Developing a Predictive Model of Crowd Behavior at Music Concerts and Festivals (MCF): A Proposal for a Research Framework
Keywords:
Music concerts and festivals (MCF), Risky behavior, Predictive model, Crowd safety incidents
Abstract
Music Concerts and Festivals (MCF) have experienced steady growth each year, transforming these events into large-scale international gatherings from their humble beginnings in the 1980s. The trend of increasing attendance by festival-goers and concert-goers at MCF has prominently emerged in the 21st century. The attendance of MCF contributes to the formation of crowds, which are indirectly influenced by risky behavior. Consequently, this trend has led to numerous incidents related to risky behavior at MCF. However, there is insufficient research on such behavior, and few existing studies address any predictive models specific to MCF. As a result, there has been a slight increase in aggressive behavioral incidents among festival-goers and concert-goers. This issue has demonstrated the importance of studying crowd behavior among those attending musical concerts and festivals. Therefore, this paper will focus on the important variables related to risky behavior that can cause crowd behavior and bridge the gap by identifying risky behavior among crowds. Additionally, this study will propose a research framework for the development of a crowd behavioral predictive model to anticipate future risk behavior among attendees. This research will employ a mixed-methods approach comprising both qualitative and quantitative methodologies as its method of investigation. The research framework will then be used to develop a predictive model of crowd behavior among attendees of MCF that will help to provide significant information for event and concert organizers to understand potential risky behavior among the crowd, hence, help in mitigating or preventing unwanted crowd safety incidents at MCF.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Raineri, A. & Earl, C. (2005). Crowd management for outdoor music festivals. Journal of Occupational Health and Safety-Australia and New Zealand, 21(3), 205-215.
Al-Gadhi, S. A. (1996). A Review Study of Crowd Behavior and Movement. Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, 8(1), 87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1018-3639(18)30641-X
Alison Hutton, J. R. (2018). Developing Public Health Initiatives through Understanding Motivations of the Audience at Mass-Gathering Events. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 2, 4. doi:10.1017/S1049023X18000067
Alison Hutton, M. B. (2021). Does the Presence of On-Site Medical Services at Outdoor Music Festivals Affect Attendees’ Planned Alcohol and Recreational Drug Use? Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 36(4), 403 - 406. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X21000613
Andrew M. Milsten, J. T. (2017). Retrospective Analysis of Mosh-Pit-Related. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 32(6), 1, 4, 5. doi:10.1017/S1049023X17006689
Anne Templeton, J. D. (2018). Walking together: behavioral signatures of psychological crowds. Royal Society Open Science, 5(180172), 12. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180172
Arif Zikri, J. W. (2023, December 4). Concert organizers: Anwar govt spot-on in backing Coldplay gig, potential billions in future revenue. Retrieved from Malay Mail: https://www.malaymail.com/news/showbiz/2023/12/04/concert-organisers-anwar-govt-spot-on-in-backing-coldplay-gig-potential-billions-in-future-revenue/104563
Australian Associated Press. (2023, February 12). Man dies from suspected drug overdose after attending Sydney music festival. Retrieved from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/13/man-dies-from-suspected-drug-overdose-after-attending-sydney-music-festival
Barnes, A., & White, R. (2019). Violence in the mosh pit: assault within the Australian punk scene. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 31(1), 40–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2018.1556281
Bella M. González Ponce, C. D.-B.-S.-C. (2019). Personality traits and their association with drug use and harm reduction strategies among polysubstance users who attend music festivals. Journal of Substance Use, 25(2), 1 - 2, 6, 7. doi:10.1080/14659891.2019.1672818
Belmore, R. (2023, July 17). On This Day In Newport History: July 17, 1954 - First Newport Jazz Festival Held. Retrieved from What's Up Newp (WUN): https://whatsupnewp.com/2023/07/on-this-day-in-newport-history-july-17-1954-first-newport-jazz-festival-held/
Bennett, R. (2015). 1 - Live concerts and fan identity in the age of the Internet. In R. Bennett, The Digital Evolution of Live Music (p. 7). Chandos Publishing. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100067-0.00001-4
Bianca Fileborn, P. W. (2019). Safety, sexual harassment and assault at Australian music festivals: final report. 26. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.30091.85280
Carissa, A., Natalia, J., Lasini, M. & Gunadi, W. (2020) (2020). Understanding the Role of Sensory, Emotional, Social and Memorable Experiences in Behavioral Intention of Indonesia’s Music Concert Industry. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 9(1), 370-381.
