Social and Finance Security on Gig Workers’ Well-being with Occupational Satisfaction as an Intervening Variable

  • Abdul Mutalib Mohamed Azim Open University Malaysia
  • Nazruzila Razniza Mohd Nadzri Open University Malaysia
  • Nurulbahiah Awang National Energy University
  • Tuan Fatma Tuan Sulaiman Open University Malaysia
  • Mohd Shahril Nizam Md Radzi National University of Malaysia
Keywords: Occupational Satisfaction, Social Security, Finance Security, Well-being

Abstract

The rise in unemployment, digitization, and the flexibility of gig workers have propelled the growth of Malaysia's gig economy. However, the well-being and occupational satisfaction of gig workers can be impacted by social and financial security concerns. This study looks at the well-being of Malaysian gig workers through the role of occupational satisfaction as a mediator, while social and financial security as independent variables. The results of a structured survey administered between November 2023 and February 2024 to 135 gig workers indicate that the well-being of Malaysian gig workers is rather low. This study found that occupational satisfaction acted as a mediator in the relationship between social and financial security and gig workers' well-being. These results highlight how important it is to have both social and financial stability to enhance employee occupational satisfaction and thus, improve gig workers’ well-being.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aguenza, B. B., & Som, A. P. M. (2018). Motivational Factors of Employee Retention and Engagement in Organizations. International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics. Retrieved from https://www.managementjournal.info/index.php/IJAME/article/view/233

Arnoldi, E., Bosua, R., & Dirksen, V. (2021). Mapping themes for the well-being of low-skilled gig workers: Implications for digital platform design. Transitions: Journal of Transient Migration, 5(1), 55-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1386/tjtm_00031_1

Binet, A., Zayas del Rio, G., Arcaya, M., Roderigues, G., & Gavin, V. (2022). It feels like money’s just flying out the window: Financial security, stress, and health in gentrifying neighborhoods. Cities & health, 6(3), 536-551. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2021.1885250

Brief, A.P., & Atieh, J.M. (1987). Studying job stress: Are we making mountains out of molehills? Journal of Occupational Behavior, 8, 115-126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030080203

Brusa, J. O., & Bahmani-Oskooe, M. (2020). The effect of social security on employee performance with job satisfaction as intervening variables (Study from administrative section of Texas Public Health Facilities). Medalion Journal: Medical Research, Nursing, Health and Midwife Participation, 1(1), 23-39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59733/medalion.v1i1.11

Choong, M., Y. & Lai, A. (2019, October 5) 42 e-hailing firms licensed to operate. The Star. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/10/05/41-e-hailing-firms-licensedto-operate.

Choudhary, V., & Shireshi, S. S. (2022). Analyzing the gig economy in India and exploring various effective regulatory methods to improve the plight of the workers. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 57(7), 1343-1356. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00219096221082581

Diener, E.D.; Emmons, R.A.; Larsen, R.J.; Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal Personal. Assess, 1, 71–73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13

Dreer, B. (2024). Teachers’ well-being and job satisfaction: The important role of positive emotions in the workplace. Educational studies, 50(1), 61-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2021.1940872

Duggan, J., Sherman, U., Carbery, R., & McDonnell, A. (2020). Algorithmic management and app?work in the gig economy: A research agenda for employment relations and HRM. Human Resource Management Journal, 30(1), 114-132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12258

Fehr, E., & Schmidt, K. M. (1999). A theory of fairness, competition, and cooperation. The quarterly journal of economics, 114(3), 817-868. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/003355399556151

Ghorpade, Y., Abdur Rahman, A., & Jasmin, A. (2023). Social Insurance for Gig Workers: Insights from a Discrete Choice Experiment in Malaysia. Policy Research Working Paper. Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice. World Bank Group. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-10629

Gnatenko, V., Karina, M. Y., Oleg, M. S., Andrey, O. S., & Sofiia, V. A. (2020). Prohibition of discrimination as a principle of social security in the context of ensuring sustainable well-being. Rivista Di Studi Sulla Sostenibilita, 173-187.

