Mindful Transportation: A Conceptual Framework for Enhancing Accessibility for People with Disabilities in Malaysia
Abstract
This conceptual paper explores the integration of mindfulness principles into the development of transportation services for people with disabilities (PWDs) in Malaysia. Transportation plays a critical role in promoting inclusivity and enhancing the quality of life for PWDs, yet accessibility remains a significant challenge due to infrastructural barriers, lack of awareness, and limited empathy from service providers. Drawing on the concepts of mindfulness, which are rooted in awareness, empathy, and responsiveness, this paper proposes a framework that emphasizes inclusivity, respect, and collaboration among key stakeholders. The proposed framework emphasizes the need for a holistic approach that incorporates physical accessibility, staff training, and policy reforms. Inclusivity involves modifying infrastructure to meet universal design standards, while empathy requires transport providers to understand the unique challenges faced by PWDs and offer compassionate, tailored services. Responsiveness, a key element of mindfulness, calls for flexible and adaptive transport services that cater to the real-time needs of PWDs, ensuring that they can access public transportation with ease and dignity. By applying this mindful approach, the transportation system can become more accommodating and respectful toward PWDs, thereby reducing social exclusion and improving their mobility. This paper contributes to the growing body of literature on disability inclusion and provides actionable strategies for policymakers, transport providers, and disability organizations to work together in creating a more accessible public transportation system. Future research should investigate the practical application of this framework and its potential to drive policy changes that benefit PWDs across Malaysia.
Downloads
References
Amar-Singh, HSS, San, Y., Teoh, A., Randhawa, A., Wong, Y., & Ng, L. (2021). Make the right real: Advocacy for disability inclusion in Malaysia. #OKU Rights Matter Project, Malaysia.
Amy Lubitow & Jennifer Rainer & Sasha Bassett, 2017. Exclusion and vulnerability on public transit: experiences of transit dependent riders in Portland, Oregon, Mobilities, Taylor & Francis Journals, 12(6), 924-937. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2016.1253816
Armitage, R., & Nellums, L. B. (2020). COVID-19 and the consequences of isolating the elderly. The Lancet Public Health, 5(5), e256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30061-X
Awang, N. A., Chua, S. J. L., Ali, A. S., Au-Yong, C. P., Naicker, A. S., & Yuliawiratman, B. S. (2021). Persons with disability perception of facilities management service quality: Hospital buildings in Malaysia. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 34(3/4), 125–139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHCQA-08-2020-0165
Beddoe, A. E., & Murphy, S. O. (2004). Does mindfulness decrease stress and foster empathy among nursing students? Journal of Nursing Education, 43(7), 305–312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20040701-07
Birnie, K., Speca, M., & Carlson, L. E. (2010). Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Stress and Health, 26, 359–371. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1305
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230–241. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077
Cheung, M. L., Ting, H., Cheah, J. H., & Sharipudin, M. N. S. (2020). Examining the role of social media-based destination brand community in evoking tourists' emotions and intention to co-create and visit. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 30(1), 28–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-09-2019-2554
Cochran, A. L. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 on access to transportation for people with disabilities. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 8, 100263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100263
Cook, J., Petts, R., Visser, C., & Yiu, A. (2017). The contribution of rural transport to achieve sustainable development goals. Thame, UK: Research Community for Access Partnership & Partnerships on Sustainable, Low Carbon Transport.
Cramer, J. S. (2002). The origins of logistic regression. Tinbergen Institute Working Paper No. 2002-119/4. https://ssrn.com/abstract=360300
Cresswell, T. (2006). On the move: Mobility in the modern Western world. Routledge.
Currie, G., & Delbosc, A. (2011). Field survey results. In G. Currie (Ed.), New perspectives and methods in transport and social exclusion research (pp. 133–156). Bingley: Emerald. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/9781780522012-010
Currie, G., & Stanley, J. (2008). Investigating links between social capital and public transport. Transport Reviews, 28(4), 529–547. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01441640701817197
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113–126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.44.1.113
Darwall, S. L. (1977). Two kinds of respect. Ethics, 88(1), 36–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/292054
Dean, S., Foureur, M., Zaslawski, C., Newton-John, T., Yu, N., & Pappas, E. (2017). The effects of a structured mindfulness program on the development of empathy in healthcare students. NursingPlus Open, 3, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npls.2017.02.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npls.2017.02.001
Dodson, J., Gleeson, B., & Sipe, N. G. (2004). Transport disadvantage and social status: A review of literature and methods. Brisbane: Urban Policy Program, Griffith University.
