Influence of Job Demands, Job Control and Social Support on Malaysian Independent Musicians’ Job Stress and Career Change Intentions
Keywords:
Job Demand, Job Stress, Job Control, Social Support, Career Change Intentions, Independent Musicians, Malaysia
Abstract
The Job Demand-Control (JDC) and its extended version, the Job Demand-Control-Support (JDCS) model, provide a theoretical lens to study how distinct job features impact overall well-being and career longevity. This study investigates the experiences of 385 Malaysian independent musicians’ job stress and career change intentions by concentrating on job demands along with job control and social support’s direct and moderating influences. Adopting a quantitative methodology grounded in a cross-sectional design and non-probability sampling, this study used Smart PLS for the structural model evaluation. Findings indicate that stress-inducing job elements significantly affect musicians’ job stress. The data analysis conducted allowed for the exploration of the impact and interrelationships among the studied variables. The study unveiled significant positive associations between job demand and job stress. However, social support and job control exhibited insignificant relationships with job stress. Only social support, and not job control, was found to moderate the relationship between job demand and job stress. This outcome underscores the buffering role of social support in mitigating the effect of job demand on job stress. This study offers a basis for future theoretical advancements and research on the occupational sustainability of Malaysian independent musicians by empirically validating the extended JDCS model with career change intentions. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how psychosocial factors affect the career sustainability of independent musicians in Malaysia.
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References
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Aqeel, M., Abbas, J, Raza, S., & Aman, J. (2021). Portraying the multifaceted interplay between sexual harassment, job stress, social support, and employees’ turnover intention amid COVID-19: A Multilevel Moderating Model. Foundation University Journal of Business & Economics, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.33897/fujbe.v6i2.551.
Ariza-Montes, A., Arjona-Fuentes, J. M., Han, H., & Law, R. (2018). Work environment and well-being of different occupational groups in hospitality: Job Demand–Control–Support model. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 73, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.01.010.
Baker, R. P., Brick, J. M., Bates, N., Battaglia, M. P., Couper, M. P., Dever, J. A., Gile, K. J., & Tourangeau, R. (2013). Report of the AAPOR Taskforce on non-probability sampling. Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology, 1(2), 90-143.
Baltzer, S. (1988). A validation study of a measure of musical creativity. Journal of Research in Music Education, Vol. 36, No.4, 232-249.
Bazazan, A., Noman, Y., Norouzi, H., Maleki-Ghahfarokhi, A., Sarbakhsh, P., & Dianat, I. (2023). Physical and psychological job demands and fatigue experience among offshore workers. Heliyon, 9.
Burin, A. & Osório, F. (2017). Music performance anxiety: A critical review of etiological aspects, perceived causes, coping strategies and treatment. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo), 44, 127-133. https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-60830000000136.
Burns, A. (2020, September 4). Survey reveals 64% musicians are considering leaving the music profession. Classicalexburns. https://classicalexburns.com/2020/09/04/survey-reveals-64-musicians-considering-leaving-the-music-profession/
Cardoso, M., Leonido, L., Pereira, A., & Morgado, E. (2025). Mental health challenges in professional musicians: A systematic review of stress, anxiety, and depression. International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 8(2), 3611–3621. https://doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v8i2.6065.
Cattell, K., Bowen, P., & Edwards, P. (2016). Stress among South African construction professionals: a job demand-control-support survey. Construction Management and Economics, 34(10), 700–723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2016.1203967.
CENDANA & Kreativekat Resources (2019). Bunyi – An Independent Music Roundtable Report. CENDANA. https://www.cendana.com.my/clients/Cendana_78A7CADC-1C4A-44E8-A815-E2B4C1D11FE0/contentms/img/Reports/BUNYI-%20The%20Report-Final.pdf
Chen, T., Hao, S., Ding, K., Feng, X., & Liang, C. (2022). Exploring the relationship between career adaptability and turnover intention: The mediating roles of work engagement and career commitment. Current Psychology, 41(10), 7060–7072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01140-5.
Cihak, L. (2021, November 24). A fifth of musicians are considering a career change due to lack of income: study. EdmCom. https://edm.com/industry/help-musicians-study-career-change-pandemic.
Cox, T., Griffiths, A. & Rial-González, E. (2000). Research on work-related stress. European Agency for Safety & Health at Work. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Del Pozo-Antúnez, J. J., Ariza-Montes, A., Fernández-Navarro, F., & Molina-Sánchez, H. (2018). Effect of a Job demand-control-social support Model on accounting professionals' health perception. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11), 2437. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112437.
