Online Student Engagement and Entrepreneurial Intention: Mediating Role of Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation
Abstract
Using new digital technology in education has become a reality everyone must accept with the development of Education 5.0. Moreover, online learning is no longer alien to most university students after the COVID-19 pandemic. Currently, the traditionally practical-focused entrepreneurship course is also available online. However, little extant literature has investigated student engagement in online learning. Therefore, this paper aimed to establish a new model to show how student engagement in online learning affected individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) and entrepreneurial intention (EI). This paper employed the online student engagement (OSE) model, the concept of IEO and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in developing the research model. The data were analyzed using partial least squared-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicated that IEO positively affected two elements of OSE, namely emotion and participation. A positive relationship was found between IEO and EI. It further found that IEO mediated the relationships between emotion and EI as well as between participation and EI. Therefore, it concluded that IEO was a crucial determinant of EI and it enhanced the relationship between OSE and EI. This paper produced both literature and practical outcomes. Literary, it produced a new model which explained the relationships among OSE, IEO and EI. Practically, it identified critical factors that higher education institutions could take into consideration in developing student entrepreneurs. It was also critical in supporting Malaysian governmental agendas that focused on developing competitive entrepreneurs, such as the Economic Transformation Program (ETP) and Malaysia Education Blueprint 2015-2025 (Higher Education).
Downloads
References
Alshebami, A.S., Al-Jubari, I., Alyoussef, I.Y., & Raza, M. (2020). Entrepreneurial education as a predictor of community college of Abqaiq students’ entrepreneurial intention. Management Science Letters, 10, 3605-3612. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.6.033
Asimakopoulos, G., Hernández, V., & Miguel, J.P. (2019). Entrepreneurial intention of engineering students: The role of social norms and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Sustainability, 11, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164314
Bolliger, D.U., & Halupa, C. (2018). Online student perceptions of engagement, transactional distance, and outcomes. Distance Education, 39(3), 299-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2018.1476845
Bolton, D. L., & Lane, M. D. (2012). Individual entrepreneurial orientation: Development of a measurement instrument. Education + Training, 54(2/3), 219-233.
Centre for Innovative Delivery and Learning Development (CIDL). (2024). Open And Distance Learning (ODL). https://cidl.uitm.edu.my/CG-Open-Distance-Learning.php
Collaço, C.M. (2017). Increasing student engagement in higher education. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 17(4), 40-47.
Dixson M.D. (2015). Measuring student engagement in the online course: The online student engagement, at scale (OSE). Online Learning, 19(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.24059/olj.v19i4.561
Farashah, A. D. (2013). The process of impact of entrepreneurship education and training on entrepreneurship perception and intention: Study of the educational system of Iran. Education + Training, 55(8/9), 868-885. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-04-2013-0053
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & G. Kuppelwieser, V. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLSSEM). European Business Review, 26(2), 106-121. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128
Hisrich, R. D., Peters, M. P., and Shepherd, D. A. (2017). Entrepreneurship (11th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least square (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20(2), 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199902)20:2<195::AID-MJ13>3.0.CO;2–7
Keat, O. Y., Selvarajah, C., & Meyer, D. (2011). Inclination towards entrepreneurship among university students: An empirical study of Malaysian university students. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(4), 206–220.
Koe W.L., Krishnan R., & Alias N.E. (2021). The Influence of Self-Efficacy and Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation on Technopreneurial Intention among Bumiputra Undergraduate Students. Asian Journal of University Education, 17(4), 490-497. https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v17i4.16196
Koe, W.L. (2016). The relationship between individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) and entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 6(13), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-016-0057-8
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5-6), 411–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0
Kucuk, S., & Richardson, J.C. (2019). A structure equation model of predictors of online learners’ engagement and satisfaction. Online Learning Journal, 23(2), 196-216. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v23i2.1455
Kuh, G.D. (2003). What we are learning about student engagement from NSSE: Benchmarks for effective educational practices. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 35(2), 24-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/00091380309604090
Liñán, F., & Chen, Y.W. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593-617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). The entrepreneurial clarifies its construct and linking orientation. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135–172.
Mandernach, B.J. (2015). Assessment of student engagement in higher education: A synthesis of literature and assessment tools. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 12(2), pp. 1-14.
Mavrina, I., & Mingaleva, A. (2017). Formation of entrepreneurial competencies in the different programs of entrepreneurial education and training. In M. Cukanovic-Karavidic, S. Karavidic & S. Ilieva (Eds.), Education for Entrepreneurial Business and Employment (pp 45-59). UK: Compass Publishing
Memon, M.A., Thurasamy, R., Cheah, J.H., Ting, H., Chuah, F., & Cham, T.H. (2023). Addressing common method bias, operationalization, sampling, and data collection issues in quantitative research: Review and recommendations. Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling, 7(2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.47263/JASEM.7(2)01
Meyer, K.A., (2014). Student engagement in online learning: What works and why. ASHE Higher Education Report, 40(6), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1002/aehe.20018
National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE). (2020). What does NSSE do? https://nsse.indiana.edu/nsse/index.html
Rajabalee, B.Y., Santally, M.I., & Rennie, F. (2020). A study of the relationship between students’ engagement and their academic performances in an eLearning environment. E-Learning and Digital Media, 17(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042753019882567
Redmond, P., Abawi, L.A., Brown, A., Henderson, R., & Heffernan, A. (2018). An online engagement framework for higher education. Online Learning Journal, 22(1), 183-204. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v22i1.1175
Robinson, S., & Stubberud, H. A. (2014). Elements of entrepreneurial orientation and their relationship to entrepreneurial intent. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 17(2), 1–12.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach (7th Ed). West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
Sydle (2022). Education 5.0: What Does It Mean? How Does It Work? https://www.sydle.com/blog/education-5-0-61e71a99edf3b9259714e25a/
Whitney, B.M., Cheng, Y., Brodersen, A.S., & Hong, M.R. (2019). The scale of student engagement in statistics: Development and initial validation. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 37(5), 553-565. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282918769983
Copyright (c) 2024 Wei-Loon Koe, Ramesh Krishnan, Najihah Hanisah Marmaya
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Author (s) should affirm that the material has not been published previously. It has not been submitted and it is not under consideration by any other journal. At the same time author (s) need to execute a publication permission agreement to assume the responsibility of the submitted content and any omissions and errors therein. After submission of revised paper in the light of suggestions of the reviewers, the editorial team edits and formats manuscripts to bring uniformity and standardization in published material.
This work will be licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) and under condition of the license, users are free to read, copy, remix, transform, redistribute, download, print, search or link to the full texts of articles and even build upon their work as long as they credit the author for the original work. Moreover, as per journal policy author (s) hold and retain copyrights without any restrictions.
