Event Bidding Success Factors of Malaysia’s Business Events: Exploring the Potential Gap in Destination Selection Attributes
Keywords:
Business event, MICE, Destination selection attributes, Destination competitiveness
Abstract
Understanding the destination selection attributes is crucial for the survival of the business events industry at any destination. This is particularly pertinent in the business events industry, where competition is strong in the current economic situation. As the landscape of business events continues to evolve, destinations must strategically position themselves to attract and retain these valuable gatherings. The decision-making regarding the selection of the business event destination is prone to be influenced by various potential attributes that are yet to be determined through further exploration. The association or event organizer may exercise their judgment or discretion in selecting the venue, giving them a great deal of flexibility. For Malaysia to be the preferred destination and improve its ranking in international business events especially in Asia Pacific, the products and services supply must be relevant and meet the expectations of the external market. Despite the importance of the business event industry, much of the existing scholarly work has been predominantly focused on the destination selection attributes for leisure and international sports events only. Thus, this paper aims to extend the body of knowledge by investigating whether similar outcomes can be elicited when it comes to business events, with a particular emphasis on understanding the concept and attributes within the context of Malaysian business event associations. Additionally, this study will assist the local hosting and organizations to develop their bid and marketing strategies appropriately by offering exceptional products and services that are customized to meet the expectations of their intended associations.
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References
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Abulibdeh, A., & Zaidan, E. (2017). Empirical analysis of the cross-cultural information searching and travel behavior of business travellers: A case study of MICE travellers to Qatar in the Middle East. Applied Geography, 85.
Adros, N. M., & Wee, H. (2019). Human capital issues in the Malaysian MICE industry from the expert’s perspective. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality & Culinary Arts, 11(1), 82–100.
Ahlin, E.M., (2019). Semi-structured interviews with expert practitioners: Their validity and significant contribution to translational research. In SAGE Research Methods. Retrieved February 5, 2024, from https://methods.sagepub.com/case/semi-structured-interviews-with-expert-practitioners-translational-research
Ahn, Y., Back, K. J., & Lee, C. K. (2017). Destination Competitiveness: A Focused Study on Convention Destination. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 18(2), 93-108.
Alananzeh, O., et al. (2019). Factors influencing MICE tourism stakeholders' decision making: The case of Aqaba in Jordan. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 20(1), 24–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2018.152615
An, J., Kim, H., & Hur, D. (2021). Keeping the competitive edge of a convention and exhibition centre in MICE Environment: identification of event attributes for long-run success. Sustainability, 13(9), 5030.
Anas, M. S., Maddiah, N. A., Eizamly, N. U. E. N., Sulaiman, N. A., & Wee, H. (2020). Key success factors toward MICE industry: A systematic literature review. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality & Culinary Arts, 12(1), 188–221.
Auckland Tourism, Events and Economic Development. (2012). Guidelines for Successful Event Bidding. Retrieved from https://www.majorevents.govt.nz/dmsdocument/4496-guidelines-for-event-bidding-november-2012
Banerji, G. (2022, November). Malaysia sees the business events sector as lucrative and growing. Retrieved from https://www.meetingspotlight.com/events/malaysia-sees-business-events-sector-lucrative-and-growing
Bueno, A. R., Urbistondo, P. A., & Martínez, B. A. (2020). The MICE tourism value chain: Proposal of a conceptual framework and analysis of disintermediation. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 21(3), 177–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2020.1740851
Chung, J. Y., Choi, Y. K., Yoo, B. K., & Kim, S. H. (2020). Leisure tourism experience chain: implications for destination marketing. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 25(3), 300–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1708760
Colombo, A., & Marques, L. (2019). Motivation and experience in symbiotic events: An illustrative example grounded in culture and business events. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 1–17.
Cró, S., & Martins, A. M. (2018). International association meetings: Importance of destination attributes. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 24(3), 218–233.