Detari, A., Egermann, H., Bjerkeset, O., & Vaag, J. (2020). Psychosocial work environment among musicians and in the general workforce in Norway. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. Article 1315. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01315.
Dobson M. C. (2010b). Performing yourself? Autonomy and self-expression in the work of jazz musicians and classical string players. Music Perform. Res. 3, 42–60.
Duarte, J., Berthelsen, H., & Owen, M. (2020). Not all emotional demands are the same: Emotional demands from clients' or co-workers' relations have different associations with well-being in service workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 7738. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217738.
Etikan, I., Musa, S.A., & Alkassim, R.S. (2016). Comparisons of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, 5(1),1-4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11.
Fiori, M., Fischer, S., & Barabasch, A. (2022). Creativity is associated with higher well-being and a more positive COVID-19 experience. Personality and Individual Differences, 194, 111646.
Holst, G.J., Paarup, H.M. & Baelum, J. (2012). A cross-sectional study of psychosocial work environment and stress in the Danish symphony orchestras. International Archives of Occupational Environmental Health, 85, 639–649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-011-0710-z.
Hracs, B.J., & Leslie, D. (2014). Aesthetic labour in creative industries: the case of independent musicians in Toronto. Area, 46(1), 66-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12062.
Ibarra, H. (2002). Working identity: Unconventional strategies for reinventing your career. Harvard Business School Press.
Janosy, N. R., DeBoer, E. M., Prager, J. D., Vogeli, J., Wine, T., & Beacham, A. O. (2023). Social support moderates the relationship between burnout and job satisfaction in aerodigestive team members. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 170, 111602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2023.111602.
Johnson, J. V., & Hall, E. M. (1988). Job strain, workplace social support, and cardiovascular disease: A cross-sectional study of a random sample of the Swedish working population. American Journal of Public Health, 78(10), 1336-1342. 10.2105/AJPH.78.10.1336.
Johnson, J. V., Stewart, W., Hall, E. M., Fredlund, P., & Theorell, T. (1996). Long-term psychosocial work environment and cardiovascular mortality among Swedish men. American Journal of Public Health, 86(3), 324–331. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.86.3.324.
Karadag, H. & Sahin, F. (2022). The antecedents of career change intention in middle-level managers: the role of job and career satisfaction. Personnel Review. 10.1108/PR-11-2021-078.
Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 285–308. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392498.
Karasek, R. A., & Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy work: Stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. New York: Basic Books.
Kenny, D., Driscoll, T., & Ackermann, B. (2012). Psychological well-being in professional orchestral musicians in Australia: A descriptive population study. Psychology of Music, 42(2), 210-232. http://doi.org/10.1177/0305735612463950.
Leka, S., & Jain, A. (?2010)?. Health impact of psychosocial hazards at work: an overview. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44428.
Liu, S., Gyabeng, E., Sewu, G.J.A., Nkrumah, N.K., & Dartey, B. (2019). Occupational health and safety and turnover intention in the Ghanaian power industry: The mediating effect of organizational commitment. BioMed Research International. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3273045.
Long, M. H., Johnston, V., & Bogossian, F. (2012). Work-related upper quadrant musculoskeletal disorders in midwives, nurses, and physicians: A systematic review of risk factors and functional consequences. Applied Ergonomics, 43(3), 455–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.07.002.
Mauss, D., Herr, R. M., Theorell, T., Angerer, P., & Li, J. (2018). Validating the Demand-control support questionnaire among white-collar employees in Switzerland and the United States. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 13(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-018-0188-7.
Morgeson, F. P., & Humphrey, S. E. (2006). The Work Design Questionnaire (WDQ): Developing and validating a comprehensive measure for assessing job design and the nature of work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1321–1339. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1321.
Musgrave, G. (2023). Musicians, their relationships, and their well-being: Creative labour, relational work. Poetics, 96, 101762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2023.101762.
Nst Entertainment. (2025, October 8). Showbiz: RIM: The Music industry can be a pillar of growth. New Straits Times. https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/groove/2025/10/1289908/showbiz-rim-music-industry-can-be-pillar-growth.
Pejtersen. J.H., Kristensen, T.S., Borg, V., & Bjorner, J.B. (2010). The second version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 38(3 Suppl), 8-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494809349858.
Pilkington, T. (2024). How many music artists are there in the world? Latest stats & analysis (2024). Apparition?Avenue. https://apparitionavenue.net/world-music/how-many-music-artists-are-there-in-the-world-latest-stats-analysis-2024/
Pizzolitto, E. (2021). Are Musicians Entrepreneurs? A Preliminary Analysis. LIMEN 2021 – Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.31410/LIMEN.2021.231.
