Investigating Financial Reporting Fraud Intentions in Malaysian Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): A Proposed Framework
Keywords:
Conceptual model, Intention for fraud, Fraud in financial reporting, Financial statement fraud, Small and Medium Enterprises
Abstract
Fraud is widely regarded as the most important corporate problem in today's economic environment, and it is only becoming worse, especially in a tight-budget situation. Fraud in financial reporting refers to the intentional falsification of financial facts to mislead financial statement users. It undermines investors' trust in published financial statements. This study aims to identify the factors influencing intention for fraud in financial reporting in Malaysian Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Hence, this study proposes a conceptual framework for financial reporting fraud intentions in Malaysian SMEs using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) as an underlying theory and supplemented by Rest's four-component model. The proposed framework comprises four main variables – attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and ethical judgment, while gender is treated as a control variable. This study enhances the current body of knowledge on unethical intention literature. It expands the applications of the TPB model in predicting intention for financial reporting fraud in the setting of small businesses. Additionally, the findings will contribute as a preventive safeguard against fraud in financial reporting
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References
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Alleyne, P., & Phillips, K. (2011). Exploring academic dishonesty among university students in Barbados: An extension to the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Journal of Academic Ethics, 9(4), 323-338.
Alleyne, P., Weekes-Marshall, D., Estwick, S., & Chaderton, R. (2014). Factors influencing ethical intentions among future accounting professionals in the Caribbean. Journal of Academic Ethics, 12(2), 129-144.
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Awang, N., Hussin, N. S., Razali, F. A., Lyana, S., & Talib, A. (2020). Fraud triangle theory: calling for new factors. Board, 7, 54-64.
Awang, Y., & Ismail, S. (2018). Determinants of financial reporting fraud intention among accounting practitioners in the banking sector: Malaysian evidence. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 34(1), 32-54.
Baridwan, Z., & Subroto, B. (2024). Pressure and Opportunity as Drivers of Fraudulent Financial Reporting Intention: An Experimental Study. EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan), 8(1), 124-137.
Beasley, M. S., Carcello, J. V., & Hermanson, D. R. (1999). Fraudulent Financial Reporting: 1987-1997 An Analysis of U.S. Public Companies.
Brass, D. J., Butterfield, K. D., & Skaggs, B. C. (1998). Relationships and unethical behavior: A social network perspective. Academy of Management Review, 23(1), 14-31.
Buchan, H. F. (2005). Ethical decision making in the public accounting profession: An extension of Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 61(2), 165-181.
Carpenter, T., Durtschi, C., & Gaynor, L. M. (2002). The role of experience in professional skepticism, knowledge acquisition, and fraud detection. Retrieved February, 17(2012), 89.
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Cheliatsidou, A., Sariannidis, N., Garefalakis, A., Azibi, J., & Kagias, P. (2023). The international fraud triangle. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 26(1), 106-132.
Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2011). Business Research Methods (International Edition ed., Vol. Eleventh). McGraw-Hill
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DeConinck, J. B., & Lewis, W. F. (1997). The influence of deontological and teleological considerations and ethical climate on sales managers' intentions to reward or punish sales force behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 16, 497-506.
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Ferrell, O. C., Gresham, L. G., & Fraedrich, J. (1989). A synthesis of ethical decision models for marketing. Journal of Macromarketing, 9(2), 55-64.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1977). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research.
Green, B., & Calderon, T. G. (2011). SEC accounting and auditing enforcement actions in the banking Industry. Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR), 15(1), 69-78.
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Hsiao, C.-H., & Yang, C. (2011). The impact of professional unethical beliefs on cheating intention. Ethics & Behavior, 21(4), 301-316.
Hung-Jen, S., Long-Chuan, L., & Lin, T. A. (2011). The mediating role of anticipated guilt in consumers' textbook piracy intention. Asia Pacific Management Review, 16(3).
Hunt, S. D., & Vasquez-Parraga, A. Z. (1993). Organizational consequences, marketing ethics, and salesforce supervision. Journal of Marketing Research, 30(1), 78-90.
Hunt, S. D., & Vitell, S. (1986). A general theory of marketing ethics. Journal of Macromarketing, 6(1), 5-16.
Isahak, M. S., Roslan, N. A. H., Abdul, N. S. I., Tahrim, S. A. Z., Najib, W. N. A. M., & Lajuni, N. (2023). Factors Influencing Fraudulent in Financial Reporting Using Fraud Triangle Theory in Malaysia: A Conceptual Paper.
Jones, T. M. (1991). Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue-contingent model. Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 366-395.