Crouch, G. I., & Louviere, J. J. (2018). The Determinants of Convention Site Selection: A Logistic Choice Model from Experimental Data. Journal of Travel Research, 43, 118–130.
Crouch, G. I., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1998). Convention site selection research: A review, conceptual model, and propositional framework. Journal of Convention & Exhibition.
Crouch, G. I., Del Chiappa, G., & Perdue, R. R. (2019). International convention tourism: A choice modelling experiment of host city competition. Tourism Management, 71, 530–542.
Danthanarayana, C. P., Amarasekara, K. A. I. M., & Jayasekara, K. P. I. S. (2023). Role of MICE Promotional Tools in Determining Tourists' Travel Intention: Mediating Effect of Perceived Destination Image. Asia-Pacific Journal of Innovation in Hospitality & Tourism, 12(3).
Department of Culture, Media and Sport, UK. (2015). Major Events Strategy. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7f866c40f0b6230269003e/K4094_Major_Events_Strategy_Doc_v7.pdf
Falk, M., & Hagsten, E. (2018). The art of attracting international conferences to European cities. Tourism Economics, 24(3), 337–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816618758732
Garcia, M., & Wang, P. (2017). Destination Competitiveness Factors in the MICE Industry: A Comparative Analysis of Physical Features. International Journal of Event Management Research, 6(2), 98-112.
Hazira, M. N., Alagas, E. N., Amin, M., Zamzuri, N. H., & Zairul, M. M. (2022). The best practice of marketing strategies for the Malaysian business event industry from experts' perspective. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 5(2), 413–434. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-09-2020-0178
Houdement, J., C. Santos, J., & Serra, F. (2017, June 30). Factors affecting the decision-making process when choosing an event destination: A comparative approach between Vilamoura (Portugal) and Marbella (Spain). Journal of Tourism, Sustainability and Well-Being, 5(2), 127-145. Retrieved from https://www.jsod-cieo.net/journal-tsw/index.php/jtsw/article/view/91
International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA) Report (2021). Retrieved from https://www.iccaworld.org/global-industry-news/post/2021-icca-destination-performance-index/
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Jo, D., Park, H., Choe, Y., & Kim, D. (2019). Destination-selection attributes for international association meetings: A mixed-methods study. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management.
Kim, H. J., & Gursoy, D. (2021). Government support for the business events industry: A comparative analysis of the Asia-Pacific region. Journal of Travel Research, 60(6), 1365-1381.
Kim, H., Gursoy, D., & Lee, S. (2019). Identifying Key Factors Affecting Destination Choice of International MICE Travelers: A Qualitative Approach. Journal of Travel Research, 58(3), 365-381.
Kim, Y. H., & Kaewnuch, K. (2018). Finding the gaps in event management research: A descriptive meta-analysis. Event Management, 22(3), 453–467. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599518X15258922919408
KPMG. (2022). Emerging giants in Asia Pacific. Retrieved from https://assets.kpmg.com/kpmg/pdf/2022/07
Kumar, J., & Hussain, K. (2021). Business Tourism and Economic Impacts: Evidence From The Malaysian Business Events Industry. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003161134-7
Lee, H., Lee, J., & Jones, D. (2016). Exploring the interrelationship between the Convention and Visitor Bureau (CVB) and its stakeholders, and CVB performance from the perspective of stakeholders. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(2), 224–249.
Lee, S., & Lee, C. K. (2019). "Key Factors Affecting Destination Competitiveness in the Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, and Exhibitions (MICE) Tourism Industry: A Case Study of Seoul." Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 11, 121-131.
Lichy, J., & McLeay. (2018). Leisure: Motivations and typologies. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 35(4), 517–530.
Lu, S., Zhu, W., & Wei, J. (2020). Assessing the impacts of tourism events on city development in China: A perspective of the event system. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(12), 1528-1541.