Pozenatto, R. (2020). Working Memory in Musicians: A Review of Literature. Research Perspectives in Music Education. 21(1), 48-63.
Runco, M.A. (2014). Creativity: Theories and themes: Research, development, and practice. Elsevier; Netherlands.
Schieman, S., & Young, M. (2010). The demands of creative work: Implications for stress in the work-family interface. Social Science Research, 39, 246-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.05.008.
Statistica (2024). Revenue growth in the music streaming market in Malaysia from 2018 to 2027. https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1490509/malaysia-music-streaming-revenue-growth.
Tabur, A., Choudhury, A., Emhan, A., Mengenci, C., & Asan, O. (2022). Clinicians’ social support, job stress, and intent to leave healthcare during COVID-19. Healthcare, 10, 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/10020229.
Tang, M., Hofreiter, S., Reiter-Palmon, R., Bai, X., & Murugavel, V. (2021). Creativity as a means to well-being in times of the COVID-19 pandemic: Results of a cross-cultural study. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 601389.
The Star (2025, February 14). Local music industry revenue hits record high in 2024. The Star. https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/entertainment/2025/02/13/local-music-industry-revenue-hits-record-high-in-2024.
Thompson, E. (2025, February 3). Indie Music In 2025: The Rise, The Hustle, and the Future of Independent Artists. Wokewaves. https://www.wokewaves.com/posts/independent-music-2025.
Uchino, B. N., Cacioppo, J. T., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (1996). The relationship between social support and physiological processes: a review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health. Psychological Bulletin, 119(3), 488–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.119.3.488.
Vaag, J., Giæver, F., & Bjerkeset, O. (2014). Specific demands and resources in the career of the Norwegian freelance musician. Arts & Health, 6(3), 205–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/17533015.2013.863789.
Van Veldhoven, M. (2013). Chapter 5. Quantitative Job Demands. In book: People at work: An introduction to contemporary work psychology. Wiley-Blackwell https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259922267_Quantitative_job_demands.
Witt, T. (2024, December 17). The Independent Music Market: A 2024 Growth Story. Octiive. https://www.octiive.com/blog/the-independent-music-market-a-2024-growth-story.
Zhang, J. D., Susino, M., McPherson, G. E., & Schubert, E. (2018). The definition of a musician in music psychology: A literature review and the six-year rule. Psychology of Music, 48(3), 389-409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735618804038.
Abarghouei, M.R., Sorbi, M.H., Abarghouei, M., Bidaki, R., & Yazdanpoor, S. (2016). A study of job stress and burnout, and related factors in the hospital personnel of Iran. Electronic Physician, 8: 2625–2632. https://doi.org/10 .19082/2625.
Aqeel, M., Abbas, J, Raza, S., & Aman, J. (2021). Portraying the multifaceted interplay between sexual harassment, job stress, social support, and employees’ turnover intention amid COVID-19: A Multilevel Moderating Model. Foundation University Journal of Business & Economics, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.33897/fujbe.v6i2.551.
Ariza-Montes, A., Arjona-Fuentes, J. M., Han, H., & Law, R. (2018). Work environment and well-being of different occupational groups in hospitality: Job Demand–Control–Support model. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 73, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.01.010.
Baker, R. P., Brick, J. M., Bates, N., Battaglia, M. P., Couper, M. P., Dever, J. A., Gile, K. J., & Tourangeau, R. (2013). Report of the AAPOR Taskforce on non-probability sampling. Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology, 1(2), 90-143.
Baltzer, S. (1988). A validation study of a measure of musical creativity. Journal of Research in Music Education, Vol. 36, No.4, 232-249.
Bazazan, A., Noman, Y., Norouzi, H., Maleki-Ghahfarokhi, A., Sarbakhsh, P., & Dianat, I. (2023). Physical and psychological job demands and fatigue experience among offshore workers. Heliyon, 9.
Burin, A. & Osório, F. (2017). Music performance anxiety: A critical review of etiological aspects, perceived causes, coping strategies and treatment. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo), 44, 127-133. https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-60830000000136.
Burns, A. (2020, September 4). Survey reveals 64% musicians are considering leaving the music profession. Classicalexburns. https://classicalexburns.com/2020/09/04/survey-reveals-64-musicians-considering-leaving-the-music-profession/
Cardoso, M., Leonido, L., Pereira, A., & Morgado, E. (2025). Mental health challenges in professional musicians: A systematic review of stress, anxiety, and depression. International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 8(2), 3611–3621. https://doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v8i2.6065.
