Factors Influencing Work-Life Balance: Mediating Role of Telecommuting
Keywords:
Workload, work flexibility, core self-evaluation, work-life balance.
Abstract
This study explores the role of telecommuting on work-life balance (WLB) in the IT sector at Bank Rakyat. The objective is to examine the effects of workload (WL), work flexibility (WF), and core self-evaluation (CSE) on WLB, with telecommuting as a mediating factor. It acknowledges the challenges of increased workloads during the shift to remote work in IT and the importance of understanding the relationship between workload and WLB for effective telecommuting policies. The study highlights potential downsides of higher workloads and the need for customized telecommuting guidelines to ensure WLB. Grounded in the Job Demand Resources Model, data were collected from 181 junior IT executives at Bank Rakyat's headquarters using purposive sampling. A two-stage structural equation approach assessed the validity, reliability, and impact of variables. Results show telecommuting positively influences WLB by enhancing work flexibility and CSE, while workload does not significantly affect WLB among IT staff at Bank Rakyat. This research provides insight into the relationships between WL, WF, CSE, and WLB, and offers an understanding of how telecommuting helps junior executives at Bank Rakyat balance work and personal life.
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References
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Alzadjali, B., & Ahmad, S. Z. (2024). The impacts of a high commitment work system on well-being: the mediating role of organization support and employee work-life balance. Industrial and Commercial Training.
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Awang, Z., Afthanorhan, A., and Asri, M. M. (2015). Parametric and Non-Parametric Approach in Structural Equation Modeling (SEM): The Application of Bootstrapping. Modern Applied Science, 9, 58-67.
Bakker, A. B., and Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273-285.
Brough, P., Timms, C., O’Driscoll, M. P., Kalliath, T., Siu, O. L., Sit, C., and Lo, D. (2020). Work-life balance: a longitudinal evaluation of a new measure across Australia and New Zealand workers. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(19), 2724–2744.
Chowhan J. and Pike K. (2023). Workload, work-life interface, stress, job satisfaction and job performance: a job demand–resource model study during COVID-19. International Journal of Manpower, 44(4), 103-144.
Chung, H., and Van der Horst, M. (2017). Women’s employment patterns after childbirth and the perceived access to and use of flexitime and teleworking. Human Relations, 71(1), 47–72.
Colaço, R., Kappler, L. B., and e Silva, J. D. A. (2024). Pandemic immobilities and consequences for commuting: Implications for mobility of COVID-19 mandatory telecommuting. Journal of Transport Geography, 114, 103780.
Davidescu, A.A.; Apostu, S.-A.; Paul, A.; and Casuneanu, I. (2020). Work Flexibility, Job Satisfaction, and Job Performance among Romanian Employees—Implications for Sustainable Human Resource Management. Sustainability 12, 6086. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156086.
Dizaho, E. K., Salleh, R., and Abdullah, A. (2017). Achieving Work-Life Balance Through Flexible Work Schedules and Arrangements. Global Business and Management Research, 9.
Global Banking & Finance Review, Information Technology (IT) Security as a Service Market, Anticipated to Grow at an Impressive Rate by 2027 | Radware, Trend Micro, Cisco Systems, IPSec, Fortinet, 2021.
Goh Z., Ilies R., and Kelly S.W. (2015). Supportive Supervisors Improve Employees’ Daily Lives: The Role Supervisors Play in the Impact of Daily Workload on Life Satisfaction via Work-family Conflict.
Hair, F. J., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., and Kuppelwieser, V. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106–121.
Hasin, H., Hussain, W. S., Nordin, E., Jamil, A., & Johari, Y. C. (2023). The Impact of Workload, Management Factors, and Job Insecurity on Employee Well-Being: A Review of Recent Research. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(4), 1002 – 1011.
Jung, F. U., Pabst, A., Löbner, M., Luppa, M., and Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2024). Behind the times? Associations of working-time autonomy with health-related and occupational outcomes in health care personnel–a latent profile analysis. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 825.
Khan, M. M., and Kiran, R. (2021). Work-life balance in the IT banking sector: A review. Journal of Management Development, 40(2), 221-234.
Kittinger, J. D., Walker, A. G., Cope, J. G., and Wuensch, K. L. (2020). The relationship between core self-evaluations and affective commitment. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 11(1), 68-92.
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Luo, H. (2022). Banking systemic risk estimating of China’s banking industry during the COVID-19 pandemic—based on complex network theory, Heliyon, 8(11), e11391.
