Employee's Work-Life Balance, Career Development, Motivation and Satisfaction as the Determinants of NGO’s Performance
Abstract
This study investigates the determinants of employee performance in the Service Industry in Malaysia, with a specific focus on work-life balance, job satisfaction, employee motivation, and career development. 300 survey questionnaires were distributed in total, and 170 respondents from both executive and non-executive groups were analyzed using IBM's SPSS version 23. The findings validate a substantial correlation among work-life balance, job satisfaction, employee motivation, career development and employee performance at Non-Government organizations (NGO’s). This study provides significant insights that can be employed by NGO’s in Malaysia to design effective strategies for enhancing employee performance. The proposals aim to advance research on employee management to improve corporate effectiveness and promote employee success in NGOs as its strategic influence on government policy at domestic and international levels.
Downloads
References
Ahmad, Z. and Arshad. R. (2022). NGOs and Community: A Case Study of Roles of NGOs in Malaysia. Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, 209. Proceedings of the International Conference on Public Organization (ICONPO 2021)
Ahmad, S. F. S., Abdul Sabian, N. A. binti, & Nawi, N. R. C. (2024). The Impact of Workplace Spirituality on Employee Performance. Information Management and Business Review, 16(1(I)S), 272-282. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v16i1(I)S.3749
Alatas, S. M. (2003). The Role of NGOs and Non-State Actors in Malaysia’s Foreign Policy Formulation During the Mahathir Era. Akademika, 62, 59-84. Retrieved November 7, 2012, from UKM Official Portal.
Allen, D., & Blackham, A. (2018). Using empirical research to advance workplace equality law scholarship: benefits, pitfalls and challenges. Griffith Law Review, 27(3), 337-365. https://doi.org/10.1080/10383441.2018.1525512
Alsafadi, Y., & Altahat, S. (2021). Human Resource Management Practices And Employee Performance: The Role Of Job Satisfaction. The Journal Of Asian Finance, Economics And Business, 8(1), 519–529. Https://Doi.Org/10.13106/Jafeb.2021.Vol8.No1.519
Arifin, A. H., Raza, H., Saputra, J., & Puteh, A. (2020). The Influence of Recruitment And Career Development Towards Employee Performance: A Mediating Role Of Competence. Journal of Talent Development and Excellence, 12(1), 1040-1055.
Aye, T., Ameen, A., & Nusari, M. (2019). Factors Influencing Job Performance of Employees from International Non-Profit Organizations in Myanmar. International Journal on Recent Trends in Business and Tourism, 3(2).
Aldi, Y., & Susanti, F. (2019). Pengaruh Stress Kerja dan Motivasi Kerja terhadap Prestasi Kerja Karyawan pada PT. Frisian Flag Indonesia Wilayah Padang. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.31227/osf.io/et4rn
Alpern, R., Canavan, M., Thompson, J., McNatt, Z., Tatek, D., Lindfield, T., & Bradley, E. (2013). Development of a Brief Instrument for Assessing Healthcare Employee Satisfaction in a Low-Income Setting. Plos ONE, 8(11). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079053
Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance. International journal of productivity and performance management, 63(3), 308.
Abdirahman, H. I. H., Najeemdeen, I. S., Abidemi, B. T., & Ahmad, R. (2020). The relationship between job satisfaction, work-life balance and organizational commitment on employee performance. Advances in Business Research International Journal, 4(1), 42-52.
Badrianto, Y., & Ekhsan, M. (2020). Effect of work environment and job satisfaction on employee performance in pt. Nesinak industries. Journal of Business, Management, & Accounting, 2(1).
Bailey, A., & Johnson, J. (1995). Strategy development processes: A configurational approach. Academy of Management Best Papers Proceedings, 2-6.
Bruno, H. R. F., John, F. M., & Maria, T. L. F. (2005). Resources that drive performance; an empirical investigation; International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 54(5/6), 340-354.
Buonomo, I., Benevene, P., Barbieri, B., & Cortini, M. (2020). Intangible assets and performance in nonprofit organizations: A systematic literature review. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 729.