Cattell, K., Bowen, P., & Edwards, P. (2016). Stress among South African construction professionals: a job demand-control-support survey. Construction Management and Economics, 34(10), 700–723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2016.1203967.
CENDANA & Kreativekat Resources (2019). Bunyi – An Independent Music Roundtable Report. CENDANA. https://www.cendana.com.my/clients/Cendana_78A7CADC-1C4A-44E8-A815-E2B4C1D11FE0/contentms/img/Reports/BUNYI-%20The%20Report-Final.pdf
Chen, T., Hao, S., Ding, K., Feng, X., & Liang, C. (2022). Exploring the relationship between career adaptability and turnover intention: The mediating roles of work engagement and career commitment. Current Psychology, 41(10), 7060–7072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01140-5.
Cihak, L. (2021, November 24). A fifth of musicians are considering a career change due to lack of income: study. EdmCom. https://edm.com/industry/help-musicians-study-career-change-pandemic.
Cox, T., Griffiths, A. & Rial-González, E. (2000). Research on work-related stress. European Agency for Safety & Health at Work. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Del Pozo-Antúnez, J. J., Ariza-Montes, A., Fernández-Navarro, F., & Molina-Sánchez, H. (2018). Effect of a Job demand-control-social support Model on accounting professionals' health perception. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11), 2437. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112437.
Detari, A., Egermann, H., Bjerkeset, O., & Vaag, J. (2020). Psychosocial work environment among musicians and in the general workforce in Norway. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. Article 1315. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01315.
Dobson M. C. (2010b). Performing yourself? Autonomy and self-expression in the work of jazz musicians and classical string players. Music Perform. Res. 3, 42–60.
Duarte, J., Berthelsen, H., & Owen, M. (2020). Not all emotional demands are the same: Emotional demands from clients' or co-workers' relations have different associations with well-being in service workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 7738. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217738.
Etikan, I., Musa, S.A., & Alkassim, R.S. (2016). Comparisons of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, 5(1),1-4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11.
Fiori, M., Fischer, S., & Barabasch, A. (2022). Creativity is associated with higher well-being and a more positive COVID-19 experience. Personality and Individual Differences, 194, 111646.
Holst, G.J., Paarup, H.M. & Baelum, J. (2012). A cross-sectional study of psychosocial work environment and stress in the Danish symphony orchestras. International Archives of Occupational Environmental Health, 85, 639–649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-011-0710-z.
Hracs, B.J., & Leslie, D. (2014). Aesthetic labour in creative industries: the case of independent musicians in Toronto. Area, 46(1), 66-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12062.
Ibarra, H. (2002). Working identity: Unconventional strategies for reinventing your career. Harvard Business School Press.
Janosy, N. R., DeBoer, E. M., Prager, J. D., Vogeli, J., Wine, T., & Beacham, A. O. (2023). Social support moderates the relationship between burnout and job satisfaction in aerodigestive team members. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 170, 111602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2023.111602.
Johnson, J. V., & Hall, E. M. (1988). Job strain, workplace social support, and cardiovascular disease: A cross-sectional study of a random sample of the Swedish working population. American Journal of Public Health, 78(10), 1336-1342. 10.2105/AJPH.78.10.1336.
Johnson, J. V., Stewart, W., Hall, E. M., Fredlund, P., & Theorell, T. (1996). Long-term psychosocial work environment and cardiovascular mortality among Swedish men. American Journal of Public Health, 86(3), 324–331. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.86.3.324.
Karadag, H. & Sahin, F. (2022). The antecedents of career change intention in middle-level managers: the role of job and career satisfaction. Personnel Review. 10.1108/PR-11-2021-078.
Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 285–308. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392498.
Karasek, R. A., & Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy work: Stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. New York: Basic Books.
Kenny, D., Driscoll, T., & Ackermann, B. (2012). Psychological well-being in professional orchestral musicians in Australia: A descriptive population study. Psychology of Music, 42(2), 210-232. http://doi.org/10.1177/0305735612463950.
Leka, S., & Jain, A. (?2010)?. Health impact of psychosocial hazards at work: an overview. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44428.
Liu, S., Gyabeng, E., Sewu, G.J.A., Nkrumah, N.K., & Dartey, B. (2019). Occupational health and safety and turnover intention in the Ghanaian power industry: The mediating effect of organizational commitment. BioMed Research International. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3273045.