Catherine Tuvblad, M. S. (2019). Chapter Two - Behavioral Genetics of Aggression and Intermittent Explosive Disorder. Etiology, Assessment, and Treatment. In M. S. Emil F. Coccaro (Ed.), Intermittent Explosive Disorder (p. 18). Academic Press.
CBS News . (2023, June 15). Beyoncé single-handedly raised a country's inflation. Retrieved from CBS News: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/beyonce-renaissance-tour-inflation-sweden-economist-says/
Cresswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mix Method Approaches. London: Sage Publication.
Creswell, J. W. (2018). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative and Mix Methods Approaches. Los Angeles: Sage Publication.
Daniella Hult Khazaie, S. S. (2019). Shared social identi?cation in mass gatherings lowers health risk perceptions via lowered disgust. The British Psychological Society, 2. doi:10.1111/bjso.12362
Darms, E. K. (2013). Safe Space: The Riot Grrrl Collection. The Journal of the Association of Canadian Archivists, 76, 59. doi:https://archivaria.ca/index.php/archivaria/article/view/13458
Earl, C. (2008). Crowds at Outdoor Music Festivals: An Examination of Crowd Psychology and its Implications for the Environmental Health Practitioner. Environmental Health, 8 (1), 39. Retrieved from https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.200465858790005
Eleanor Black, L. G. (2020). Toxicological analysis of serious drug-related harm among electronic dance music festival attendees in New South Wales, Australia: A consecutive case series. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 213, 1 - 2, 4 - 6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108070
Emma Webster, M. B. (2018, February). Valuing live music: The UK Live Music Census 2017 report. United Kingdom: The UK Live Music Census. Retrieved from The UK Live Music Census: https://uklivemusiccensus.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/UK-Live-Music-Census-2017-full-report.pdf
Frith, S. (2007). Live Music Matters. Scottish Music Review: Indeterminacy and Technology, 1(1), 1 - 2. Retrieved from https://scottishmusicreview.org/Articles/1.1/Frith%3A%20Live%20Music%20Matters.pdf
Hannah Bows, A. D. (2022). “It’s Like a Drive by Misogyny”: Sexual Violence at UK Music Festivals. Violence Against Women, 30(2), 372, 374, 377, 379, 382, 384, 385, . doi:10.1177/10778012221120443
Harriman Samuel Saragih, N. A. (2020). Segmentation of music festival visitors by values of hedonic, life satisfaction and eudaimonia. Event and Festival Management, 11(4), 453-454. doi:10.1108/IJEFM-03-2020-0016
Hogg, P. R. (2020). In-Depth Interviewing. International Encyclopaedia of Media Psychology, 2 - 3. doi:10.1002/9781119011071.iemp0019
Hyland, J. (2023, September 30). Two dead after visiting Sydney music festival Knockout. Retrieved from Daily Mail: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-12579811/Two-dead-visiting-Sydney-music-festivals-Listen-Knockout.html
Joana Corrêa de Magalhães Narvaez, L. R. (2019). Re-traumatization Cycle: Sexual Abuse, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Sexual Risk Behaviors among Club Drug Users. Substance Use & Misuse, 54(9), 1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2019.1589521
Kathryn M. Zeitz, H. M. (2009, January 23). Crowd Behavior at Mass Gatherings: A Literature Review. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 24(1), 32. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26322213_Crowd_Behavior_at_Mass_Gatherings_A_Literature_Review
Kaufman, G. (2023, December 13). Beyoncé Close to Billionaire Status After ' Renaissance' Tour. Retrieved from Billboard: https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/beyonce-almost-billionaire-renaissance-tour-1235554619/
Kelly, F. V.-G. (2020). Contested gendered space: public sexual harassment and women’s safety work. International Journal of Comparative and Applied, 269 - 270.
Khairiah Ismail, N. H. (2021, July). Is a Festival-goer a Risk-Taker? Environment behavior proceeding journal, 6(S14), 172-175. doi:https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6iSI4.2916
Koen Ponnet, P. C.-P. (2023, December 21). Exploring the Decision-Making Process behind Illicit Drug Use at Music Festivals. Substance Use & Misuse, 1 - 2, 5 - 7. doi:10.1080/10826084.2023.2294979
Kristin Feltmann, J. G. (2020). Compliance to the Alcohol Law: Overserving to Obviously Intoxicated Visitors at Music Festivals. International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health, 17, 1 - 5. doi:doi:10.3390/ijerph17228699
Kristin Feltmann, T. H. (2019). High levels of alcohol intoxication and strong support for restrictive alcohol policies among music festival visitors. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 14(15), 1 - 9 . doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-019-0203-8
Le Bon, G. (2002). The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.