Kanjanapathy, M., Venugopal, P., & Saat, M. M. (2022). EMPLOYEE FRAUD AND FRAUD TRIANGLE THEORY. International Journal of Business and Economy, 4(3), 346-349.
Karassavidou, E., & Glaveli, N. (2006). Towards the ethical or the unethical side?: An explorative research of Greek business students' attitudes. International Journal of Educational Management, 20(5), 348-364.
Kennedy, J. P. (2018). Asset misappropriation in small businesses. Journal of Financial Crime, 25(2), 369-383.
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KPMG. (2013). KPMG Malaysia Fraud, Bribery and Corruption Survey 2013.
Kukreja, G., Gupta, S. M., Sarea, A. M., & Kumaraswamy, S. (2020). Beneish M-score and Altman Z-score as a catalyst for corporate fraud detection. Journal of Investment Compliance, 21(4), 231-241.
Leonard, L. N. K., Cronan, T. P., & Kreie, J. (2004). What influences IT ethical behavior intentions—planned behavior, reasoned action, perceived importance, or individual characteristics? Information & Management, 42(1), 143-158.
Liao, C., Lin, H.-N., & Liu, Y.-P. (2010). Predicting the use of pirated software: A contingency model integrating perceived risk with the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 91(2), 237-252.
Matei, M., & Bulau, C. M. (2024). Rationalization: The Critical Link in the Fraud Chain-New Insights from Empirical Analysis of the Diamond of Fraud. Acta Universitatis Danubius. Œconomica, 20(3), 261-279.
Mung-Ling, V., Sze-Ling, V., & Chin-Hong, P. (2008). An empirical analysis of the determinants of corporate crime in Malaysia. International Applied Economics and Management Letters, 1(1), 13-17.
O’Fallon, M. J., & Butterfield, K. D. (2005). A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 1996–2003. Journal of Business Ethics, 59(4), 375-413.
Phau, I., & Ng, J. (2010). Predictors of usage intentions of pirated software. Journal of Business Ethics, 94(1), 23-37.
Pradipta, A., & Bernawati, Y. (2019). The influence of pressure, opportunity, rationalization and ethical value on the accounting fraud tendency. Sustainable Business Accounting and Management Review, 1(2), 63-71.
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Rezaee, Z. (2002). Financial statement fraud: Prevention and detection. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rezaee, Z. (2005). Causes, consequences, and deterrence of financial statement fraud. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 16(3), 277-298.
Rockness, H., & Rockness, J. (2005). Legislated ethics: From Enron to Sarbanes-Oxley, the impact on corporate America. Journal of Business Ethics, 57(1), 31-54.
Sánchez-Aguayo, M., Urquiza-Aguiar, L., & Estrada-Jiménez, J. (2022). Predictive fraud analysis applying the fraud triangle theory through data mining techniques. Applied Sciences, 12(7), 3382.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (Fifth Edition ed.). UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Smith, N. C., Simpson, S. S., & Huang, C.-Y. (2007). Why managers fail to do the right thing: An empirical study of unethical and illegal conduct. Business Ethics Quarterly, 17(4), 633-667.
Sow, A. N. G., Basiruddin, R., Rasid, S. Z. A., & Husin, M. M. (2018). Understanding fraud in Malaysian SMEs. Journal of Financial Crime, 25(3), 870-881.
Suhaily, H., Rashidah, A. R., & Mahenthiran, S. (2008). Management predisposition, motive, opportunity, and earnings management for fraudulent financial reporting in Malaysia http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1321455
Syed Shah, A., Azhar, A., Mhd Suhaimi, A., & Nik Mohd. Hazrul, N. H. (2011). An empirical study of an extended Theory of Planned Behaviour model for pirated software purchase. World Journal of Management, 3(1), 124-133.
Talib, S. A., Hasnan, S., Hussain, A. R. M., Ali, M. M., & Ismail, R. F. (2024). Determinants of asset misappropriation in small and medium enterprises: Evidence from Malaysia. Journal of Management World, 1, 1-12.
The Star. (2011, 27 September). Deloitte sued for $7.6 billion, accused of missing fraud. The Star.
Thong, J. Y., & Yap, C.-S. (1998). Testing an ethical decision-making theory: The case of softlifting. Journal of Management Information Systems, 15(1), 213-237.
Treviño, L. K., Weaver, G. R., & Reynolds, S. J. (2006). Behavioral ethics in organizations: A review. Journal of Management, 32(6), 951-990.
Troy, C., Smith, K. G., & Domino, M. A. (2011). CEO demographics and accounting fraud: Who is more likely to rationalize illegal acts? Strategic Organization, 9(4), 259-282.
