Examining the Psychosocial Factors of Mental Health Well-being Among Medical University Students: Gender-based Analyses
Keywords:
Mental health, psychological, well-being, university, students, medical, stress, depression, anxiety, family, social support, China
Abstract
The mental health of university students is a major concern due to the various stressors they face, including academic pressures, social dynamics, and personal development challenges. Previous studies have shown that gender differences significantly impact how students perceive and express psychological distress. This study aimed to identify these differences in the context of academic stress, social support, self-esteem, academic motivation, and family functioning, and their association with psychological distress. The study involved 2206 medical students in a cross-sectional study at a medical university in Ningxia, western China. The data analysis revealed significant gender differences in scores for academic stress, social support, and academic motivation. Academic stress, social support, and family functioning were found to be significantly associated with psychological distress for both genders. However, academic motivation was found to significantly influence psychological distress only among male students, while self-esteem had an impact on female students. These findings highlight the need for tailored mental health services in universities to address gender-specific needs, such as providing counseling services that focus on coping with academic stress and strengthening social and familial support networks to improve student well-being.
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References
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del Carmen G-M. de la Fuente, R., Sánchez-Queija, I., & Parra, Á. (2024). Family functioning and mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A two-cohort comparison of emerging adults. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06015-3
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Jameel, A., Ma, Z., Li, M., Hussain, A., Asif, M., Wang, Y. (2024). The effects of social support and parental autonomy support on the mental well-being of university students: the mediating role of a parent-child relationship. Humanities & social sciences communications. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03088-0
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Newhart S. (2023). Social predictors of psychological well-being and symptoms of college students. Journal of American College Health: J of ACH, 1–14. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2023.2217717
Ntoiti, A. K., Kigen, E. M., Kinai, T. K., & Mawang, L. L. (2024). Mental Distress, Coping Strategies, and Academic Achievement among University Students. South Florida Journal of Development, 5(2), 845–852. https://doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv5n2-034
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Perveen, F., Altaf, S., Tehreem, H. (2022). Relationship between self-esteem and academic performance: a gendered perspective. Pakistan journal of social research, 4 (3): 780-785. https://doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i03.768
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Qi, Y., Zhao, M., Geng, T., Tu, Z., Lu, Q., Li, R., Niu, L., Qu, W., Zhong, Y., & Gao, Y. (2024). The relationship between family functioning and social media addiction among university students: a moderated mediation model of depressive symptoms and peer support. BMC psychology, 12(1), 341. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01818-2
Raduan, N. J. N., Mohamad , N. I. ., Nikmat , A. W. ., & Amalia, E. . (2022). Resilience and Psychological Distress among UiTM Medical Students: The transitional gap. Environment-Behavior Proceedings Journal, 7(21), 137–143. https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7i21.3706
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and commitment therapy. Measures package, 61(52), 18.
Rtbey, G., Shumet, S., Birhan, B., & Salelew, E. (2022). Prevalence of mental distress and associated factors among medical students at University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC psychiatry, 22(1), 523. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04174-w
Sahu, P. K., Nayak, B. S., Rodrigues, V., & Umakanthan, S. (2020). Prevalence of Psychological Distress among Undergraduate Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. International journal of applied & basic medical research, 10(4), 270–275. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijabmr.IJABMR_100_19
Saidi. N., Nik Wan, N. Z., Razak, S., San, S., Ab Aziz, A..A.,Hussin, S. N. A., Saidi, N. A (2024). Reviewing the influence of mental health and coping strategies on academic performance. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counselling. https://doi.org/10.35631/ijepc.954032
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge Academic.
Shon, E. J., & Lee, L. (2024). Structural equation modeling for the effects of family dysfunctions and communication on perceived mental health status among under/graduate students in the U.S. PloS one, 19(4), e0301914. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301914
Smilkstein, G. (1978). The family APGAR: a proposal for a family function test and its use by physicians. Journal of Family Practice, 6(6), 1231-1239.