Lorelli S. Nowell, J. M. (2017). Thematic Analysis: Striving to Meet the Trustworthiness Criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 2. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
Marion Istvan, V. B. B. E. V. (2023). First results of the French OCTOPUS survey among festival attendees: a latent class analysis. Harm Reduction Journal, 20(43), 1 - 2, 7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-023-00770-5
Marty Janssen, S. O. (2021). STI testing among young people attending music festivals in New South Wales, Australia: exploring the client segmentation concept in the ‘Down to Test’ program. Sexual Health, 18(5), A - B, E, . doi:https://doi.org/10.1071/SH21101
Masrur Mohd Khir, N. A. (2019). Exploring the Legal and Safety Issues amongst Event Planners and Venue Managers in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(3), 501, 505, 509. doi:10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i3/5709
Matt Luther, F. G. (2017). An Effective Risk Minimization Strategy Applied to an Outdoor Music Festival: A Multi-Agency Approach. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 33(2), 1 - 2, 4, . doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X18000195
Megan S. C. Lim, M. E. (2009). Surveillance of drug use among young people attending a music festival in Australia, 2005–2008. Drug and Alcohol Review, 155. doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00090.x
Nancy A. Haug, R. W. (2023). Risk for Ecstasy Use Disorder and Other Substance Use Among International Users of Recreational Ecstasy/Molly/MDMA. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2227960
Neeraj Chhabra, R. P. (2017). EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT PATIENT BURDEN FROM AN ELECTRONIC DANCE MUSIC FESTIVAL. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 1 - 3. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.10.007
New Straits Times. (2023, June 19). [WATCH] #NSTviral: Commotion erupts as Mosh dancers trigger security guards at Jiwa Kacau concert 2023. Retrieved from New Straits Times: https://www.nst.com.my/news/nst-viral/2023/06/921746/watch-nstviral-commotion-erupts-mosh-dancers-trigger-security-guards
New Straits Times. (2023, May 12). Celebrate music diversity with RWMF. Retrieved from New Straits Times: https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/groove/2023/05/908574/showbiz-celebrate-music-diversity-rwmf
Newport Historical Society. (2021, September 14). Newport Historical Society History Bytes: The 1954 Newport Jazz Festival, in Memory of George Wein. Retrieved from Newport Historical Society.: https://newporthistory.org/history-bytes-the-1954-newport-jazz-festival-in-memory-of-george-wein/
Norris R. Johnson, J. G. (1977). Crowd Behavior as "Risky Shift": A Laboratory Experiment. Sociometry, 183. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/3033521
Palmer, C. T. (2005). MUMMERS AND MOSHERS: TWO RITUALS OF TRUST IN CHANGING SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTS. 44(2), 147 - 160. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/3773994
Paul Calle, K. M. (2019). Lessons to be learned from toxicological analyses in intoxicated patients and seized materials at an electronic music dance festival. Forensic Science International, 299, 174, 177, . doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.03.047
Phuong, P. (2023, October). THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONCERT ON THE LOCALS Case Study of Blackpink's 2023 World Tour Concert in Hanoi, Vietnam. 29. CENTRIA UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES. Retrieved from https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/807647/Phuong_Phat.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y
Richard A. Krueger, M. A. (2014). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research (5 edition). Sage Publications.