Uddin, N. (2000). CFO intentions to report fraudulently on financial statements. Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Graduate School-Newark.
Uddin, N., & Gillett, P. R. (2002). The effects of moral reasoning and self-monitoring on CFO intentions to report fraudulently on financial statements. Journal of Business Ethics, 40, 15-32.
Ugrin, J. C. (2008). Exploring the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and intentions to commit financial statement fraud: A general deterrence perspective. Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.
Wolfe, D. T., & Hermanson, D. R. (2004). The fraud diamond: Considering the four elements of fraud.
Yoon, C. (2011). Theory of Planned Behavior and ethics theory in digital piracy: An integrated model. Journal of Business Ethics, 100(3), 405-417.
Yuniarwati, Y., Ardana, I. C., & Dewi, S. P. (2022). Theory of Planned Behavior for Predicting Fraudulent Financial Reporting Intentions. 3rd Tarumanagara International Conference on the Applications of Social Sciences and Humanities (TICASH 2021),
Zainal, S. F., Hashim, H. A., Ariff, A. M., & Salleh, Z. (2022). Research on fraud: an overview from small medium enterprises (SMEs). Journal of Financial Crime, 29(4), 1283-1296.
Zawawi, S., Jusoff, K., Rahman, R. A., & Idris, K. M. (2008). Behavioral intention for fraudulent reporting behavior using cognitive theory. Asian Social Science, 4(7), 43-47.
Zulaikha, Z., Hadiprajitno, P., Rohman, A., & Handayani, R. (2021). Effect of attitudes, subjective norms and behavioral controls on the intention and corrupt behavior in public procurement: Fraud triangle and the planned behavior in management accounting. Accounting, 7(2), 331-338.
ACFE, A. o. C. F. E. (2024). Report to the Nations on Occupational Fraud and Abuse: 2024 Global Fraud Study. In Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, Inc. https://legacy.acfe.com/report-to-the-nations/2024/.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Alleyne, P., & Phillips, K. (2011). Exploring academic dishonesty among university students in Barbados: An extension to the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Journal of Academic Ethics, 9(4), 323-338.
Alleyne, P., Weekes-Marshall, D., Estwick, S., & Chaderton, R. (2014). Factors influencing ethical intentions among future accounting professionals in the Caribbean. Journal of Academic Ethics, 12(2), 129-144.
Aris, N. A., Arif, S. M. M., Othman, R., & Zain, M. M. (2015). Fraudulent financial statement detection using statistical techniques: The case of the small medium automotive enterprise. Journal of Applied Business Research, 31(4), 1469.
Awang, N., Hussin, N. S., Razali, F. A., Lyana, S., & Talib, A. (2020). Fraud triangle theory: calling for new factors. Board, 7, 54-64.
Awang, Y., & Ismail, S. (2018). Determinants of financial reporting fraud intention among accounting practitioners in the banking sector: Malaysian evidence. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 34(1), 32-54.
Baridwan, Z., & Subroto, B. (2024). Pressure and Opportunity as Drivers of Fraudulent Financial Reporting Intention: An Experimental Study. EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan), 8(1), 124-137.
Beasley, M. S., Carcello, J. V., & Hermanson, D. R. (1999). Fraudulent Financial Reporting: 1987-1997 An Analysis of U.S. Public Companies.
Brass, D. J., Butterfield, K. D., & Skaggs, B. C. (1998). Relationships and unethical behavior: A social network perspective. Academy of Management Review, 23(1), 14-31.
Buchan, H. F. (2005). Ethical decision making in the public accounting profession: An extension of Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 61(2), 165-181.
Carpenter, T., Durtschi, C., & Gaynor, L. M. (2002). The role of experience in professional skepticism, knowledge acquisition, and fraud detection. Retrieved February, 17(2012), 89.
Carpenter, T. D., & Reimers, J. L. (2005). Unethical and fraudulent financial reporting: Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 60(2), 115-129.
Cheliatsidou, A., Sariannidis, N., Garefalakis, A., Azibi, J., & Kagias, P. (2023). The international fraud triangle. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 26(1), 106-132.
Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2011). Business Research Methods (International Edition ed., Vol. Eleventh). McGraw-Hill
Cressey, D. (1953). Other people’s money; a study of the social psychology of embezzlement. Patterson Smith.
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications.
DeConinck, J. B., & Lewis, W. F. (1997). The influence of deontological and teleological considerations and ethical climate on sales managers' intentions to reward or punish sales force behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 16, 497-506.
Ferrell, O. C., & Gresham, L. G. (1985). A contingency framework for understanding ethical decision-making in marketing. Journal of Marketing, 49(3), 87-96.
