malaysia’s Rapidly Growing Wellness, Halal Tourism, and Eco Retreat Development Market. Retrieved from https://spmodels.net
Stará, J., & Peterson, C. (2017). Understanding the concept of wellness for the future of the tourism industry: A literature review. Journal of Tourism & Services, 8(14), 18-29.
Subramaniam, T., & Thuraiselvam, S. (2025). Memorable experience and future demand for wellness tourism in Malaysia: a study on Gen Z’s perceptions. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 17(3), 322-331.
The Edge Malaysia (2025). Muslim-friendly tourism — the next big opportunity Malaysia should not miss. Retrieved from https://theedgemalaysia.com/content/advertise/muslim-friendly-tourism-next-big-opportunity-malaysia-should-not-miss
Tourism Malaysia. (2022). Tourism Malaysia marketing plan 2022–2026. Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture Malaysia. https://www.tourism.gov.my/files/uploads/TM_Marketing_Plan_2022_2026.pdf
Tripathi, S., & Said, F. B. (2023). Significant Trends in Asia’s Wellness Tourism and Research Agenda: A Systematic Literature Review Analysis. Journal of Tourismology, 9(2), 97-112.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Malaysia. (2022). Malaysia Sustainable Tourism Recovery Project launched in partnership with the Ministry of Tourism and the Ministry of Finance. https://www.undp.org/malaysia/press-releases/malaysia-sustainable-tourism-recovery-project-launched-partnership-ministry-tourism-and-ministry-finance
Velayuthan, S. K., Hashim, N. A. A. N., Muhamed, A. B., Yusoff, Z. A., & Ramlee, S. I. F. B. (2019). A proposed framework on urban vacationers' motivation in visiting spa and wellness centres. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(5), 597-603.
Wellnesstourism.com. (2025). The Healing Traditions of Malaysia: Wellness Tourism in a Multicultural Paradise. Retrieved from https://www.wellnesstourism.com/article/the-healing-traditions-of-malaysia-wellness-tourism-in-a-multicultural-paradise
Yusof, S. A., & Salleh, N. H. (2023). Ecotourism, sustainability, and the halal economy: The case of Malaysian wellness retreats. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 18(4), 211–225.
Zain, N. A. M., Hanafiah, M. H., Asyraff, M. A., Ismail, H., & Zain, W. M. A. W. M. (2023). Exploring Medical Tourism Competitiveness In Malaysia, Thailand, And Singapore: The Indonesian Tourists’ perspectives. Planning Malaysia, 21.
Published
2025-09-13
How to Cite
Ab Halim, R., Kamaruddin, J. N., & Ab. Wahab, N. (2025). Reimagining Holistic Health Tourism in Malaysia: Unlocking the Economic Potential with Sustainable Wellness Integration . Information Management and Business Review, 17(3(I), 370-380. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v17i3(I).4666
Issue
Section
Research Paper
Copyright (c) 2025 Roslilee Ab Halim, Juliana Noor Kamaruddin, Norailis Ab. Wahab
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Author (s) should affirm that the material has not been published previously. It has not been submitted and it is not under consideration by any other journal. At the same time author (s) need to execute a publication permission agreement to assume the responsibility of the submitted content and any omissions and errors therein. After submission of revised paper in the light of suggestions of the reviewers, the editorial team edits and formats manuscripts to bring uniformity and standardization in published material.
This work will be licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) and under condition of the license, users are free to read, copy, remix, transform, redistribute, download, print, search or link to the full texts of articles and even build upon their work as long as they credit the author for the original work. Moreover, as per journal policy author (s) hold and retain copyrights without any restrictions.