Fan, Y., Duncan, N. W., De Greck, M., & Northoff, G. (2011). Is there a core neural network in empathy? An fMRI-based quantitative meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 903–911. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.10.009
Farrington, J., & Farrington, C. (2005). Rural accessibility, social inclusion, and social justice: Towards conceptualization. Journal of Transport Geography, 13(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2004.10.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2004.10.002
Genitsaris, E., Nalmpantis, D., Amprasi, V., & Naniopoulos, A. (2021). IOP conference series: Earth and environmental science. 2nd International Conference on Environmental Design, 899, 012062. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/899/1/012062
Good Gingrich, L. (2008). Social exclusion and double jeopardy: The management of lone mothers in the market-state social field. Social Policy and Administration, 42(4), 379–395. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.2008.00610.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.2008.00610.x
Göransson, K., & Nilholm, C. (2014). Conceptual diversities and empirical shortcomings: A critical analysis of research on inclusive education. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 29(3), 265–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2014.933545 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2014.933545
Gunasekaran, A., & Ngai, E. W. T. (2005). Build-to-order supply chain management: A literature review and framework for development. Journal of Operations Management, 23(5), 423–451. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2004.10.005
Gunasekaran, A., Lai, K. H., Hung, E., & Cheng, T. C. (2008). Responsive supply chain: A competitive strategy in a networked economy. Omega, 36(4), 549–564. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2006.12.002
Harley, D. A. (2020). 17 and disability. In Disability studies for human services: An interdisciplinary and intersectionality approach (pp. 347) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826162847
Healey, M. L., & Grossman, M. (2018). Cognitive and affective perspective-taking: Evidence for shared and dissociable anatomical substrates. Frontiers in Neurology, 9, 491. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.00491 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.00491
Iddrisu, A. M., Nooni, I. K., Fianko, K. W., & Mensa, W. (2015). Assessing the impact of service quality on customer loyalty: A study of the cellular industry in Ghana. British Journal of Marketing Studies, 3(6), 15–30.
Jansuwan, S., Christensen, K. M., & Chen, A. (2013). Assessing the transportation needs of low-mobility individuals: A case study of a small urban community in Utah. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 139(2), 104–114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000142
Jenelius, E., & Cebecauer, M. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 on public transport ridership in Sweden: Analysis of ticket validations, sales, and passenger counts. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 8, Article 100242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100242
Jones, S., Bodie, G., & Hughes, S. (2016). The impact of mindfulness on empathy, active listening, and perceived provisions of emotional support. Communication Research, 3(1), 1–14.
Kadir, S. A., & Jamaludin, M. (2012). Users’ satisfaction and perception on the accessibility of public buildings in Putrajaya: Access audit study. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 50, 429–441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.08.047
Kadir, S. A., Jamaludin, M., & Rahim, A. A. (2018). Building managers’ views on accessibility and UD implementation in public buildings: Putrajaya. Journal of Asian Behavioral Studies, 3(6), 47–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/jabs.v3i6.236
Kalu, I. N. (2015). Service quality and marketing performance of hotels in Abia and Imo State (Doctoral dissertation). Department of Marketing, Abia State University, Uturu.
Kamaruddin, H. (2022, February 2). Make inclusive transportation services a high priority. The New Straits Times.
Kant, I. (1964). Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals (H. J. Paton, Trans.). New York: Harper & Row.
Kenyon, S., & Lyons, G. (2003). The value of integrated multimodal traveler information and its potential contribution to modal change. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behavior, 6(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-8478(02)00035-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-8478(02)00035-9
Kenyon, S., Rafferty, J., & Lyons, G. (2003). Social exclusion and transport in the UK: A role for virtual accessibility in the alleviation of mobility-related social exclusion? Journal of Social Policy, 32(3), 317–338. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279403007037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279403007037
Kenyon, S. (2011). Transport and social exclusion: Access to higher education in the UK policy context. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(4), 763–771. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.09.005
Kocman, A., & Weber, G. (2018). Job satisfaction, quality of work life, and work motivation in employees with intellectual disability: A systematic review. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12319 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12319
Komuniti OKU diseru guna pengangkutan awam. (2022, July). Harian Metro. Retrieved from https://www.hmetro.com.my/mutakhir/2022/07/861930/komuniti-oku-diseru-guna-pengangkutan-awam
Krush, M. T., Sohi, R. S., & Saini, A. (2015). Dispersion of marketing capabilities: Impact on marketing’s influence and business unit outcomes. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 32–51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0420-7
Krznaric, R. (2014). Empathy: A Handbook for Revolution. Random House.
Lamothe, M., Rondeau, E., Malboeuf-Hurtubise, C., Duval, M., & Sultan, S. (2016). Outcomes of MBSR or MBSR-based interventions in health care providers: A systematic review with a focus on empathy and emotional competencies. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 24, 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2015.11.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2015.11.001
Langer, E. G. (1999). Minding matters: The consequences of mindlessness-mindfulness. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 22.