Malaysia Convention & Exhibition Bureau. (n.d.). MyTripleE shines bright in Sarawak: MyCEB and BE Sarawak join forces for business excellence. Retrieved from https://www.myceb.com.my/about-us/media-centre/press-release/mytriplee-shines-bright-in-sarawak-myceb-and-be-sarawak-join-forces-for-business-excellence
Malaysia Convention and Exhibition Bureau. (2016). Malaysia’s Business Events Roadmap: Charting Malaysia’s Journey to 2020 and Beyond. Retrieved from https://www.myceb.com.my/clients/ Malaysia_Convention_and_Exhibition_Bureau_75E277C6-C63D-4DC3-89ACF6B30D21417D /contentms/img/programme/pdf/Business_Event_Roadmap_2020.pdf
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Malaysia Convention and Exhibition Bureau. (2024). Meet in Malaysia Campaign. Retrieved from https://www.myceb.com.my/meetinmalaysia
Malaysian Association of Convention and Exhibition Organisers and Suppliers (MACEOS). (2020). The Malaysia Business Events Industry Report 2020. Management, 1(1), 49–69.
Marais, M., du Plessis, E., & Saayman, M. (2017). Critical success factors of a business tourism destination: Supply side analysis. Acta Commercii - Independent Research Journal in the Management Sciences, 17(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.4102/ac.v17i1.423
Marques, J., & Pinho, M. (2021). Collaborative research to enhance a business tourism destination: A case study from Porto. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 13(2), 172–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2020.1756307
Meetings & Conventions Asia. (2023, April 21). Malaysia announces 132 business events until 2030. https://www.meetings-conventions-asia.com/News/Destinations/Malaysia-announces-132-business-events-until-2030
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Jossey Bass.
Nassaji, H. (2020). Good qualitative research. Language Teaching Research, 24(4), 427–431. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168820941288
Nguyen, Q. H. (2021). Impact of investment in tourism infrastructure development on attracting international visitors: A nonlinear panel ARDL approach using Vietnam’s data. Economies, 9(3), 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9030131
Nolan, E. (2020). Modifying the conceptual model of site selection in the organization of association conferences. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 21(5), 438–457.
NST. (2023, August 15). MyTripleE Goes Big in Attracting Business Events. New Straits Times. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2023/08/946640/mytriplee-goes-big-attracting-business-events
Nwobodo, S., Ngui, K. S., & Voon, M. L. (2020). Business event destination determinants: Malaysia event organizers’ perspective. Event Management, 24(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599519X15506259855931
Park, J., Gursoy, D., & Kim, H. (2018). Destination Selection Attributes for Corporate Meetings and Events: A Mixed-Methods Approach. Event Management, 22(4), 507-522.
Promlung, A., & Kovathanakul, A. P. D. (2018). A comparative case study on sustainable meetings: Gothenburg, Sweden–Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. In Proceedings of the 1st International MICE Conference and Forum (p. 8).
Ray, S. (2019). Event Tourism in Asian Context. In A. Hassan & A. Sharma (Eds.), Tourism Events in Asia: Marketing and Development. Routledge.
Ridley, Tony. (2023). Security and/or Safety: Business Travel, Tourism, Mobility & Cross Border Risk in a Post-Pandemic World. 10.13140/RG.2.2.20936.33280.
Rogers, T., & Davidson, R. (2012). Convention bidding, subvention and the winner's curse. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 13(3), 167-188.
Rogers, T., & Wynn-Moylan, P. (2022). Conferences and Conventions: A Global Industry (4th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003298953
?l?ska Organizacja Turystyczna. (2024). Leisure in Association Conferences. Retrieved from https://www.silesia-sot.pl/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Bleisure-in-Association-Conferences-Report.pdf
Suryadana, M. L. (2018). Destination attributes–its role in constructing an image of Bandung as a MICE destination in Indonesia. Kontigensi: Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, 6(2), 67-75.