Riches, G. (2011). Embracing the Chaos: Mosh Pits, Extreme Metal Music and Liminality. Journal for Cultural Research, 15(3), 315-332, . doi:10.1080/14797585.2011.594588
Rosemary Lucy Hill, D. H. (2019). Sexual violence at live music events: Experiences, responses and prevention. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 23(3), 371 - 372, 376, 378, 379, 381. doi:10.1177/1367877919891730
Shannon. (2023, August 23). Japanese rock festival cracks down on mosh pits after multiple fans injured. Retrieved from Japan Today: https://japantoday.com/category/national/japanese-rock-festival-cracks-down-on-mosh-pits-after-multiple-fans-injured
Sherman, M. (2023, December 8). Taylor Swift's Eras Tour is the first tour to gross over $1 billion, Pollstar says. Retrieved from AP News: https://apnews.com/article/taylor-swift-eras-tour-billion-dollar-record-52945111233438b1f2166aa19eee365f
Shirali Garga, M. T.-L., & Pit, S. (2021). Geosocial Networking Dating App Usage and Risky Sexual Behavior in Young Adults Attending a Music Festival: Cross-sectional Questionnaire Study. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INTERNET RESEARCH, 23(4), 1 - 3, 6 - 8. doi:10.2196/21082
Statista. (2023, November). Music Events - Malaysia. Retrieved from Statista: https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/eservices/event-tickets/music-events/malaysia
Tania Maria Tangit, S. A. (2016). Lessons in Managing Visitors Experience: The Case of Future Music Festival Asia (FMFA) 2014 in Malaysia. Procedia Economics and Finance, 37, 55 - 56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)30092-2
Tarlow, P. E. (2002). Crowd control. In P. E. Tarlow, Event Risk Management and Safety (p. 108). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tegan Cruwys, A. K. (2018, May 11). Risk and protective factors for mental health at a youth mass gathering. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(2), 1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1163-7
?enu, A. & Ciocoiu, N. C. (2020). Risk Management for Events and Festivals. 119, 125. Trivent Publishing
Timothy Janchar MD, C. S. (2000). The mosh-pit experience: emergency medical care for concert injuries. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18(1), 62 - 63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-6757(00)90051-2
Veera Pandiyan Kaliani Sudram, P. R. (2016 ). Research Methodology Tools, Method and Techniques. Petaling Jaya: Malaysia Logistics and Supply Chain Association.
Waleed Alhajri, A. T. (2023). Social norms and risks at mass gatherings: A systematic review. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 88, 4, 9 - 12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103586
White, A. B. (2019). Violence in the mosh pit: assault within the Australian punk scene. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 31(1), 40 - 41, 42, 52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2018.1556281
Whyton, T. (2018). Space is the place: European jazz festivals as cultural heritage sites. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 1,3, 5 - 6. doi:10.1080/13527258.2018.1517375
Zetlin, M. (2023, October 13). Taylor Swift's Eras Tour Boosted the Economy by $4.6 Billion. Now Here Comes Her Movie. Retrieved from Inc. Magazine: https://www.inc.com/minda-zetlin/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-boosted-economy-by-46-billion-now-here-comes-her-movie.html
Al-Gadhi, S. A. (1996). A Review Study of Crowd Behavior and Movement. Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, 8(1), 87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1018-3639(18)30641-X
Alison Hutton, J. R. (2018). Developing Public Health Initiatives through Understanding Motivations of the Audience at Mass-Gathering Events. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 2, 4. doi:10.1017/S1049023X18000067
Alison Hutton, M. B. (2021). Does the Presence of On-Site Medical Services at Outdoor Music Festivals Affect Attendees’ Planned Alcohol and Recreational Drug Use? Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 36(4), 403 - 406. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X21000613
Andrew M. Milsten, J. T. (2017). Retrospective Analysis of Mosh-Pit-Related. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 32(6), 1, 4, 5. doi:10.1017/S1049023X17006689
Anne Templeton, J. D. (2018). Walking together: behavioral signatures of psychological crowds. Royal Society Open Science, 5(180172), 12. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180172
Arif Zikri, J. W. (2023, December 4). Concert organizers: Anwar govt spot-on in backing Coldplay gig, potential billions in future revenue. Retrieved from Malay Mail: https://www.malaymail.com/news/showbiz/2023/12/04/concert-organisers-anwar-govt-spot-on-in-backing-coldplay-gig-potential-billions-in-future-revenue/104563
Australian Associated Press. (2023, February 12). Man dies from suspected drug overdose after attending Sydney music festival. Retrieved from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/13/man-dies-from-suspected-drug-overdose-after-attending-sydney-music-festival
Barnes, A., & White, R. (2019). Violence in the mosh pit: assault within the Australian punk scene. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 31(1), 40–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2018.1556281
Bella M. González Ponce, C. D.-B.-S.-C. (2019). Personality traits and their association with drug use and harm reduction strategies among polysubstance users who attend music festivals. Journal of Substance Use, 25(2), 1 - 2, 6, 7. doi:10.1080/14659891.2019.1672818
Belmore, R. (2023, July 17). On This Day In Newport History: July 17, 1954 - First Newport Jazz Festival Held. Retrieved from What's Up Newp (WUN): https://whatsupnewp.com/2023/07/on-this-day-in-newport-history-july-17-1954-first-newport-jazz-festival-held/
Bennett, R. (2015). 1 - Live concerts and fan identity in the age of the Internet. In R. Bennett, The Digital Evolution of Live Music (p. 7). Chandos Publishing. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100067-0.00001-4
Bianca Fileborn, P. W. (2019). Safety, sexual harassment and assault at Australian music festivals: final report. 26. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.30091.85280
Carissa, A., Natalia, J., Lasini, M. & Gunadi, W. (2020) (2020). Understanding the Role of Sensory, Emotional, Social and Memorable Experiences in Behavioral Intention of Indonesia’s Music Concert Industry. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 9(1), 370-381.