Gorgievski-Duijvesteijn, M.J., Bakker, A.B., Schaufeli, W.B., & Van der Heijden, P.G.M. (2005). Finances and well-being: A dynamic equilibrium model of resources. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 210-224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.10.3.210

Greenhaus, J.H.; Parasuraman, S. & Wormley, W.M. (1990). Effects of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 64–86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/256352

Gunawan, B. I. & Naninsih, N. (2018). Effect of labor social security on job satisfaction. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 7(12), 86-89

Hastert, T. A., Kyko, J. M., Reed, A. R., Harper, F. W., Beebe-Dimmer, J. L., Baird, T. E., & Schwartz, A. G. (2019). Financial hardship and quality of life among African American and white cancer survivors: the role of limiting care due to cost. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 28(7), 1202-1211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-18-1336

Howell, R.T., & Howell, C.J. (2008). The relation of economic status to subjective well-being in developing countries: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 536-560. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.4.536

Huang, N., Burtch, G., Hong, Y. & Pavlou, P.A. (2020). Unemployment and Worker Participation in the Gig Economy: Evidence from an Online Labor Market. Information Systems Research 31(2), 431-448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2019.0896

Huo, M. L., & Jiang, Z. (2021). Trait conscientiousness, thriving at work, career satisfaction and job satisfaction: Can supervisor support make a difference? Personality and Individual Differences, 183, 111-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111116

Ivana, D. & Chiripuci, B. (2020). Human Resource Practices in Improving Employee Retention, Review of Economic Studies & Research Virgil Madgearu, 13(1), 33-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24193/RVM.2020.13.50

Jager, J., Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2017). II. More than just convenient: The scientific merits of homogeneous convenience samples. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 82(2), 13-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12296

Judge, T.A.; Cable, D.M.; Boudreau, J.W.; Bretz, R.D.J. (1995). An empirical investigation of the predictors of executive career success. Personnel Psychology, 48, 485–519. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01767.x

Kalyanamitra, P., Saengchai, S. & Jermsittiparsert, K. (2020). Impact of Training Facilities, Benefits and Compensation, and Performance Appraisal on the Employees' Retention: A Mediating Effect of Employees Job Satisfaction, Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(3), 166-175.

Khan, M. S., Elahi, N. S., & Abid, G. (2021). Workplace incivility and job satisfaction: Mediation of subjective well-being and moderation of forgiveness climate in the health care sector. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(4), 1107-1119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11040082

Lau, T.-C. & Ng, D. (2019). Online Food Delivery Services: Making Food Delivery the New Normal. 1, 62-77

Lawrence, E.R., Halbesleben, J.R.B., & Paustian-Underdahl, S.C. (2013). The influence of workplace injuries on work-family conflict: Job and financial insecurity as mechanisms. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18, 371-383. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033991

Lim, I. (March 31, 2021). Protect Malaysia’s gig workers and ensure no monopolies possible through legal loopholes, PKR Youth chief tells govt. Malay Mail. https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/03/31/protectmalaysias-gig-workers-and-ensure-no-monopoliespossible-through-leg/1962618

Locke, E. A. (1969). What is job satisfaction? Organizational Behavior & Human Performance, 4(4), 309–336 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(69)90013-0

Lowry, P. B., & Gaskin, J. (2014). Partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling (SEM) for building and testing behavioral causal theory: When to choose it and how to use it. IEEE transactions on professional communication, 57(2), 123-146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPC.2014.2312452

Lundberg, O., Fritzell, J., Åberg Yngwe, M., & Kölegård, M. L. (2010). The potential power of social policy programs: income redistribution, economic resources, and health. International Journal of Social Welfare, 19, S2-S13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2397.2010.00727.x

Malaysian Investment Development Authority (MIDA) (2020). https://www.mida.gov.my/announcement-year/2020/