Ferrell, O. C., Gresham, L. G., & Fraedrich, J. (1989). A synthesis of ethical decision models for marketing. Journal of Macromarketing, 9(2), 55-64.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1977). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research.
Green, B., & Calderon, T. G. (2011). SEC accounting and auditing enforcement actions in the banking Industry. Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR), 15(1), 69-78.
Han, L. L. V., Arumugam, V., & Arokiasamy, L. (2018). Creating better humans towards a sustainable competitive advantage for small and medium-sized accounting firms in Malaysia. SHS Web of Conferences,
Herbenita, H., Rahmawati, A., & Surwanti, A. (2022). Potential of Fraud Financial Statements: The Fraud Triangle. Central Asian Journal of Innovations on Tourism Management and Finance, 3(10), 201-212.
Hsiao, C.-H., & Yang, C. (2011). The impact of professional unethical beliefs on cheating intention. Ethics & Behavior, 21(4), 301-316.
Hung-Jen, S., Long-Chuan, L., & Lin, T. A. (2011). The mediating role of anticipated guilt in consumers' textbook piracy intention. Asia Pacific Management Review, 16(3).
Hunt, S. D., & Vasquez-Parraga, A. Z. (1993). Organizational consequences, marketing ethics, and salesforce supervision. Journal of Marketing Research, 30(1), 78-90.
Hunt, S. D., & Vitell, S. (1986). A general theory of marketing ethics. Journal of Macromarketing, 6(1), 5-16.
Isahak, M. S., Roslan, N. A. H., Abdul, N. S. I., Tahrim, S. A. Z., Najib, W. N. A. M., & Lajuni, N. (2023). Factors Influencing Fraudulent in Financial Reporting Using Fraud Triangle Theory in Malaysia: A Conceptual Paper.
Jones, T. M. (1991). Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue-contingent model. Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 366-395.
Kanjanapathy, M., Venugopal, P., & Saat, M. M. (2022). EMPLOYEE FRAUD AND FRAUD TRIANGLE THEORY. International Journal of Business and Economy, 4(3), 346-349.
Karassavidou, E., & Glaveli, N. (2006). Towards the ethical or the unethical side?: An explorative research of Greek business students' attitudes. International Journal of Educational Management, 20(5), 348-364.
Kennedy, J. P. (2018). Asset misappropriation in small businesses. Journal of Financial Crime, 25(2), 369-383.
KPMG. (2009). KPMG Malaysia Fraud Survey Report 2009.
KPMG. (2013). KPMG Malaysia Fraud, Bribery and Corruption Survey 2013.
Kukreja, G., Gupta, S. M., Sarea, A. M., & Kumaraswamy, S. (2020). Beneish M-score and Altman Z-score as a catalyst for corporate fraud detection. Journal of Investment Compliance, 21(4), 231-241.
Leonard, L. N. K., Cronan, T. P., & Kreie, J. (2004). What influences IT ethical behavior intentions—planned behavior, reasoned action, perceived importance, or individual characteristics? Information & Management, 42(1), 143-158.
Liao, C., Lin, H.-N., & Liu, Y.-P. (2010). Predicting the use of pirated software: A contingency model integrating perceived risk with the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 91(2), 237-252.
Matei, M., & Bulau, C. M. (2024). Rationalization: The Critical Link in the Fraud Chain-New Insights from Empirical Analysis of the Diamond of Fraud. Acta Universitatis Danubius. Œconomica, 20(3), 261-279.
Mung-Ling, V., Sze-Ling, V., & Chin-Hong, P. (2008). An empirical analysis of the determinants of corporate crime in Malaysia. International Applied Economics and Management Letters, 1(1), 13-17.
O’Fallon, M. J., & Butterfield, K. D. (2005). A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 1996–2003. Journal of Business Ethics, 59(4), 375-413.
Phau, I., & Ng, J. (2010). Predictors of usage intentions of pirated software. Journal of Business Ethics, 94(1), 23-37.
Pradipta, A., & Bernawati, Y. (2019). The influence of pressure, opportunity, rationalization and ethical value on the accounting fraud tendency. Sustainable Business Accounting and Management Review, 1(2), 63-71.
PwC, P. W. C. (2020). Fighting fraud: A never-ending battle PwC’s Global Economic Crime and Fraud Survey 2020. PWC Fraud Survey, 14. www.pwc.com/fraudsurvey.