Mani, V. A., Geetha, S., and Al-Khaled, A. A. S. (2020). Factors of Work-Life Balance and its Influence on Job Satisfaction in the Service Industry. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(7).
Matli, W., and Musengi, S. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 on remote workers in South Africa: A structuration theory perspective. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 40(9/10), 1237-1256. doi: 10.1108/IJSSP-08-2020-0386.
Mattarelli, E., Cochis, C., Bertolotti, F., and Ungureanu, P. (2024). How designed work environment and enacted work interactions impact creativity and work-life balance. European Journal of Innovation Management, 27(2), 648-672.
Mughal, S. H., and Rani, I. (2024). Work Flexibility and Work-Life Interface: Linking Formal Flexible Arrangements to Employee Job Satisfaction. Research Journal of Social Sciences and Economics Review, 5(1), 25-35.
Nwanzu, C. L., and Babalola, S. S. (2024). Psychological empowerment as moderator of the relationship between core self-evaluation and proactive work behavior. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1), 2297461.
Oderinde, S. L., Akintunde, O. Y., and Ajala, I. R. (2024). A Critical Analysis of the Impact of Work Overload on Lecturers' Well-Being: A Case of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. International Journal of Qualitative Research, 3(3), 238-249.
Palumbo, R. (2020). Let me go to the office! An investigation into the side effects of working from home on work-life balance. Department of Management and Law, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy. IJPSM 33,6/7, 5-16.
Ramadani, V., Jashari, F., Rashiti, S. G., and Palali?, R. (2021). Digital entrepreneurship intentions: evidence from Kosovo. International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialization, 18(4), 399.
Ramayah, T. J., Cheah, J., Chuah, F., Ting, H., and Memon, M. A. (2018), Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using smartPLS 3.0., An updated guide and practical guide to statistical analysis. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Pearson.
Ranggu, O., Dotulong, L. O., and Worang, F. G. (2024). Influences of Work-Life Balance and Workload to the Employee Performance Through Job Satisfaction in the Inspectorate Office of the Government of North Sulawesi Province. American Journal of Science on Integration and Human Development (2993-2750), 2(1), 41-53.
Rawashdeh, A.M., Almasarweh, M.S., and Jamel, J. (2016). Do flexible work arrangements affect job satisfaction and work-life balance in Jordanian private airlines? International Journal of Information, Business and Management, 8(3).
Sandin, B., Sanchez-Arribas, C., Chorot, P., and Valiente, R. M. (2015). Anxiety sensitivity, catastrophic misinterpretations and panic self-efficacy in the prediction of panic disorder severity: Towards a tripartite cognitive model of panic disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 67, 30-40.
Sandoval-Reyes, J.; Idrovo-Carlier, S.; and Duque-Oliva, E.J. (2021). Remote Work, Work Stress, and Work-Life during Pandemic Times: A Latin America Situation. International Journal of Environmental Res. Public Health, 18, 7069. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137069.
Sarbu, M. (2018). The role of telecommuting for work-family conflict among German employees”, Research in Transportation Economics, 70(1), 37-51.
Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Pick, M., Liengaard, B. D., Radomir, L., and Ringle, C. M. (2022). Progress in partial least squares structural equation modeling use in marketing research in the last decade. Psychology and Marketing, 39(5), 1035-1064.
Shirmohammadi, M., Au, W. C., and Beigi, M. (2022). Remote work and work-life balance: Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic and suggestions for HRD practitioners. Human Resource Development International, 25(2), 163–181.
Sirgy, M. J., and Lee, D.-J. (2017). Work-life balance: An integrative review. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 13(1), 229–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-017-9509-8.
Srivastava, S., and Singh, A. (2019). Core self-evaluation: a predictor of job satisfaction and performance among IT professionals. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 27(2), 341-354. doi: 10.1108/IJOA-06-2017-1186.
Tresna, P. W., Putri, V. D. A., & Novel, N. J. A. (2024). Effect of Workload on Work-life Balance in Bank Company. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 13(3), 217-227.
Wu, X., Li, Y., Yao, Y., Luo, X., He, X., & Yin, W. (2018). Development of Construction Workers Job Stress Scale to Study and the Relationship between Job Stress and Safety Behavior: An Empirical Study in Beijing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11), 2409.
Zhu H, Zhang H, Tu A., and Zhang S. (2021). The Mediating Roles of Core Self-Evaluation and Career Exploration in the Association Between Proactive Personality and Job Search Clarity. Front Psychol. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.609050. PMID: 34149503; PMCID: PMC8211878.