Long, M. H., Johnston, V., & Bogossian, F. (2012). Work-related upper quadrant musculoskeletal disorders in midwives, nurses, and physicians: A systematic review of risk factors and functional consequences. Applied Ergonomics, 43(3), 455–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.07.002.
Mauss, D., Herr, R. M., Theorell, T., Angerer, P., & Li, J. (2018). Validating the Demand-control support questionnaire among white-collar employees in Switzerland and the United States. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 13(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-018-0188-7.
Morgeson, F. P., & Humphrey, S. E. (2006). The Work Design Questionnaire (WDQ): Developing and validating a comprehensive measure for assessing job design and the nature of work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1321–1339. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1321.
Musgrave, G. (2023). Musicians, their relationships, and their well-being: Creative labour, relational work. Poetics, 96, 101762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2023.101762.
Nst Entertainment. (2025, October 8). Showbiz: RIM: The Music industry can be a pillar of growth. New Straits Times. https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/groove/2025/10/1289908/showbiz-rim-music-industry-can-be-pillar-growth.
Pejtersen. J.H., Kristensen, T.S., Borg, V., & Bjorner, J.B. (2010). The second version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 38(3 Suppl), 8-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494809349858.
Pilkington, T. (2024). How many music artists are there in the world? Latest stats & analysis (2024). Apparition?Avenue. https://apparitionavenue.net/world-music/how-many-music-artists-are-there-in-the-world-latest-stats-analysis-2024/
Pizzolitto, E. (2021). Are Musicians Entrepreneurs? A Preliminary Analysis. LIMEN 2021 – Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.31410/LIMEN.2021.231.
Pozenatto, R. (2020). Working Memory in Musicians: A Review of Literature. Research Perspectives in Music Education. 21(1), 48-63.
Runco, M.A. (2014). Creativity: Theories and themes: Research, development, and practice. Elsevier; Netherlands.
Schieman, S., & Young, M. (2010). The demands of creative work: Implications for stress in the work-family interface. Social Science Research, 39, 246-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.05.008.
Statistica (2024). Revenue growth in the music streaming market in Malaysia from 2018 to 2027. https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1490509/malaysia-music-streaming-revenue-growth.
Tabur, A., Choudhury, A., Emhan, A., Mengenci, C., & Asan, O. (2022). Clinicians’ social support, job stress, and intent to leave healthcare during COVID-19. Healthcare, 10, 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/10020229.
Tang, M., Hofreiter, S., Reiter-Palmon, R., Bai, X., & Murugavel, V. (2021). Creativity as a means to well-being in times of the COVID-19 pandemic: Results of a cross-cultural study. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 601389.
The Star (2025, February 14). Local music industry revenue hits record high in 2024. The Star. https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/entertainment/2025/02/13/local-music-industry-revenue-hits-record-high-in-2024.
Thompson, E. (2025, February 3). Indie Music In 2025: The Rise, The Hustle, and the Future of Independent Artists. Wokewaves. https://www.wokewaves.com/posts/independent-music-2025.
Uchino, B. N., Cacioppo, J. T., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (1996). The relationship between social support and physiological processes: a review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health. Psychological Bulletin, 119(3), 488–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.119.3.488.
Vaag, J., Giæver, F., & Bjerkeset, O. (2014). Specific demands and resources in the career of the Norwegian freelance musician. Arts & Health, 6(3), 205–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/17533015.2013.863789.
Van Veldhoven, M. (2013). Chapter 5. Quantitative Job Demands. In book: People at work: An introduction to contemporary work psychology. Wiley-Blackwell https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259922267_Quantitative_job_demands.
Witt, T. (2024, December 17). The Independent Music Market: A 2024 Growth Story. Octiive. https://www.octiive.com/blog/the-independent-music-market-a-2024-growth-story.
Zhang, J. D., Susino, M., McPherson, G. E., & Schubert, E. (2018). The definition of a musician in music psychology: A literature review and the six-year rule. Psychology of Music, 48(3), 389-409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735618804038.
Published
2025-10-23
How to Cite
Wan Ali, S. R. I., & Goi, M. T. (2025). Influence of Job Demands, Job Control and Social Support on Malaysian Independent Musicians’ Job Stress and Career Change Intentions. Information Management and Business Review, 17(3(I)S), 371-379. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v17i3(I)S.4760
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Copyright (c) 2025 Syarifah Rahayu Ida Wan Ali, Mei Teh Goi
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