Yusof, A. (2020, March). Major events postponed due to the Covid-19 outbreak. New Straits Times. Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/business/2020/03/571362/major-events-postponed-due-covid-19-outbreak
Zhang, H., Liu, S., & Bai, B. (2022). Image transfer between mega business event, hosting destination and country and its effects on exhibitors’ behavioral intention. Tourism Review, 77(1), 225-238.
Abulibdeh, A., & Zaidan, E. (2017). Empirical analysis of the cross-cultural information searching and travel behavior of business travellers: A case study of MICE travellers to Qatar in the Middle East. Applied Geography, 85.
Adros, N. M., & Wee, H. (2019). Human capital issues in the Malaysian MICE industry from the expert’s perspective. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality & Culinary Arts, 11(1), 82–100.
Ahlin, E.M., (2019). Semi-structured interviews with expert practitioners: Their validity and significant contribution to translational research. In SAGE Research Methods. Retrieved February 5, 2024, from https://methods.sagepub.com/case/semi-structured-interviews-with-expert-practitioners-translational-research
Ahn, Y., Back, K. J., & Lee, C. K. (2017). Destination Competitiveness: A Focused Study on Convention Destination. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 18(2), 93-108.
Alananzeh, O., et al. (2019). Factors influencing MICE tourism stakeholders' decision making: The case of Aqaba in Jordan. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 20(1), 24–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2018.152615
An, J., Kim, H., & Hur, D. (2021). Keeping the competitive edge of a convention and exhibition centre in MICE Environment: identification of event attributes for long-run success. Sustainability, 13(9), 5030.
Anas, M. S., Maddiah, N. A., Eizamly, N. U. E. N., Sulaiman, N. A., & Wee, H. (2020). Key success factors toward MICE industry: A systematic literature review. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality & Culinary Arts, 12(1), 188–221.
Auckland Tourism, Events and Economic Development. (2012). Guidelines for Successful Event Bidding. Retrieved from https://www.majorevents.govt.nz/dmsdocument/4496-guidelines-for-event-bidding-november-2012
Banerji, G. (2022, November). Malaysia sees the business events sector as lucrative and growing. Retrieved from https://www.meetingspotlight.com/events/malaysia-sees-business-events-sector-lucrative-and-growing
Bueno, A. R., Urbistondo, P. A., & Martínez, B. A. (2020). The MICE tourism value chain: Proposal of a conceptual framework and analysis of disintermediation. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 21(3), 177–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2020.1740851
Chung, J. Y., Choi, Y. K., Yoo, B. K., & Kim, S. H. (2020). Leisure tourism experience chain: implications for destination marketing. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 25(3), 300–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1708760
Colombo, A., & Marques, L. (2019). Motivation and experience in symbiotic events: An illustrative example grounded in culture and business events. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 1–17.
Cró, S., & Martins, A. M. (2018). International association meetings: Importance of destination attributes. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 24(3), 218–233.
Crouch, G. I., & Louviere, J. J. (2018). The Determinants of Convention Site Selection: A Logistic Choice Model from Experimental Data. Journal of Travel Research, 43, 118–130.
Crouch, G. I., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1998). Convention site selection research: A review, conceptual model, and propositional framework. Journal of Convention & Exhibition.
Crouch, G. I., Del Chiappa, G., & Perdue, R. R. (2019). International convention tourism: A choice modelling experiment of host city competition. Tourism Management, 71, 530–542.
Danthanarayana, C. P., Amarasekara, K. A. I. M., & Jayasekara, K. P. I. S. (2023). Role of MICE Promotional Tools in Determining Tourists' Travel Intention: Mediating Effect of Perceived Destination Image. Asia-Pacific Journal of Innovation in Hospitality & Tourism, 12(3).
Department of Culture, Media and Sport, UK. (2015). Major Events Strategy. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7f866c40f0b6230269003e/K4094_Major_Events_Strategy_Doc_v7.pdf
Falk, M., & Hagsten, E. (2018). The art of attracting international conferences to European cities. Tourism Economics, 24(3), 337–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816618758732
Garcia, M., & Wang, P. (2017). Destination Competitiveness Factors in the MICE Industry: A Comparative Analysis of Physical Features. International Journal of Event Management Research, 6(2), 98-112.