Carvalho, A.D.C., Riana, I.G., and Soares, A.D.C. (2020). Motivation on Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance International Research Journal of Management, IT and Social Sciences, 7(5), 13-23, doi:10.21744/irjmis.v7n5.960.
Che Noordin, N. A. binti, Syed Ahmad, S. F., Mohamed Razali, M. Z., Ahmad, M. F., & Ma’amor, H. (2023). Occupational Stress and Work-Life Balance in the Manufacturing Industry. Information Management and Business Review, 15(3(I), 59-69. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v15i3(I).3517
Chaudhary, N., & Sharma, B. (2012). Impact of employee motivation on performance (productivity) private organization. International Journal of Business Trends and Technology, 2, 29-35.
Coakes, E., Amar, A. D. & Granados, M. (2013). Success or Failure in Knowledge Management Systems: A Universal Issue. 10.1007/978-3-642-38862-0_3.
Da Silva, J., Riana, I. G., & Soares, A. D. (2020). The effect of human resources management practices on innovation and employee performance (Study Conducted at NGOs Members of FONGTIL) Dili. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding (IJMMU) 7(9), 322-330.
Das, S., & Khushwah, S. (2015). Work-Life Balance Initiatives and Employees Retention: Experiences from Insurance Companies in India. Journal of Strategic Human Resource Management, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.21863/jshrm/2015.4.1.001
Etikan, I. (2016). Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. American Journal Of Theoretical And Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
Fathiah, K. S., Martini, N. N. P., Sanosra, A., & Qomariah, N. (2021). The Impact of Competence and Work Environment on Employee Motivation and Performance in The Financial and Asset Management Division. Calitatea, 22(185), 52-63.
Febrianti, N. T., & Suharto, S.E. (2020). The Effect of Career Development and Motivation on Employee Performance Through Job Satisfaction in Pt Jabar Jaya Perkasa. International Journal of Business and Social Science Research, 1(2), 21-30.
Firman, A. (2021). The Effect of Career Development on Employee Performance at Aswin Hotel and Spa Makassar. Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis, 8(1), 133-146.
Garg, P. & Yajurvedi, N. (2016) Impact of work-life balance practices on employees retention and organizational performance: A study on IT industry. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 6(8), 105-108.
Gowindasamy, M. (2019). Multi-dimensional performance measurement framework for nonprofit organizations. Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository. Retrieved February 8, 2023, from http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/91234/
Guest, D. E. (2017). Human resource management and employee well-being: towards a new analytic framework. Human Resource Management Journal, 21(1), doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12139
Hee, O. C., & Rhung, L. X. (2019). Motivation and employee retention among millennials in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v9-i2/5629
Hee, O. C., Ong, S. H., Ping, L. L., Kowang, T. O., & Fei, G. C. (2019). Factors influencing job satisfaction in the higher learning institutions in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v9-i2/5510
Ibrahim, A., Alatawi, C. G. Ntim, A. Z. & Elmagrhi, H. M. (2023) CSR, financial and non-financial performance in the tourism sector: A systematic literature review and future research agenda, International Review of Financial Analysis, 89, 102734, ISSN 1057-5219, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2023.102734.
Jaradat, Shawqi. (2020). Job Dissatisfaction and Its Impact on Work Results. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies. 6. P85.
Johari, J., Tan, F. Y., & Zulkarnain, Z. I. (2018). Autonomy, workload, work-life balance and job performance among teachers. International Journal of Educational Management, 32(1), 107-120.
Kehl, T., (2012). 12 Key strategies to achieving a work-life balance. Industry Week, Magazine. 12 Key strategies to achieving a work-life balance.
Kluczyk, M. (2013). The Impact of Work-Life Balance on The Wellbeing of Employees in The Private Sector in Ireland. Unpublished Master Thesis School of Business, National College of Ireland.