Catherine Tuvblad, M. S. (2019). Chapter Two - Behavioral Genetics of Aggression and Intermittent Explosive Disorder. Etiology, Assessment, and Treatment. In M. S. Emil F. Coccaro (Ed.), Intermittent Explosive Disorder (p. 18). Academic Press.
CBS News . (2023, June 15). Beyoncé single-handedly raised a country's inflation. Retrieved from CBS News: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/beyonce-renaissance-tour-inflation-sweden-economist-says/
Cresswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mix Method Approaches. London: Sage Publication.
Creswell, J. W. (2018). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative and Mix Methods Approaches. Los Angeles: Sage Publication.
Daniella Hult Khazaie, S. S. (2019). Shared social identi?cation in mass gatherings lowers health risk perceptions via lowered disgust. The British Psychological Society, 2. doi:10.1111/bjso.12362
Darms, E. K. (2013). Safe Space: The Riot Grrrl Collection. The Journal of the Association of Canadian Archivists, 76, 59. doi:https://archivaria.ca/index.php/archivaria/article/view/13458
Earl, C. (2008). Crowds at Outdoor Music Festivals: An Examination of Crowd Psychology and its Implications for the Environmental Health Practitioner. Environmental Health, 8 (1), 39. Retrieved from https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.200465858790005
Eleanor Black, L. G. (2020). Toxicological analysis of serious drug-related harm among electronic dance music festival attendees in New South Wales, Australia: A consecutive case series. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 213, 1 - 2, 4 - 6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108070
Emma Webster, M. B. (2018, February). Valuing live music: The UK Live Music Census 2017 report. United Kingdom: The UK Live Music Census. Retrieved from The UK Live Music Census: https://uklivemusiccensus.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/UK-Live-Music-Census-2017-full-report.pdf
Frith, S. (2007). Live Music Matters. Scottish Music Review: Indeterminacy and Technology, 1(1), 1 - 2. Retrieved from https://scottishmusicreview.org/Articles/1.1/Frith%3A%20Live%20Music%20Matters.pdf
Hannah Bows, A. D. (2022). “It’s Like a Drive by Misogyny”: Sexual Violence at UK Music Festivals. Violence Against Women, 30(2), 372, 374, 377, 379, 382, 384, 385, . doi:10.1177/10778012221120443
Harriman Samuel Saragih, N. A. (2020). Segmentation of music festival visitors by values of hedonic, life satisfaction and eudaimonia. Event and Festival Management, 11(4), 453-454. doi:10.1108/IJEFM-03-2020-0016
Hogg, P. R. (2020). In-Depth Interviewing. International Encyclopaedia of Media Psychology, 2 - 3. doi:10.1002/9781119011071.iemp0019
Hyland, J. (2023, September 30). Two dead after visiting Sydney music festival Knockout. Retrieved from Daily Mail: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-12579811/Two-dead-visiting-Sydney-music-festivals-Listen-Knockout.html
Joana Corrêa de Magalhães Narvaez, L. R. (2019). Re-traumatization Cycle: Sexual Abuse, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Sexual Risk Behaviors among Club Drug Users. Substance Use & Misuse, 54(9), 1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2019.1589521
Kathryn M. Zeitz, H. M. (2009, January 23). Crowd Behavior at Mass Gatherings: A Literature Review. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 24(1), 32. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26322213_Crowd_Behavior_at_Mass_Gatherings_A_Literature_Review
Kaufman, G. (2023, December 13). Beyoncé Close to Billionaire Status After ' Renaissance' Tour. Retrieved from Billboard: https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/beyonce-almost-billionaire-renaissance-tour-1235554619/
Kelly, F. V.-G. (2020). Contested gendered space: public sexual harassment and women’s safety work. International Journal of Comparative and Applied, 269 - 270.