Sorkhou, M., Rashid, T., Dere, J., & Uliaszek, A. (2022). Psychological Distress in Treatment-Seeking University Students: An Intersectional Examination of Asian Identity and Gender Identity. Journal of College Student Mental Health, 38(1), 149–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/87568225.2022.2145252
Subair, P. O. (2022). Gender analysis of Self-esteem and Academic Performance of College Students in Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City. International Journal of Applied Science and Research, 5(4): 65-74. https://doi.org/10.56293/ijasr.2022.5408
Suresh, P., Nair, B. P. (2023). Psychological distress and resilience of medical students. Indian journal of applied research, 13(2): 47-49. https:// doi.org/10.36106/ijar/5008876
Tarmizi, N. A. B. M., Perveen, A., Hamzah, H., & Folashade, A. T. (2024). Relationship of Psychological Adjustment, Anxiety, Stress, Depression, Suicide Ideation, and Social Support among University Students. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14(6), 352–358. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v14-i6/21788
Terry, TDA., Abdullah, H. (2023). The Relationship between Social Support, Self-Esteem and Stress among UPM Undergraduate Students. International journal of academic research in business & social sciences, 13(14), 232-245. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i14/18373
Tzeng, W. C., Tzeng, N. S., Chang, P. C., Chien, W. C., Feng, H. P., & Lin, C. H. (2024). Gender difference in emotional distress among nursing and health science college students: An online survey. Archives of psychiatric nursing, 48, 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2024.01.007
Wang, J., Liu, M., Bai, J., Chen, Y., Xia, J., Liang, B., Wei, R., Lin, J., Wu, J., & Xiong, P. (2023). Prevalence of common mental disorders among medical students in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in public health, 11, 1116616. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1116616
Wolstenholme, C. E. (2024). “You are being categorized as better than you are”. Male students’ perception of male student mental health. Pastoral Care in Education, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643944.2024.2337693
Xiao B, Song G (2022). Association between Self-Efficacy and Learning Conformity among Chinese University Students: Differences by Gender. Sustainability, 14(14), 8725. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148725
Xiao, S. (1994). Theoretical basis and research application of social support rating scale. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 4(2), 98.
Yang, Y. & Wang, D. (2007). Revalidation of the factor structure of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Chinese Journal of Mental Health,21(9):603-605.
Zayed, A. M. (2024). Digital Resilience, Digital Stress, and Social Support as Predictors of Academic Well-Being among University Students. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 12(3):60-60. https://doi.org/ 10.11114/jets.v12i3.6894
Bedewy, D., & Gabriel, A. (2015). Examining perceptions of academic stress and its sources among university students: The Perception of Academic Stress Scale. Health Psychology Open, 2(2), 2055102915596714. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102915596714
Chuku, G. O. (2017). The Relationship Between Self-Perceived Gender Typicality, Self-Esteem and Psychological Distress In College Students. [Master’s thesis, Fort Hays State University] https://doi.org/10.58809/rbac5345
Dadand?, I, Çitak, C. (2023). Psychological Distress Mediates the Relationship Between Social Support and Satisfaction with Life. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, https://doi.org/ 10.52380/ijcer.2023.10.3.543
del Carmen G-M. de la Fuente, R., Sánchez-Queija, I., & Parra, Á. (2024). Family functioning and mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A two-cohort comparison of emerging adults. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06015-3
Dheerendra, K. M., Singh, U. P., Maravi, P., Varma, A. (2023). Influence of Gender on Stress among School Children: A Cross-sectional Study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 17(6), 5-7. https://doi: 10.7860/cdr/2023/60338.18003
Faradiba, A. T., & Rahmatullah, B. (2023). Mental Health Conditions Among University Students. Education Policy and Development, 1(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.31098/epd.v1i1.1319
Garces Garces, N. N., Esteves Fajardo, Z. I., Santander Villao, M. L., Mejía Caguana, D. R., & Quito Esteves, C. (2024). Relationships between Mental Well-being and Academic Performance in University Students: A Systematic Review. Salud, Ciencia Y Tecnología - Serie De Conferencias, 3, 972. https://doi.org/10.56294/sctconf2024972
García-Campanario, I., Viñolo Gil, M. J., Vanlinthout, L. E., Pérez Pérez, C., & O'Ferrall González, C. (2024). Gender Differences Regarding Self-Perceived Physical and Mental Health in Spanish University Sports and Physical Therapy Students after Termination of the COVID-19 Lockdown Period. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 12(2), 191. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12020191
Gebremedhin, HT, Bifftu, BB, Lebessa, MT, Weldeyes, AZ, Gebru, TT, Petrucka, P. (2020). Prevalence and Associated Factors of Psychological Distress Among Secondary School Students in Mekelle City, Tigray Region, Ethiopia: Cross-Sectional Study. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2020;13:473-480. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S252779
Gong, X., Xie, X.-y., Xu, R., & Luo, Y.-j. (2010). Psychometric properties of the Chinese versions of DASS-21 in Chinese college students. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 18(4), 443–446.