Mamat, M., & Wan Ab. Aziz, W. (2021). Turnover Intention in Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): A Case Study of Recreation Society at Kuantan, Pahang. E-Academia Journal, 10(2). doi:10.24191/e-aj.v10i2.16291
Mardhiah, A. (2022, July 14). Malaysian workers are satisfied with their jobs, salary plays a factor to leave or stay. The Malaysian Reserve. Retrieved Feb 9, 2023, from https://themalaysianreserve.com /2022 /07/14/Malaysian-workers-satisfied-with-job-salary- plays-a-factor-to-leave-or-stay/
Mariati & Mauludin, H. (2018). The Influence of Organizational Culture And Work Motivation on Employee Performance, Job Satisfaction As Intervening Variable (Study on Secretariat Staff of Pasuruan Regency). IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 20(8), 30- 39.
Mark, L., & Nzulwa, J. (2018). Effect Of Career Development Programs On Employee Performance In Kenya. A Case Of National Hospital Insurance Fund. International Journal of Social Sciences and Information Technology, 4, 693-709.
Martin, I. B., & Bou-Llusar, J. C. (2018).Examining the Intermediate Role of Employee Abilities, Motivation, and Opportunities to Participate in the Relationship between HR Bundles and Employee Performance. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 21(2), 99– 110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brq.2018.02.001
Omar, M., Faridh, M. & Ismail, S. (2018). Development Of Ngo Governance In Malaysia: Lessons From Indonesia And Jordan. 70.
Muringo M. D. & Kamau, J. (2021). Effect of Career Development on Employee Performance in Deloitte Limited, Kenya. Human Resource and Leadership, 1(1), 9–16. Retrieved from https://edinburgjournals.org/journals/index.php/journal-of-human-resource/article/view/12
Navajas-Romero V, Caridad y López del Río L, Ceular-Villamandos N. (2020). Analysis of Wellbeing in Nongovernmental Organizations’ Workplace in a Developed Area Context. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17(16), 5818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165818
Nie, D., Lamsa, A.M. & Pucetaite, R. (2018). Effects of responsible human resource management practices on female employees’ turnover intentions. Business Ethics: A European Review, 27(1). doi.org/10.1111/beer.12165
Oludayo, O.A, Falola, H.O., Obianuju, A. & Demilade, F. (2018). Work-Life Balance Initiatives as a predictor of employees’ behavioral outcomes. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 17(1), 1-17.
Owusu, T. (2012). Effects of motivation on employee performance: A case study of Ghana commercial bank, Kumasi zone. Doctoral dissertation, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology.
Pfeifer, C. (2009) Effective working hours and wages: the case of downward adjustment via paid absenteeism: Working Paper Series in Economics, 152. University of Luneburg.
Popa, I., ?tefan, S. C., Olariu, A. A., Popa, ?. C., & Popa, C. F. (2022). Modeling the COVID-19 Pandemic Effects on Employees' Health and Performance: A PLS-SEM Mediation Approach. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(3), 1865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031865
Prihadini, D., Nurbaity, S., Rachmadi, H., & Krishantoro, K. (2021). The Importance of Job Satisfaction to improve Employee Performance. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 18(1), 367–377. https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v18i1.3059
Purwanto. (2018). Teknik Penyusunan Instrumen Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas Penelitian Ekonomi Syariah. StaiaPress. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RBVxcqdLwX4a9f-Wrt-GHOXliN_wjDp- /view.
Ramos-Villagrasa, P. J., Barrada, J. R., Fernández-del-Río, E., & Koopmans, L. (2019). Assessing job performance using brief self-report scales: The case of the individual work performance questionnaire. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 35, 195-205. https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2019a21
Rani, A. A., Abidin, I., and Hamid, M. R. (2013). The impact of spiritual intelligence on work performance: case studies in government hospitals of the east coast of Malaysia. Macrotheme Rev. 2, 46–59.
Rinny, P., Purba, C. B., & Handiman, U. T. (2020). The influence of compensation, job promotion, and job satisfaction on employee performance at Mercubuana University. International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM), 5(2), 39-48.
Riyanto, S., Endri, E., & Herlisha, N. (2021). Effect Of Work Motivation And Job Satisfaction On Employee Performance: Mediating Role Of Employee Engagement. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 19(3), 162.