Hazira, M. N., Alagas, E. N., Amin, M., Zamzuri, N. H., & Zairul, M. M. (2022). The best practice of marketing strategies for the Malaysian business event industry from experts' perspective. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 5(2), 413–434. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-09-2020-0178
Houdement, J., C. Santos, J., & Serra, F. (2017, June 30). Factors affecting the decision-making process when choosing an event destination: A comparative approach between Vilamoura (Portugal) and Marbella (Spain). Journal of Tourism, Sustainability and Well-Being, 5(2), 127-145. Retrieved from https://www.jsod-cieo.net/journal-tsw/index.php/jtsw/article/view/91
International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA) Report (2021). Retrieved from https://www.iccaworld.org/global-industry-news/post/2021-icca-destination-performance-index/
International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA) Report (2019). Retrieved from https://www.iccaworld.org/search/?q=ranking%202020%20abstract
Jo, D., Park, H., Choe, Y., & Kim, D. (2019). Destination-selection attributes for international association meetings: A mixed-methods study. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management.
Kim, H. J., & Gursoy, D. (2021). Government support for the business events industry: A comparative analysis of the Asia-Pacific region. Journal of Travel Research, 60(6), 1365-1381.
Kim, H., Gursoy, D., & Lee, S. (2019). Identifying Key Factors Affecting Destination Choice of International MICE Travelers: A Qualitative Approach. Journal of Travel Research, 58(3), 365-381.
Kim, Y. H., & Kaewnuch, K. (2018). Finding the gaps in event management research: A descriptive meta-analysis. Event Management, 22(3), 453–467. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599518X15258922919408
KPMG. (2022). Emerging giants in Asia Pacific. Retrieved from https://assets.kpmg.com/kpmg/pdf/2022/07
Kumar, J., & Hussain, K. (2021). Business Tourism and Economic Impacts: Evidence From The Malaysian Business Events Industry. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003161134-7
Lee, H., Lee, J., & Jones, D. (2016). Exploring the interrelationship between the Convention and Visitor Bureau (CVB) and its stakeholders, and CVB performance from the perspective of stakeholders. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(2), 224–249.
Lee, S., & Lee, C. K. (2019). "Key Factors Affecting Destination Competitiveness in the Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, and Exhibitions (MICE) Tourism Industry: A Case Study of Seoul." Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 11, 121-131.
Lichy, J., & McLeay. (2018). Leisure: Motivations and typologies. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 35(4), 517–530.
Lu, S., Zhu, W., & Wei, J. (2020). Assessing the impacts of tourism events on city development in China: A perspective of the event system. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(12), 1528-1541.
Malaysia Convention & Exhibition Bureau. (n.d.). MyTripleE shines bright in Sarawak: MyCEB and BE Sarawak join forces for business excellence. Retrieved from https://www.myceb.com.my/about-us/media-centre/press-release/mytriplee-shines-bright-in-sarawak-myceb-and-be-sarawak-join-forces-for-business-excellence
Malaysia Convention and Exhibition Bureau. (2016). Malaysia’s Business Events Roadmap: Charting Malaysia’s Journey to 2020 and Beyond. Retrieved from https://www.myceb.com.my/clients/ Malaysia_Convention_and_Exhibition_Bureau_75E277C6-C63D-4DC3-89ACF6B30D21417D /contentms/img/programme/pdf/Business_Event_Roadmap_2020.pdf
Malaysia Convention and Exhibition Bureau. (2022). Malaysia Business Events Strategic Marketing Plan 2021-2030. Retrieved from https://www.myceb.com.my/about-us/malaysia-be-smp-2021-2030
Malaysia Convention and Exhibition Bureau. (2024). Meet in Malaysia Campaign. Retrieved from https://www.myceb.com.my/meetinmalaysia
Malaysian Association of Convention and Exhibition Organisers and Suppliers (MACEOS). (2020). The Malaysia Business Events Industry Report 2020. Management, 1(1), 49–69.