Lättman, K., Friman, M., & Olsson, L. E. (2016). Perceived accessibility of public transport as a potential indicator of social inclusion. Social Inclusion, 4(3), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v4i3.481 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v4i3.481
Lucas, K. (2004). Transport and social exclusion: A survey of the group of seven nations. London: FIA Foundation, Transport Studies Group. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56687/9781847426000-009
Litman, T. (2003). Social inclusion as a transport planning issue in Canada. Paper presented at the Transport and Social Exclusion G7 Comparison Seminar. London.
Lönnqvist, A. (2017). Att erövra världen: En rapport om sambanden mellan fattigdom och Funktionshinder [To Conquer the World: A Report about the Connections between Poverty and Functional Limitations]. MyRight—Empowering People with Disabilities.
Madanipour, A. (2015). Social exclusion and space. In The City Reader (pp. 237–245). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315748504-37
Mahr, F., McLachlan, N., Friedberg, R. D., Mahr, S., & Pearl, A. M. (2013). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of a second-generation child of Pakistani descent: Ethnocultural and clinical considerations. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 20(1), 134–147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104513499766
Marks, D. (1997). Models of disability. Disability and Rehabilitation: An International, Multidisciplinary Journal. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/09638289709166831
Martha, L., & Jordan, R. (2022). Pengaruh tangible, empathy, responsiveness, assurance, dan reliability terhadap loyalitas pelanggan pada Hotel Bunda Padang. Ulil Albab: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin, 1(6).
Masten, C. L., Morelli, S. A., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2011). An fMRI investigation of empathy for ‘social pain’ and subsequent prosocial behavior. NeuroImage, 55(1), 381–388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.060
Mogaji, E., Adekunle, I., Aririguzoh, S., & Oginni, A. (2022). Dealing with the impact of COVID-19 on transportation in a developing country: Insights and policy recommendations. Transport Policy, 116, 304–314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.12.002
Phiri, M. A., & Mcwabe, T. (2013). Customers' expectations and perceptions of service quality: The case of Pick N Pay supermarket store in Pietermaritzburg area, South Africa. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 3(1), 96-103.
Pinto, A. M. A., Oliveira, M. F. D., Cordeiro, B. B., & Oliveira, L. L. H. S. (2020). Urban accessibility in Belo Horizonte, Brazil: A case study of mobility practices and demands of people with disabilities in the mobility systems. In Methods (Transport and Sustainability, Vol. 12) (pp. 209-233). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2044-994120200000012010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S2044-994120200000012014
Purwati, S. (2016). Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kepuasan ibu pada pelayanan KIA di UPTD Puskesmas Japah Kecamatan Japah Kabupaten Blora tahun 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31983/jkb.v6i13.2867
Purwoastuti, E., & Walyani, E. S. (2015). Mutu pelayanan kesehatan dan kebidanan. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Baru Press.
Qin, H., & Prybutok, V. R. (2009). Service quality, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions in fast?food restaurants. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 1(1), 78-95. https://doi.org/10.1108/17566690910945886 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17566690910945886
Ratka, A. (2018). Empathy and the development of affective skills. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 82(10), 7192. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7192 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7192
Richmond, T., & Saloojee, A. (Eds.). (2005). Social inclusion: Canadian perspectives. Halifax, NS, Canada: Fernwood.
Roberts, W., Strayer, J., & Denham, S. (2014). Empathy, anger, guilt: Emotions and prosocial behavior. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 46(4), 465–474. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035057 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035057
Salvador-Carulla, L., Lucas, R., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., & Miret, M. (2014). Use of the terms "wellbeing" and "quality of life" in health sciences: A conceptual framework. The European Journal of Psychiatry, 28(1), 50-65. https://doi.org/10.4321/S0213-61632014000100006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4321/S0213-61632014000100005
Salvador-Carulla, L., Martínez-Leal, R., Heyler, C., Alvarez-Galvez, J., Veenstra, M. Y., García-Ibáñez, J., & Van Schrojenstein Lantman-de Valk, H. M. (2015). Training on intellectual disability in health sciences: The European perspective. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 61(1), 20-31. https://doi.org/10.1179/2047387714Y.0000000054 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/2047387713Y.0000000027
Segal, E. A. (2011). Social empathy: A model built on empathy, contextual understanding, and social responsibility that promotes social justice. Journal of Social Service Research, 37, 266–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2011.564040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2011.564040
Setiono, B. A., & Hidayat, S. (2022). Influence of service quality with the dimensions of reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangibles on customer satisfaction. International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research, 6(9), 68-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51505/IJEBMR.2022.6924
Sharma, D., Taggar, R., Bindra, S., & Dhir, S. (2020). A systematic review of responsiveness to develop future research agenda: A TCCM and bibliometric analysis. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 27(9), 2649-2677. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-09-2019-0402 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-12-2019-0539
Sharma, N., Yadav, V. P., & Sharma, A. (2021). Attitudes and empathy of youth towards physically disabled persons. Heliyon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07852 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07852