Hou, Y., Zhang, Y., Cao, X., Lei, G., & Liu, G. (2024). The association between perceived social support and resilience among Chinese university students: A moderated mediation model. Psychology in the Schools, 61, 1474–1490. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.23122
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Hussain, A., Safdar, Q., Khan, AA (2003) Relationship of academic motivation & self-efficacy with academic grades of students: social support as a mediator. Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 05(02):803-811. https://doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1193
Jameel, A., Ma, Z., Li, M., Hussain, A., Asif, M., Wang, Y. (2024). The effects of social support and parental autonomy support on the mental well-being of university students: the mediating role of a parent-child relationship. Humanities & social sciences communications. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03088-0
Jiang, K (2024). Research on the factors influencing the mental issues of university students. Theoretical and natural science, 38(1):45-50. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/38/20240566
Kashif, M. F., Tabassum, R., Bibi, S (2024). Effects of academic stress on mental health issues among university students. Journal of Social Sciences Development. https://doi.org/10.53664/jssd/03-02-2024-14-170-182
Li, TX., Lin, TT., Eng, TL., Xin, TH., Wardhani, STK. (2023). The Influence of Academic Stress on Academic Performance among University Students. Asia Pacific Journal of Management and Education, 6(3): 117-128. https://doi.org/10.32535/apjme.v6i3.2675
Liao, X., Zhang, S., Wang, Y., Jiang, J., Li, Y., & Zhang, W. (2022). Mental burden among Chinese undergraduate medical students: A prospective longitudinal study before, during, and after the COVID-19 outbreak. Frontiers in psychiatry, 13, 982469. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.982469
Lovibond, S.H.; Lovibond, P.F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (2nd ed.). Sydney: Psychology Foundation (Available from The Psychology Foundation, Room 1005 Mathews Building, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia.
Lu, F., Zeng, G., Liu, S. A. (1999). study on validity and reliability of the family APGAR. Chinese Public Health (Chinese). 15:987–8.
Misra, R., McKean, M., West, S., & Russo, T. (2000). Academic stress of college students: Comparison of student and faculty perceptions. College Student Journal, 34(2)
Newhart S. (2023). Social predictors of psychological well-being and symptoms of college students. Journal of American College Health: J of ACH, 1–14. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2023.2217717
Ntoiti, A. K., Kigen, E. M., Kinai, T. K., & Mawang, L. L. (2024). Mental Distress, Coping Strategies, and Academic Achievement among University Students. South Florida Journal of Development, 5(2), 845–852. https://doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv5n2-034
Osman, A. M. A., Hafez, S. H, Mohamed, I. A, Ahmed, M. M. M., Balola, H. H. A., Ahmed, K. A. M., Gomaa, S. M.., Alwadei, H. S. A., Elrefaey, S. R. (2024). Unraveling the Nexus: Dysfunctional Family Dynamics, Mental Health Struggles, and Coping Strategies among University Students. Minia Scientific Nursing Journal, 015(2): 8-13. https://doi.org/10.21608/msnj.2024.283171.1119
Padmanabhanunni, A., Pretorius, T. B., & Isaacs, S. A. (2023). We Are Not Islands: The Role of Social Support in the Relationship between Perceived Stress during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Psychological Distress. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(4), 3179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043179
Perveen, F., Altaf, S., Tehreem, H. (2022). Relationship between self-esteem and academic performance: a gendered perspective. Pakistan journal of social research, 4 (3): 780-785. https://doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i03.768
Putra, A. H., Mudjiran. (2023). Mental Health Disorders in Students University as a Challenge in Higher Education Era Society 5.0. International Journal of Applied Counselling and Social Sciences, 04 (02): 73-80. https://doi.org/10.24036/005966ijaccs
Qi, Y., Zhao, M., Geng, T., Tu, Z., Lu, Q., Li, R., Niu, L., Qu, W., Zhong, Y., & Gao, Y. (2024). The relationship between family functioning and social media addiction among university students: a moderated mediation model of depressive symptoms and peer support. BMC psychology, 12(1), 341. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01818-2
Raduan, N. J. N., Mohamad , N. I. ., Nikmat , A. W. ., & Amalia, E. . (2022). Resilience and Psychological Distress among UiTM Medical Students: The transitional gap. Environment-Behavior Proceedings Journal, 7(21), 137–143. https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7i21.3706
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and commitment therapy. Measures package, 61(52), 18.