Rest, J. (1994). Background: Theory and Research. In J. R. Rest & D. Narvaez (Eds.), Moral development in the professions: Psychology and applied ethics (pp. 1-26). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Rezaee, Z. (2002). Financial statement fraud: Prevention and detection. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rezaee, Z. (2005). Causes, consequences, and deterrence of financial statement fraud. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 16(3), 277-298.
Rockness, H., & Rockness, J. (2005). Legislated ethics: From Enron to Sarbanes-Oxley, the impact on corporate America. Journal of Business Ethics, 57(1), 31-54.
Sánchez-Aguayo, M., Urquiza-Aguiar, L., & Estrada-Jiménez, J. (2022). Predictive fraud analysis applying the fraud triangle theory through data mining techniques. Applied Sciences, 12(7), 3382.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (Fifth Edition ed.). UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Smith, N. C., Simpson, S. S., & Huang, C.-Y. (2007). Why managers fail to do the right thing: An empirical study of unethical and illegal conduct. Business Ethics Quarterly, 17(4), 633-667.
Sow, A. N. G., Basiruddin, R., Rasid, S. Z. A., & Husin, M. M. (2018). Understanding fraud in Malaysian SMEs. Journal of Financial Crime, 25(3), 870-881.
Suhaily, H., Rashidah, A. R., & Mahenthiran, S. (2008). Management predisposition, motive, opportunity, and earnings management for fraudulent financial reporting in Malaysia http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1321455
Syed Shah, A., Azhar, A., Mhd Suhaimi, A., & Nik Mohd. Hazrul, N. H. (2011). An empirical study of an extended Theory of Planned Behaviour model for pirated software purchase. World Journal of Management, 3(1), 124-133.
Talib, S. A., Hasnan, S., Hussain, A. R. M., Ali, M. M., & Ismail, R. F. (2024). Determinants of asset misappropriation in small and medium enterprises: Evidence from Malaysia. Journal of Management World, 1, 1-12.
The Star. (2011, 27 September). Deloitte sued for $7.6 billion, accused of missing fraud. The Star.
Thong, J. Y., & Yap, C.-S. (1998). Testing an ethical decision-making theory: The case of softlifting. Journal of Management Information Systems, 15(1), 213-237.
Treviño, L. K., Weaver, G. R., & Reynolds, S. J. (2006). Behavioral ethics in organizations: A review. Journal of Management, 32(6), 951-990.
Troy, C., Smith, K. G., & Domino, M. A. (2011). CEO demographics and accounting fraud: Who is more likely to rationalize illegal acts? Strategic Organization, 9(4), 259-282.
Uddin, N. (2000). CFO intentions to report fraudulently on financial statements. Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Graduate School-Newark.
Uddin, N., & Gillett, P. R. (2002). The effects of moral reasoning and self-monitoring on CFO intentions to report fraudulently on financial statements. Journal of Business Ethics, 40, 15-32.
Ugrin, J. C. (2008). Exploring the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and intentions to commit financial statement fraud: A general deterrence perspective. Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.
Wolfe, D. T., & Hermanson, D. R. (2004). The fraud diamond: Considering the four elements of fraud.
Yoon, C. (2011). Theory of Planned Behavior and ethics theory in digital piracy: An integrated model. Journal of Business Ethics, 100(3), 405-417.
Yuniarwati, Y., Ardana, I. C., & Dewi, S. P. (2022). Theory of Planned Behavior for Predicting Fraudulent Financial Reporting Intentions. 3rd Tarumanagara International Conference on the Applications of Social Sciences and Humanities (TICASH 2021),
Zainal, S. F., Hashim, H. A., Ariff, A. M., & Salleh, Z. (2022). Research on fraud: an overview from small medium enterprises (SMEs). Journal of Financial Crime, 29(4), 1283-1296.
Zawawi, S., Jusoff, K., Rahman, R. A., & Idris, K. M. (2008). Behavioral intention for fraudulent reporting behavior using cognitive theory. Asian Social Science, 4(7), 43-47.
Zulaikha, Z., Hadiprajitno, P., Rohman, A., & Handayani, R. (2021). Effect of attitudes, subjective norms and behavioral controls on the intention and corrupt behavior in public procurement: Fraud triangle and the planned behavior in management accounting. Accounting, 7(2), 331-338.
Published
2025-02-18
How to Cite
Awang, Y., Taib, A., Mohamed Shuhidan, S., & Rashid, N. (2025). Investigating Financial Reporting Fraud Intentions in Malaysian Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): A Proposed Framework. Information Management and Business Review, 17(1(I), 204-213. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v17i1(I).4388
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Copyright (c) 2025 Yunita Awang, Azuraidah Taib, Shazalina Mohamed Shuhidan, Norfadzilah Rashid
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