Khairiah Ismail, N. H. (2021, July). Is a Festival-goer a Risk-Taker? Environment behavior proceeding journal, 6(S14), 172-175. doi:https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6iSI4.2916
Koen Ponnet, P. C.-P. (2023, December 21). Exploring the Decision-Making Process behind Illicit Drug Use at Music Festivals. Substance Use & Misuse, 1 - 2, 5 - 7. doi:10.1080/10826084.2023.2294979
Kristin Feltmann, J. G. (2020). Compliance to the Alcohol Law: Overserving to Obviously Intoxicated Visitors at Music Festivals. International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health, 17, 1 - 5. doi:doi:10.3390/ijerph17228699
Kristin Feltmann, T. H. (2019). High levels of alcohol intoxication and strong support for restrictive alcohol policies among music festival visitors. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 14(15), 1 - 9 . doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-019-0203-8
Le Bon, G. (2002). The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc.
Lorelli S. Nowell, J. M. (2017). Thematic Analysis: Striving to Meet the Trustworthiness Criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 2. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
Marion Istvan, V. B. B. E. V. (2023). First results of the French OCTOPUS survey among festival attendees: a latent class analysis. Harm Reduction Journal, 20(43), 1 - 2, 7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-023-00770-5
Marty Janssen, S. O. (2021). STI testing among young people attending music festivals in New South Wales, Australia: exploring the client segmentation concept in the ‘Down to Test’ program. Sexual Health, 18(5), A - B, E, . doi:https://doi.org/10.1071/SH21101
Masrur Mohd Khir, N. A. (2019). Exploring the Legal and Safety Issues amongst Event Planners and Venue Managers in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(3), 501, 505, 509. doi:10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i3/5709
Matt Luther, F. G. (2017). An Effective Risk Minimization Strategy Applied to an Outdoor Music Festival: A Multi-Agency Approach. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 33(2), 1 - 2, 4, . doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X18000195
Megan S. C. Lim, M. E. (2009). Surveillance of drug use among young people attending a music festival in Australia, 2005–2008. Drug and Alcohol Review, 155. doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00090.x
Nancy A. Haug, R. W. (2023). Risk for Ecstasy Use Disorder and Other Substance Use Among International Users of Recreational Ecstasy/Molly/MDMA. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2227960
Neeraj Chhabra, R. P. (2017). EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT PATIENT BURDEN FROM AN ELECTRONIC DANCE MUSIC FESTIVAL. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 1 - 3. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.10.007
New Straits Times. (2023, June 19). [WATCH] #NSTviral: Commotion erupts as Mosh dancers trigger security guards at Jiwa Kacau concert 2023. Retrieved from New Straits Times: https://www.nst.com.my/news/nst-viral/2023/06/921746/watch-nstviral-commotion-erupts-mosh-dancers-trigger-security-guards
New Straits Times. (2023, May 12). Celebrate music diversity with RWMF. Retrieved from New Straits Times: https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/groove/2023/05/908574/showbiz-celebrate-music-diversity-rwmf
Newport Historical Society. (2021, September 14). Newport Historical Society History Bytes: The 1954 Newport Jazz Festival, in Memory of George Wein. Retrieved from Newport Historical Society.: https://newporthistory.org/history-bytes-the-1954-newport-jazz-festival-in-memory-of-george-wein/
Norris R. Johnson, J. G. (1977). Crowd Behavior as "Risky Shift": A Laboratory Experiment. Sociometry, 183. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/3033521
Palmer, C. T. (2005). MUMMERS AND MOSHERS: TWO RITUALS OF TRUST IN CHANGING SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTS. 44(2), 147 - 160. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/3773994
Paul Calle, K. M. (2019). Lessons to be learned from toxicological analyses in intoxicated patients and seized materials at an electronic music dance festival. Forensic Science International, 299, 174, 177, . doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.03.047
Phuong, P. (2023, October). THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONCERT ON THE LOCALS Case Study of Blackpink's 2023 World Tour Concert in Hanoi, Vietnam. 29. CENTRIA UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES. Retrieved from https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/807647/Phuong_Phat.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y
Richard A. Krueger, M. A. (2014). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research (5 edition). Sage Publications.