Munyon, T. P., Carnes, A. M., Lyons, L. M., & Zettler, I. (2020). All about the money? Exploring antecedents and consequences for a brief measure of perceived financial security. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 25(3), 159 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000162

Nelson, B., & Kaminsky, D. B. (2020). COVID?19's multipronged attack on mental health: Months of uncertainty and threats to health, social, and financial security have contributed to intense anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and even suicide. Cancer Cytopathology, 128(10), 679. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncy.22364

Ochnik, D., & Arzenšek, A. (2021). Work engagement and financial satisfaction: The role of corporate volunteering and age. Human Systems Management, 40(6), 803-812. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/HSM-201038

Ortan, F., Simut, C., & Simut, R. (2021). Self-efficacy, job satisfaction and teacher well-being in the K-12 educational system. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(23), 12763. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312763

Ouweneel, P. (2002). Social security and well-being of the unemployed in 42 nations. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 167-192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019619324661

Pak, T. Y. (2020). Social protection for happiness? The impact of social pension reform on the subjective well-being of the Korean elderly. Journal of Policy Modeling, 42(2), 349-366. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2019.12.001

Patil V.V. & Dr. Jadhav N. R. (2022). A study of social security benefits and job satisfaction of the employees with special reference to small-scale industrial units in Satara district. IJFANS International Journal of Food and Nutritional Sciences, 11(10), 1872- 1878

Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879

Petrovsky, N., Mok, J.Y., & Leon-Cazares, F. (2017). Citizen Expectations and Satisfaction in a Young Democracy: A Test of the Expectancy- Disconfirmation Model. Public Administration Review, 77, 395–407. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12623

Qi, X. (2021). Research on the Status Quo and Problems of Social Insurance for Couriers in Franchise Express Enterprises. Master’s Thesis, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China.

Rohwedder, S., & van Soest, A. (2006). The impact of misperceptions about Social Security on saving and well-being. Michigan Retirement Research Center Research Paper No. WP, 118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1094983

Skrabacz, A., Sulowski, S. (2012). Social security. Concepts, conditions, challenges. Warsaw: Elipsa.

Sokoya, S. K. (2000). Personal predictors of job satisfaction for the public sector manager: Implications for management practice and development in a developing economy. Journal of business in developing nations, 4(1), 40-53.

Such-Pyrgiel, M., Dziurzy?ski, K. (2015). Social security. Lexicon Security. Selected concepts. Ed. P. Chodak. Józefów: WSGE Publishing House.

Uchiyama, Y., Furuoka, F., & Akhir, M. N. M., (2022). Gig workers, social protection and labor market inequality: Lessons from Malaysia. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 56(3), 165-184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17576/JEM-2022-5603-09

Wilensky, H. (1960) Work, careers, and social integration. Int Soc Sci J 12, 543–60

World Bank (Sept. 2023) Working Without Borders: The Promise and Peril of Online Gig Work. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/jobsanddevelopment/publication/online-gig-work-enabled-by-digital-platforms

Xu, L., Guo, J., Zheng, L., & Zhang, Q. (2023). Teacher Well-Being in Chinese Universities: Examining the Relationship between Challenge—Hindrance Stressors, Job Satisfaction, and Teaching Engagement. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 1523. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021523

Zhao, Z. (2020). Study on the Current Situation and Future Employment Intention of Flexible Employees in the Era of Gig Economy: Taking “Didi Trip” Drivers as an Example. Master’s Thesis, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China.

Published
2024-09-29
How to Cite
Azim, A. M. M., Nadzri, N. R. M., Awang, N., Sulaiman, T. F. T., & Md Radzi, M. S. N. (2024). Social and Finance Security on Gig Workers’ Well-being with Occupational Satisfaction as an Intervening Variable. Information Management and Business Review, 16(3(I)S), 137-146. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v16i3(I)S.4047
Section
Research Paper