Aloulou, W. J., Amari, A., Ramadani, V., and Alboqami, A. A. N. (2023). Saudi teleworkers and determinant factors of their work-life balance and satisfaction: Testing a sequential mediation model. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 188.
Alzadjali, B., & Ahmad, S. Z. (2024). The impacts of a high commitment work system on well-being: the mediating role of organization support and employee work-life balance. Industrial and Commercial Training.
Aydin, D. L. (2016). The Impact Of Career Success On Work-Life Balance For Millennium Generation. Pressacademia, 3(2), 97–97
Awang, Z., Afthanorhan, A., and Asri, M. M. (2015). Parametric and Non-Parametric Approach in Structural Equation Modeling (SEM): The Application of Bootstrapping. Modern Applied Science, 9, 58-67.
Bakker, A. B., and Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273-285.
Brough, P., Timms, C., O’Driscoll, M. P., Kalliath, T., Siu, O. L., Sit, C., and Lo, D. (2020). Work-life balance: a longitudinal evaluation of a new measure across Australia and New Zealand workers. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(19), 2724–2744.
Chowhan J. and Pike K. (2023). Workload, work-life interface, stress, job satisfaction and job performance: a job demand–resource model study during COVID-19. International Journal of Manpower, 44(4), 103-144.
Chung, H., and Van der Horst, M. (2017). Women’s employment patterns after childbirth and the perceived access to and use of flexitime and teleworking. Human Relations, 71(1), 47–72.
Colaço, R., Kappler, L. B., and e Silva, J. D. A. (2024). Pandemic immobilities and consequences for commuting: Implications for mobility of COVID-19 mandatory telecommuting. Journal of Transport Geography, 114, 103780.
Davidescu, A.A.; Apostu, S.-A.; Paul, A.; and Casuneanu, I. (2020). Work Flexibility, Job Satisfaction, and Job Performance among Romanian Employees—Implications for Sustainable Human Resource Management. Sustainability 12, 6086. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156086.
Dizaho, E. K., Salleh, R., and Abdullah, A. (2017). Achieving Work-Life Balance Through Flexible Work Schedules and Arrangements. Global Business and Management Research, 9.
Global Banking & Finance Review, Information Technology (IT) Security as a Service Market, Anticipated to Grow at an Impressive Rate by 2027 | Radware, Trend Micro, Cisco Systems, IPSec, Fortinet, 2021.
Goh Z., Ilies R., and Kelly S.W. (2015). Supportive Supervisors Improve Employees’ Daily Lives: The Role Supervisors Play in the Impact of Daily Workload on Life Satisfaction via Work-family Conflict.
Hair, F. J., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., and Kuppelwieser, V. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106–121.
Hasin, H., Hussain, W. S., Nordin, E., Jamil, A., & Johari, Y. C. (2023). The Impact of Workload, Management Factors, and Job Insecurity on Employee Well-Being: A Review of Recent Research. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(4), 1002 – 1011.
Jung, F. U., Pabst, A., Löbner, M., Luppa, M., and Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2024). Behind the times? Associations of working-time autonomy with health-related and occupational outcomes in health care personnel–a latent profile analysis. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 825.
Khan, M. M., and Kiran, R. (2021). Work-life balance in the IT banking sector: A review. Journal of Management Development, 40(2), 221-234.
Kittinger, J. D., Walker, A. G., Cope, J. G., and Wuensch, K. L. (2020). The relationship between core self-evaluations and affective commitment. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 11(1), 68-92.
Lee, Huan-Fang?; Chang, and Ying-Ju. (2022). The Effects of Work Satisfaction and Work Flexibility on Burnout in Nurses. Journal of Nursing Research 30(6): p e240. | DOI: 10.1097/jnr.0000000000000522.
Lonska J, Mietule I, Litavniece L, Arbidane I, Vanadzins I, Matisane L, and Paegle L. (2021). Work-Life Balance of the Employed Population During the Emergency Situation of COVID-19 in Latvia, Front Psychol. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.682459. PMID: 34421734; PMCID: PMC8377232.
Luo, H. (2022). Banking systemic risk estimating of China’s banking industry during the COVID-19 pandemic—based on complex network theory, Heliyon, 8(11), e11391.
Mani, V. A., Geetha, S., and Al-Khaled, A. A. S. (2020). Factors of Work-Life Balance and its Influence on Job Satisfaction in the Service Industry. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(7).
Matli, W., and Musengi, S. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 on remote workers in South Africa: A structuration theory perspective. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 40(9/10), 1237-1256. doi: 10.1108/IJSSP-08-2020-0386.