Riches, G. (2011). Embracing the Chaos: Mosh Pits, Extreme Metal Music and Liminality. Journal for Cultural Research, 15(3), 315-332, . doi:10.1080/14797585.2011.594588
Rosemary Lucy Hill, D. H. (2019). Sexual violence at live music events: Experiences, responses and prevention. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 23(3), 371 - 372, 376, 378, 379, 381. doi:10.1177/1367877919891730
Shannon. (2023, August 23). Japanese rock festival cracks down on mosh pits after multiple fans injured. Retrieved from Japan Today: https://japantoday.com/category/national/japanese-rock-festival-cracks-down-on-mosh-pits-after-multiple-fans-injured
Sherman, M. (2023, December 8). Taylor Swift's Eras Tour is the first tour to gross over $1 billion, Pollstar says. Retrieved from AP News: https://apnews.com/article/taylor-swift-eras-tour-billion-dollar-record-52945111233438b1f2166aa19eee365f
Shirali Garga, M. T.-L., & Pit, S. (2021). Geosocial Networking Dating App Usage and Risky Sexual Behavior in Young Adults Attending a Music Festival: Cross-sectional Questionnaire Study. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INTERNET RESEARCH, 23(4), 1 - 3, 6 - 8. doi:10.2196/21082
Statista. (2023, November). Music Events - Malaysia. Retrieved from Statista: https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/eservices/event-tickets/music-events/malaysia
Tania Maria Tangit, S. A. (2016). Lessons in Managing Visitors Experience: The Case of Future Music Festival Asia (FMFA) 2014 in Malaysia. Procedia Economics and Finance, 37, 55 - 56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)30092-2
Tarlow, P. E. (2002). Crowd control. In P. E. Tarlow, Event Risk Management and Safety (p. 108). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tegan Cruwys, A. K. (2018, May 11). Risk and protective factors for mental health at a youth mass gathering. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(2), 1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1163-7
?enu, A. & Ciocoiu, N. C. (2020). Risk Management for Events and Festivals. 119, 125. Trivent Publishing
Timothy Janchar MD, C. S. (2000). The mosh-pit experience: emergency medical care for concert injuries. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18(1), 62 - 63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-6757(00)90051-2
Veera Pandiyan Kaliani Sudram, P. R. (2016 ). Research Methodology Tools, Method and Techniques. Petaling Jaya: Malaysia Logistics and Supply Chain Association.
Waleed Alhajri, A. T. (2023). Social norms and risks at mass gatherings: A systematic review. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 88, 4, 9 - 12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103586
White, A. B. (2019). Violence in the mosh pit: assault within the Australian punk scene. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 31(1), 40 - 41, 42, 52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2018.1556281
Whyton, T. (2018). Space is the place: European jazz festivals as cultural heritage sites. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 1,3, 5 - 6. doi:10.1080/13527258.2018.1517375
Zetlin, M. (2023, October 13). Taylor Swift's Eras Tour Boosted the Economy by $4.6 Billion. Now Here Comes Her Movie. Retrieved from Inc. Magazine: https://www.inc.com/minda-zetlin/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-boosted-economy-by-46-billion-now-here-comes-her-movie.html
Published
2024-09-04
How to Cite
Mohamad Halim, C. N. H., Khir, M. M., & Roslan, A. (2024). Developing a Predictive Model of Crowd Behavior at Music Concerts and Festivals (MCF): A Proposal for a Research Framework. Information Management and Business Review, 16(3(I), 27-37. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v16i3(I).3923
Issue
Section
Research Paper
Copyright (c) 2024 Cempaka Nur Huda Mohamad Halim, Masrur Mohd Khir, Azreen Roslan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Author (s) should affirm that the material has not been published previously. It has not been submitted and it is not under consideration by any other journal. At the same time author (s) need to execute a publication permission agreement to assume the responsibility of the submitted content and any omissions and errors therein. After submission of revised paper in the light of suggestions of the reviewers, the editorial team edits and formats manuscripts to bring uniformity and standardization in published material.
This work will be licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) and under condition of the license, users are free to read, copy, remix, transform, redistribute, download, print, search or link to the full texts of articles and even build upon their work as long as they credit the author for the original work. Moreover, as per journal policy author (s) hold and retain copyrights without any restrictions.
