The Relationships Between Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Affective Commitment and Team Effectiveness in A Non-Profit Organization
Keywords:
Organizational Citizenship Behaviour, Affective Commitment, Team Effectiveness, Non-Profit Organisation
Abstract
Non-profit organizations play a crucial role in fostering healthy communities by providing vital services that contribute to economic stability and mobility. However, the effectiveness of these organizations hinges on the positive and engaged behavior of their employees. These organizations may face challenges in staffing and resource management that can hinder performance and funding, making team effectiveness and organizational citizenship behavior essential for success. This study investigates the relationships between organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), affective commitment, and team effectiveness in a non-profit organization based in Selangor. Utilizing a cross-sectional design and a quantitative approach, 118 employees across local and international branches of a non-profit organization participated in an online survey. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26. The study found that conscientiousness, courtesy, and civic virtue are the dimensions of (OCB) that positively influence team effectiveness, while altruism and sportsmanship did not show a significant impact in the non-profit context. Conscientious employees who are diligent and responsible, along with those who exhibit courtesy by being considerate and communicative, and those who actively participate in organizational activities, contribute meaningfully to team success. Furthermore, affective commitment, or employees' emotional attachment and identification with the organization, was also found to enhance team effectiveness, highlighting the role of an engaged and committed workforce in driving positive outcomes.
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References
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D’Amato, A., & Zijlstra, F. R. H. (2021). Social capital and team performance in non-profit organizations: The role of interpersonal relationships. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 50(4), 847-870.
Gad, M. (2018). Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Non-Profit Organizations: A Social Work Perspective. Journal of Social Work, 18(2), 237-251.
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Joo, B.-K., & Park, J. G. (2010). Career satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention: The effects of goal orientation, organizational learning culture, and developmental feedback. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 31(6), 482-500. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437731011069999
Karambayya, R. (1990). Contexts for organizational citizenship behavior: Do high-performing and satisfying units foster OCB? Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 1038-1056. https://doi.org/10.2307/256294
Klein, C., DiazGranados, D., & Salas, E. (2021). Affective commitment and team effectiveness: Predictors of performance, innovation, and satisfaction in teams. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 42(3), 456-474. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2487
Larson, C. E., & LaFasto, F. M. J. (2001). The team effectiveness scale. In Teamwork: What Must Go Right/What Can Go Wrong (pp. 89-104). Sage Publications.
Lee, J., Kim, Y., & Lee, H. (2020). Information sharing and collaborative problem-solving in teams: The role of interpersonal connections. International Journal of Team Dynamics, 29(4), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2020.1761234
Lee, K., & Allen, N. J. (2002). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of effect and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.131
Li, N., Chen, Y., & Yang, C. (2021). Organizational citizenship behavior and team effectiveness: A comprehensive review. Academy of Management Annals, 15(2), 403-433. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2019.0150
Liao, H. (2002). Civic virtue and organizational citizenship behavior: An examination of the spillover effect in the workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 114-121.
Loch, M., & Festing, M. (2021). Employee motivation and teamwork in nonprofit organizations: A cross-cultural study. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(11), 2348-2369.
Mahembe, B. (2014). Leadership, affective commitment, and team effectiveness: A study of South African teams. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29(3), 223-243.
Makvandi, B., & Esfahani, A. N. (2017). The impact of organizational citizenship behavior on organizational success: A study of the mediating role of job involvement. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 30(6), 907-930. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-03-2017-0055
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: An examination of construct validity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49(3), 252-276. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1996.0043
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (2016). Organizational commitment: A retrospective commentary on the state of the science. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 89, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.09.002
Nawaz, M. S., & Gomes, A. M. (2018). Organizational citizenship behavior and team effectiveness: A study on service organizations. European Journal of Management and Business Economics, 27(2), 152-168. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJMBE-03-2018-0042
Ng, T. W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2022). Organizational citizenship behavior in nonprofit organizations: A review and research agenda. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 32(2), 221-244.
Ng, T. W. H., & Van Dyne, L. (2005). Antecedents and performance consequences of helping behavior in work groups: A multilevel analysis. Group & Organization Management, 30(5), 514-540. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601104269107
Organ, D. W. (1990). The motivational basis of organizational citizenship behavior. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior (12, 43-72). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington Books.
Ozdem, G. (2012). The relationship between organizational justice, affective commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover intention: A case study. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 5145-5149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.393
Parker, S. K., & Knight, C. (2020). Teamwork in organizations: Toward an integrative perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 71(1), 327-358.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2009). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26(3), 513-563. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600307
Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (1994). Organizational citizenship behaviors and sales unit effectiveness. Journal of Marketing Research, 31(3), 351-363.
Rodriguez, M. (2022). Team effectiveness in non-profit organizations: Key to achieving goals. Non-Profit Management and Leadership, 32(3), 359-372. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.2022.23.3
Ross, T. M. (2008). Can team effectiveness be predicted? Team Performance Management, 248-268.