Mattarelli, E., Cochis, C., Bertolotti, F., and Ungureanu, P. (2024). How designed work environment and enacted work interactions impact creativity and work-life balance. European Journal of Innovation Management, 27(2), 648-672.
Mughal, S. H., and Rani, I. (2024). Work Flexibility and Work-Life Interface: Linking Formal Flexible Arrangements to Employee Job Satisfaction. Research Journal of Social Sciences and Economics Review, 5(1), 25-35.
Nwanzu, C. L., and Babalola, S. S. (2024). Psychological empowerment as moderator of the relationship between core self-evaluation and proactive work behavior. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1), 2297461.
Oderinde, S. L., Akintunde, O. Y., and Ajala, I. R. (2024). A Critical Analysis of the Impact of Work Overload on Lecturers' Well-Being: A Case of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. International Journal of Qualitative Research, 3(3), 238-249.
Palumbo, R. (2020). Let me go to the office! An investigation into the side effects of working from home on work-life balance. Department of Management and Law, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy. IJPSM 33,6/7, 5-16.
Ramadani, V., Jashari, F., Rashiti, S. G., and Palali?, R. (2021). Digital entrepreneurship intentions: evidence from Kosovo. International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialization, 18(4), 399.
Ramayah, T. J., Cheah, J., Chuah, F., Ting, H., and Memon, M. A. (2018), Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using smartPLS 3.0., An updated guide and practical guide to statistical analysis. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Pearson.
Ranggu, O., Dotulong, L. O., and Worang, F. G. (2024). Influences of Work-Life Balance and Workload to the Employee Performance Through Job Satisfaction in the Inspectorate Office of the Government of North Sulawesi Province. American Journal of Science on Integration and Human Development (2993-2750), 2(1), 41-53.
Rawashdeh, A.M., Almasarweh, M.S., and Jamel, J. (2016). Do flexible work arrangements affect job satisfaction and work-life balance in Jordanian private airlines? International Journal of Information, Business and Management, 8(3).
Sandin, B., Sanchez-Arribas, C., Chorot, P., and Valiente, R. M. (2015). Anxiety sensitivity, catastrophic misinterpretations and panic self-efficacy in the prediction of panic disorder severity: Towards a tripartite cognitive model of panic disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 67, 30-40.
Sandoval-Reyes, J.; Idrovo-Carlier, S.; and Duque-Oliva, E.J. (2021). Remote Work, Work Stress, and Work-Life during Pandemic Times: A Latin America Situation. International Journal of Environmental Res. Public Health, 18, 7069. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137069.
Sarbu, M. (2018). The role of telecommuting for work-family conflict among German employees”, Research in Transportation Economics, 70(1), 37-51.
Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Pick, M., Liengaard, B. D., Radomir, L., and Ringle, C. M. (2022). Progress in partial least squares structural equation modeling use in marketing research in the last decade. Psychology and Marketing, 39(5), 1035-1064.
Shirmohammadi, M., Au, W. C., and Beigi, M. (2022). Remote work and work-life balance: Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic and suggestions for HRD practitioners. Human Resource Development International, 25(2), 163–181.
Sirgy, M. J., and Lee, D.-J. (2017). Work-life balance: An integrative review. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 13(1), 229–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-017-9509-8.
Srivastava, S., and Singh, A. (2019). Core self-evaluation: a predictor of job satisfaction and performance among IT professionals. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 27(2), 341-354. doi: 10.1108/IJOA-06-2017-1186.
Tresna, P. W., Putri, V. D. A., & Novel, N. J. A. (2024). Effect of Workload on Work-life Balance in Bank Company. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 13(3), 217-227.
Wu, X., Li, Y., Yao, Y., Luo, X., He, X., & Yin, W. (2018). Development of Construction Workers Job Stress Scale to Study and the Relationship between Job Stress and Safety Behavior: An Empirical Study in Beijing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11), 2409.
Zhu H, Zhang H, Tu A., and Zhang S. (2021). The Mediating Roles of Core Self-Evaluation and Career Exploration in the Association Between Proactive Personality and Job Search Clarity. Front Psychol. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.609050. PMID: 34149503; PMCID: PMC8211878.
Published
2024-09-22
How to Cite
Hashim, M. J. M., Mazlan, M., & Sharif, F. N. M. (2024). Factors Influencing Work-Life Balance: Mediating Role of Telecommuting . Information Management and Business Review, 16(3(I), 584-594. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v16i3(I).4011
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Copyright (c) 2024 Maryam Jameelah Mohd Hashim, Muhaimin Mazlan, Fatin Nurain Md Sharif
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