Simon, B., & Stürmer, S. (2003). Respect for group members: Intragroup determinants of collective identification and group-serving behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(2), 183–193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202239043
Simon, B., & Stürmer, S. (2005). In search of the active ingredient of respect: A closer look at the role of acceptance. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35(6), 809–818. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.272 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.272
Simon, B., Lücken, M., & Stürmer, S. (2006). The added value of respect: Reaching across inequality. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45(3), 535–546. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466605X57637 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/014466605X57637
Shibayama, T., Sandholzer, F., Laa, B., & Brezina, T. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on commuting: A multi-country perspective. European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, 21(1), 70–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18757/EJTIR.2021.21.1.5135
Stanley, J., Stanley, J., Vella-Brodrick, D., & Currie, G. (2010). The place of transport in facilitating social inclusion via the mediating influence of social capital. Research in Transportation Economics, 29(1), 280–286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2010.07.035
Stjernborg, V. (2019). Accessibility for all in public transport and the overlooked (social) dimension—A case study of Stockholm. Sustainability, 11(18), 4902. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11184902
Stjernborg, V., & Mattisson, O. (2016). The role of public transport in society—A case study of general policy documents in Sweden. Sustainability, 8(1120). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su8111120
Sung, K. (2004). Elder respect among young adults: A cross-cultural study of Americans and Koreans. Journal of Aging Studies, 18(2), 215–230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2004.01.002
Tahmasbia, B., & Hossein, H. (2019). Public transport accessibility measure based on weighted door-to-door travel time. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 163–177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2019.05.002
Theoharakis, V., Sajtos, L., & Hooley, G. (2009). The strategic role of relational capabilities in the business-to-business service profit chain. Industrial Marketing Management, 38(8), 914–924. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2009.04.006
Tjiptono, F. (2016). Pemasaran. CV. ANDI OFFSET.
Tyler, T. R., & Blader, S. L. (2000). Cooperation in groups: Procedural justice, social identity, and behavioral engagement. Psychology Press.
Velho, R., Holloway, C., Symonds, A., & Balmer, B. (2016). The effect of transport accessibility on the social inclusion of wheelchair users: A mixed method analysis. Social Inclusion, 4, 25–35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v4i3.484
Vobruba, G. (2000). Actors in processes of inclusion and exclusion: Towards a dynamic approach. Social Policy & Administration, 34(5), 601–613. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9515.00213 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9515.00213
Wallmark, E., Safarzadeh, K., Daukantaite, D., & Maddux, R. E. (2012). Promoting altruism through meditation: An 8-week randomized controlled pilot study. Mindfulness, 4, 223–234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0115-4
Wang, Y., Shen, Q., Abu Ashour, L., & Dannenberg, A. L. (2022). Ensuring equitable transportation for the disadvantaged: Paratransit usage by persons with disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 159, 84–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2022.03.013
Watson, N., & Vehmas, S. (2019). Routledge handbook of disability studies. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429430817
Weick, K. E., & Sutcliffe, K. M. (2001). Managing the unexpected: Assuring high performance in an age of complexity. Jossey-Bass
Weick, K. E., Sutcliffe, K. M., & Obstfeld, D. (1999). Organizing for high reliability: Processes of collective mindfulness. In R. I. Sutton & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, 21, 81–123. Elsevier Science/JAI Press.
World Health Organization. (n.d.-a). Disabilities. https://www.who.int/topics/disabilities/en/
World Health Organization. (n.d.-b). Disability fact files. https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/disability/en/
World Health Organization. (n.d.-c). World report on disability 2011. https://www.who.int/disabilities/world_report/2011/en/
Yusefi, A. R., Davarani, E. R., Daneshi, S., Bastani, M., Mehralian, G., & Bastani, P. (2022). Responsiveness level and its effect on service quality from the viewpoints of the older adults hospitalized during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Geriatrics, 22(1), 653. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03344-5
Zeithaml, V. A., Parasuraman, A., & Berry, L. L. (1990). Delivering quality service: Balancing customer perceptions and expectations. Free Press.
Copyright (c) 2024 Joeaiza Juhari, Wan Kalthom Yahya, Najihah Abdul Rahim, Norhusniyati Husin, Siti Rohana Daud
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Author (s) should affirm that the material has not been published previously. It has not been submitted and it is not under consideration by any other journal. At the same time author (s) need to execute a publication permission agreement to assume the responsibility of the submitted content and any omissions and errors therein. After submission of revised paper in the light of suggestions of the reviewers, the editorial team edits and formats manuscripts to bring uniformity and standardization in published material.
This work will be licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) and under condition of the license, users are free to read, copy, remix, transform, redistribute, download, print, search or link to the full texts of articles and even build upon their work as long as they credit the author for the original work. Moreover, as per journal policy author (s) hold and retain copyrights without any restrictions.