Marais, M., du Plessis, E., & Saayman, M. (2017). Critical success factors of a business tourism destination: Supply side analysis. Acta Commercii - Independent Research Journal in the Management Sciences, 17(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.4102/ac.v17i1.423
Marques, J., & Pinho, M. (2021). Collaborative research to enhance a business tourism destination: A case study from Porto. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 13(2), 172–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2020.1756307
Meetings & Conventions Asia. (2023, April 21). Malaysia announces 132 business events until 2030. https://www.meetings-conventions-asia.com/News/Destinations/Malaysia-announces-132-business-events-until-2030
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Jossey Bass.
Nassaji, H. (2020). Good qualitative research. Language Teaching Research, 24(4), 427–431. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168820941288
Nguyen, Q. H. (2021). Impact of investment in tourism infrastructure development on attracting international visitors: A nonlinear panel ARDL approach using Vietnam’s data. Economies, 9(3), 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9030131
Nolan, E. (2020). Modifying the conceptual model of site selection in the organization of association conferences. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 21(5), 438–457.
NST. (2023, August 15). MyTripleE Goes Big in Attracting Business Events. New Straits Times. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2023/08/946640/mytriplee-goes-big-attracting-business-events
Nwobodo, S., Ngui, K. S., & Voon, M. L. (2020). Business event destination determinants: Malaysia event organizers’ perspective. Event Management, 24(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599519X15506259855931
Park, J., Gursoy, D., & Kim, H. (2018). Destination Selection Attributes for Corporate Meetings and Events: A Mixed-Methods Approach. Event Management, 22(4), 507-522.
Promlung, A., & Kovathanakul, A. P. D. (2018). A comparative case study on sustainable meetings: Gothenburg, Sweden–Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. In Proceedings of the 1st International MICE Conference and Forum (p. 8).
Ray, S. (2019). Event Tourism in Asian Context. In A. Hassan & A. Sharma (Eds.), Tourism Events in Asia: Marketing and Development. Routledge.
Ridley, Tony. (2023). Security and/or Safety: Business Travel, Tourism, Mobility & Cross Border Risk in a Post-Pandemic World. 10.13140/RG.2.2.20936.33280.
Rogers, T., & Davidson, R. (2012). Convention bidding, subvention and the winner's curse. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 13(3), 167-188.
Rogers, T., & Wynn-Moylan, P. (2022). Conferences and Conventions: A Global Industry (4th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003298953
?l?ska Organizacja Turystyczna. (2024). Leisure in Association Conferences. Retrieved from https://www.silesia-sot.pl/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Bleisure-in-Association-Conferences-Report.pdf
Suryadana, M. L. (2018). Destination attributes–its role in constructing an image of Bandung as a MICE destination in Indonesia. Kontigensi: Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, 6(2), 67-75.
Yusof, A. (2020, March). Major events postponed due to the Covid-19 outbreak. New Straits Times. Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/business/2020/03/571362/major-events-postponed-due-covid-19-outbreak
Zhang, H., Liu, S., & Bai, B. (2022). Image transfer between mega business event, hosting destination and country and its effects on exhibitors’ behavioral intention. Tourism Review, 77(1), 225-238.
Published
2024-09-05
How to Cite
Jabaruddin, S., Zamzuri, N. H., & Nasir, H. M. (2024). Event Bidding Success Factors of Malaysia’s Business Events: Exploring the Potential Gap in Destination Selection Attributes. Information Management and Business Review, 16(3(I), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v16i3(I).3928
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Copyright (c) 2024 Suhaila Jabaruddin, Norol Hamiza Zamzuri, Hazira Mohd Nasir
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