Saharan, N., Abas, N., Rahmat, M., & Tong, Y. (2021). Work-Life Balance Practices Among Professionals In Malaysian Construction Industry.
Sapta, I. K. S., & Sudja, I. N. (2018). The Effect of Career Development and Leadership on Employee Performance with Work Motivation as Intervening Variables on Cv. Blue Waters Bali. International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, 9(03), 20583-20591.
Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2009) Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach. 5th Edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc., Hoboken.
Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2013). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach. 6th Edition, Wiley, New York.
Skarpeta, K., Koemtzi, M. and Aidonis, D. (2020). Measuring internal service quality: the case of the Greek public higher education institutions, The TQM Journal, 32(2), 268-287. Https://Doi.Org/10.1108/TQM-02-2019-0061
Tauqeer, H. H., Abbasi, H. K. & Hakim, A. M. (2021). Influence of Organizational Culture, Supervisor Behavior and HRM Practices on Employee Turnover Intentions: Study of NGOs Sector of Sindh, Pakistan. Research Journal of Social Sciences and Economics Review, 2(1), 97-105. https://doi.org/10.36902/rjsser-vol2-iss1-2021(97-105)
Thamrin, M. & Riyanto, S. (2020). The Effect of Work Motivation, Work Environment, and Work-Life Balance on Employee Performance at PT. AngkasaPura I (Persero) Sultan Aji Muhammad SulaimanSepinggan Airport - Balikpapan. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 19, 40-47. DOI: 10.9790/0853-1906044047.
Thilagavathy, S. and Geetha, S. N (2023). Work-life balance -a systematic review, Vilakshan - XIMB Journal of Management, 20(2), 258-276. https://doi.org/10.1108/XJM-10-2020-0186
Todd P., & Binns J. (2010). Work-life balance: Is it now a problem for management? Gender, Work and Organization, 20(3), 2 19–231. CrossRef.
Wang, Y.D., & Hsieh, H. H. (2013). Organizational ethical climate, perceived organizational support, and employee silence: A crosslevel investigation. Human Relations, 66(6), 783-802.
Wiradendi Wolor, Christian (2020). The Importance of Work-Life Balance on Employee Performance Millennial Generation in Indonesia. Journal of Critical Reviews, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3717417
Wright, B. (2001). Public-Sector Work Motivation: A Review of the Current Literature and a Revised Conceptual Model. Journal Of Public Administration Research And Theory, 11(4), 559-586. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a003515
World Health Organization. (2022). Human Resources for Health at the seventy-fifth World Health Assembly. World Health Organization. Retrieved February 6, 2023, from https://www.who.int/news/item/02-06-2022-hrh_wha75
Yadav, R. and Khanna, A. (2014) Literature Review on Quality of Work Life and Their Dimensions. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 19, 71-80.
https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-19957180
Yasbek, P. (2004). The business case for firm-level work-life balance policies: a review of the literature. Wellington: Labor Market Policy Group.
Yunanti, S. (2020). The Effect of Career Placement and Development on Employee Performance. Almana: Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis, 4(2), 183-189.
Zollo, L., Laudano, M.C., Boccardi, A. and Ciappei, C. (2019). From Governance to Organizational Effectiveness: The Role of Organizational Identity and Volunteers’ Commitment, Journal of Management and Governance, 23(1), 111-137.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nor Intan Adha Hafit, Sharifah Fazirah Syed Ahmad, Zuhaina Mustapha, Dayang Nailul Munna, Syezreen Dalina Rusdi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Author (s) should affirm that the material has not been published previously. It has not been submitted and it is not under consideration by any other journal. At the same time author (s) need to execute a publication permission agreement to assume the responsibility of the submitted content and any omissions and errors therein. After submission of revised paper in the light of suggestions of the reviewers, the editorial team edits and formats manuscripts to bring uniformity and standardization in published material.
This work will be licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) and under condition of the license, users are free to read, copy, remix, transform, redistribute, download, print, search or link to the full texts of articles and even build upon their work as long as they credit the author for the original work. Moreover, as per journal policy author (s) hold and retain copyrights without any restrictions.