Salas, E., Shuffler, M. L., Thayer, A. L., Bedwell, W. L., & Lazzara, E. H. (2021). Understanding team effectiveness: A meta-analytic synthesis. American Psychologist, 76(2), 239-258. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000615
Sevi, E. (2010). Effects of organizational citizenship behavior on group performance: Results from laboratory simulation. The Journal of Social Psychology, 150(3), 297-312.
Strub, T. (2023, March 15). Why 45% of non-profit employees will seek new jobs by 2025. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/non-profit-employee-retention
TeamStage. (2023). Team effectiveness statistics: Boosting loyalty and productivity. TeamStage Insights. https://www.teamstage.com/effectiveness-stats
Tuan, L. T., Yuen, Y. Y., & Dinh, M. H. (2022). The impact of organizational citizenship behavior on team effectiveness in non-profit organizations: The role of resource constraints. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 51(2), 451-475. https://doi.org/10.1177/08997640211045037
Uddin, M. M. (2019). Exploring the Factors Affecting Employee’s Satisfaction in Non- Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) of Bangladesh: An Experience from Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC). Open Journal of Social Sciences, 1-23.
Williams, R. M. (2020). The role of team effectiveness in overcoming non-profit challenges: A focus on fundraising and donor engagement. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 30(3), 395-409. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21401
Alexander, J. A. (2009). Nonprofit governance and organizational performance: Evidence from the field. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 19(4), 377-403.
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1-18.
Ansari, N. (2021). The impact of employee motivation on organizational citizenship behavior and its role in organizational effectiveness. Journal of Organizational Behavior Research, 6(1), 12-26. https://doi.org/10.33897/job.v6i1.1234
Asif, M. (2013). Employee relations and its impact on organizational performance. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(6), 89-98.
Bahati, B. (2022). The impact of team effectiveness on organizational performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(4), 233-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.job.2022.06.003
Bahati, H. (2013). Assessment on the role of teamwork to nongovernmental organization performance: A case of World Vision Tanzania, Kagera cluster teams (Master's thesis, Open University of Tanzania).
Beck, N., & Wilson, J. (2000). Development of affective organizational commitment: A cross-sequential examination of change with tenure. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(1), 114-136. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1999.1712
Bianchi, C., Sanches, C. M., & Labate, S. C. (2022). How organizational culture affects team performance in non-profit organizations: Insights from Brazil. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 34(2), 180-204.
Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1993). Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In N. Schmitt, W. C. Borman, & Associates (Eds.), Personnel Selection in Organizations (pp. 71-98). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Borzaga, C., & Tortia, E. (2021). Teamwork and innovation in nonprofit organizations: The impact of work satisfaction and relational capital. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 31(4), 587-605.
Caniëls, M. C. J., Kirschner, P. A., & van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2021). Team effectiveness: How emotional intelligence and affective commitment mediate the relationship between leadership styles and team performance. Journal of Business Research, 123, 257-266.
D’Amato, A., & Zijlstra, F. R. H. (2021). Social capital and team performance in non-profit organizations: The role of interpersonal relationships. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 50(4), 847-870.
Gad, M. (2018). Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Non-Profit Organizations: A Social Work Perspective. Journal of Social Work, 18(2), 237-251.
Gao, J. (2021). Conscientiousness and procrastination: A meta-analytic review of behavioral, cognitive, and emotional characteristics. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 25(3), 320-335.
Garavan, T. N., Carbery, R., & Rock, A. (2020). Leadership and affective commitment: An integrative model. Human Resource Development Review, 19(3), 264-288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484320922811
Goh, Z., Tuckey, M. R., & Johnson, S. L. (2021). Teamwork and team effectiveness: The impact of team dynamics on organizational performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106(2), 174-186. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000838
Hall, K. L., Vogel, A. L., Huang, G. C., Serrano, K. J., Rice, E. L., Tsakraklides, S. P., & Fiore, S. M. (2021). The role of team personality in team effectiveness and performance. SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10488-020-01055-x
Hammond, C., Keeney, M., & Smith, P. (2020). Affective commitment and team effectiveness: Exploring the mediating role of trust. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 50(3), 174-185.
Hammond, M. (2008). Affective commitment and team performance: The role of value congruence. Organizational Dynamics, 37(2), 161-175.
Johnson, L., & Scott, R. (2023). The power of teamwork: Enhancing creativity and organizational success. Organizational Dynamics, 52(2), 180-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2023.03.002
Joo, B.-K., & Park, J. G. (2010). Career satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention: The effects of goal orientation, organizational learning culture, and developmental feedback. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 31(6), 482-500. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437731011069999
Karambayya, R. (1990). Contexts for organizational citizenship behavior: Do high-performing and satisfying units foster OCB? Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 1038-1056. https://doi.org/10.2307/256294
Klein, C., DiazGranados, D., & Salas, E. (2021). Affective commitment and team effectiveness: Predictors of performance, innovation, and satisfaction in teams. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 42(3), 456-474. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2487
Larson, C. E., & LaFasto, F. M. J. (2001). The team effectiveness scale. In Teamwork: What Must Go Right/What Can Go Wrong (pp. 89-104). Sage Publications.