Rtbey, G., Shumet, S., Birhan, B., & Salelew, E. (2022). Prevalence of mental distress and associated factors among medical students at University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC psychiatry, 22(1), 523. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04174-w
Sahu, P. K., Nayak, B. S., Rodrigues, V., & Umakanthan, S. (2020). Prevalence of Psychological Distress among Undergraduate Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. International journal of applied & basic medical research, 10(4), 270–275. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijabmr.IJABMR_100_19
Saidi. N., Nik Wan, N. Z., Razak, S., San, S., Ab Aziz, A..A.,Hussin, S. N. A., Saidi, N. A (2024). Reviewing the influence of mental health and coping strategies on academic performance. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counselling. https://doi.org/10.35631/ijepc.954032
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge Academic.
Shon, E. J., & Lee, L. (2024). Structural equation modeling for the effects of family dysfunctions and communication on perceived mental health status among under/graduate students in the U.S. PloS one, 19(4), e0301914. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301914
Smilkstein, G. (1978). The family APGAR: a proposal for a family function test and its use by physicians. Journal of Family Practice, 6(6), 1231-1239.
Sorkhou, M., Rashid, T., Dere, J., & Uliaszek, A. (2022). Psychological Distress in Treatment-Seeking University Students: An Intersectional Examination of Asian Identity and Gender Identity. Journal of College Student Mental Health, 38(1), 149–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/87568225.2022.2145252
Subair, P. O. (2022). Gender analysis of Self-esteem and Academic Performance of College Students in Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City. International Journal of Applied Science and Research, 5(4): 65-74. https://doi.org/10.56293/ijasr.2022.5408
Suresh, P., Nair, B. P. (2023). Psychological distress and resilience of medical students. Indian journal of applied research, 13(2): 47-49. https:// doi.org/10.36106/ijar/5008876
Tarmizi, N. A. B. M., Perveen, A., Hamzah, H., & Folashade, A. T. (2024). Relationship of Psychological Adjustment, Anxiety, Stress, Depression, Suicide Ideation, and Social Support among University Students. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14(6), 352–358. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v14-i6/21788
Terry, TDA., Abdullah, H. (2023). The Relationship between Social Support, Self-Esteem and Stress among UPM Undergraduate Students. International journal of academic research in business & social sciences, 13(14), 232-245. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i14/18373
Tzeng, W. C., Tzeng, N. S., Chang, P. C., Chien, W. C., Feng, H. P., & Lin, C. H. (2024). Gender difference in emotional distress among nursing and health science college students: An online survey. Archives of psychiatric nursing, 48, 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2024.01.007
Wang, J., Liu, M., Bai, J., Chen, Y., Xia, J., Liang, B., Wei, R., Lin, J., Wu, J., & Xiong, P. (2023). Prevalence of common mental disorders among medical students in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in public health, 11, 1116616. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1116616
Wolstenholme, C. E. (2024). “You are being categorized as better than you are”. Male students’ perception of male student mental health. Pastoral Care in Education, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643944.2024.2337693
Xiao B, Song G (2022). Association between Self-Efficacy and Learning Conformity among Chinese University Students: Differences by Gender. Sustainability, 14(14), 8725. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148725
Xiao, S. (1994). Theoretical basis and research application of social support rating scale. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 4(2), 98.
Yang, Y. & Wang, D. (2007). Revalidation of the factor structure of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Chinese Journal of Mental Health,21(9):603-605.
Zayed, A. M. (2024). Digital Resilience, Digital Stress, and Social Support as Predictors of Academic Well-Being among University Students. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 12(3):60-60. https://doi.org/ 10.11114/jets.v12i3.6894
Published
2024-10-05
How to Cite
Yao, G., Jamal, A., Abdullah, M. Z., Dzulkipli, M. R., & Jamil, N. (2024). Examining the Psychosocial Factors of Mental Health Well-being Among Medical University Students: Gender-based Analyses. Information Management and Business Review, 16(3(I)S), 787-798. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v16i3(I)S.4108
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Copyright (c) 2024 Geng Yao, Aziz Jamal, Mohd Zulkifli Abdullah, Mohd Redhuan Dzulkipli, Nurizzati Jamil
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