Lee, J., Kim, Y., & Lee, H. (2020). Information sharing and collaborative problem-solving in teams: The role of interpersonal connections. International Journal of Team Dynamics, 29(4), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2020.1761234
Lee, K., & Allen, N. J. (2002). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of effect and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.131
Li, N., Chen, Y., & Yang, C. (2021). Organizational citizenship behavior and team effectiveness: A comprehensive review. Academy of Management Annals, 15(2), 403-433. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2019.0150
Liao, H. (2002). Civic virtue and organizational citizenship behavior: An examination of the spillover effect in the workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 114-121.
Loch, M., & Festing, M. (2021). Employee motivation and teamwork in nonprofit organizations: A cross-cultural study. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(11), 2348-2369.
Mahembe, B. (2014). Leadership, affective commitment, and team effectiveness: A study of South African teams. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29(3), 223-243.
Makvandi, B., & Esfahani, A. N. (2017). The impact of organizational citizenship behavior on organizational success: A study of the mediating role of job involvement. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 30(6), 907-930. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-03-2017-0055
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: An examination of construct validity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49(3), 252-276. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1996.0043
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (2016). Organizational commitment: A retrospective commentary on the state of the science. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 89, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.09.002
Nawaz, M. S., & Gomes, A. M. (2018). Organizational citizenship behavior and team effectiveness: A study on service organizations. European Journal of Management and Business Economics, 27(2), 152-168. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJMBE-03-2018-0042
Ng, T. W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2022). Organizational citizenship behavior in nonprofit organizations: A review and research agenda. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 32(2), 221-244.
Ng, T. W. H., & Van Dyne, L. (2005). Antecedents and performance consequences of helping behavior in work groups: A multilevel analysis. Group & Organization Management, 30(5), 514-540. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601104269107
Organ, D. W. (1990). The motivational basis of organizational citizenship behavior. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior (12, 43-72). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington Books.
Ozdem, G. (2012). The relationship between organizational justice, affective commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover intention: A case study. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 5145-5149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.393
Parker, S. K., & Knight, C. (2020). Teamwork in organizations: Toward an integrative perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 71(1), 327-358.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2009). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26(3), 513-563. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600307
Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (1994). Organizational citizenship behaviors and sales unit effectiveness. Journal of Marketing Research, 31(3), 351-363.
Rodriguez, M. (2022). Team effectiveness in non-profit organizations: Key to achieving goals. Non-Profit Management and Leadership, 32(3), 359-372. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.2022.23.3
Ross, T. M. (2008). Can team effectiveness be predicted? Team Performance Management, 248-268.
Salas, E., Shuffler, M. L., Thayer, A. L., Bedwell, W. L., & Lazzara, E. H. (2021). Understanding team effectiveness: A meta-analytic synthesis. American Psychologist, 76(2), 239-258. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000615
Sevi, E. (2010). Effects of organizational citizenship behavior on group performance: Results from laboratory simulation. The Journal of Social Psychology, 150(3), 297-312.
Strub, T. (2023, March 15). Why 45% of non-profit employees will seek new jobs by 2025. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/non-profit-employee-retention
TeamStage. (2023). Team effectiveness statistics: Boosting loyalty and productivity. TeamStage Insights. https://www.teamstage.com/effectiveness-stats
Tuan, L. T., Yuen, Y. Y., & Dinh, M. H. (2022). The impact of organizational citizenship behavior on team effectiveness in non-profit organizations: The role of resource constraints. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 51(2), 451-475. https://doi.org/10.1177/08997640211045037
Uddin, M. M. (2019). Exploring the Factors Affecting Employee’s Satisfaction in Non- Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) of Bangladesh: An Experience from Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC). Open Journal of Social Sciences, 1-23.
Williams, R. M. (2020). The role of team effectiveness in overcoming non-profit challenges: A focus on fundraising and donor engagement. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 30(3), 395-409. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21401
Published
2024-10-05
How to Cite
Abd Samad, S. N. B., Zakaria, R., Hussein, N., Dahalan, N. A., & Abg Abdullah, D. N. M. (2024). The Relationships Between Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Affective Commitment and Team Effectiveness in A Non-Profit Organization. Information Management and Business Review, 16(3(I)S), 687-697. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v16i3(I)S.4097
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Copyright (c) 2024 Siti Norain Binti Abd Samad, Ridhawati Zakaria, Norashikin Hussein, Noor Azura Dahalan, Dayang Nailul Munna Abg Abdullah
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