Uncovering the Significance of Transformational Leadership in Islamic-Based Institutions: A Systematic Exploration
Abstract
Studies on transformational leadership have shown to be beneficial for employees and organizations, particularly those with an Islamic foundation. Islamic elements present within Islamic institutions seem to have different viewpoints regarding the numerous implications of transformational leadership. To have a clear understanding of the transformational leadership presence in Islamic-based institutions, it is crucial to compile prior literature. Then will ensure the efficiency on effectiveness of transformational leadership in Islamic-based institutions for future reference. Regrettably, there has yet to be enough research that thoroughly reviews the body of knowledge on transformational leadership implications for employees in Islamic-based institutions. Therefore, a thorough literature assessment on the impact of transformational leadership on employees in Islamic-based institutions was conducted in this project. This study used the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) review approach to guarantee that the results were of high quality. Two eminent databases, Scopus and Web of Science, as well as one auxiliary database, Google Scholar, were used to retrieve the articles. Two key topics were found through thematic analysis, including 1) employee performance and effectiveness, and 2) employee ethical behavior. Six sub-themes were then created by combining these two primary themes. This research will add to the body of knowledge currently available in the fields of transformational leadership and practical application in institutions with an Islamic foundation. The following are the study's key contributions: 1) pinpointing the beneficial effects of transformational leadership towards employees in Islamic-based organizations, and 2) formulating recommendations for more research in this area.
Downloads
References
Ahmad, A. B. & Cheng, Z. (2018). The Role of Change Content, Context, Process, and Leadership in Understanding Employees’ Commitment to Change: The Case of Public Organizations in Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Public Personnel Management, 47(2), 195–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026017753645 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026017753645
Ahmad, A. & Bayu, W. (2018). Impact of Learning Culture, Transformational Leadership and Motivation Language on Gen Y’s Employee Job Satisfaction: Case Study on Islamic Banking. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen & Ekonomika, 10(1), 22–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35384/jime.v10i1.60
Ahmad, M. & Rochimah, H. (2021). Improving Teaching Effectiveness Through Transformational Leadership and Integrity. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 10(4), 1316–1324. https://doi.org/10.11591/IJERE.V10I4.21801 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v10i4.21801
Ahmad, Y., Hafidz, N., Wiyono, B. B., Imron, A. & Suriansyah, A. (2019). Transformational Leadership Characterized Basic Principle of Islam in the City of Banjarmasin Indonesia. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 5(Special Edition), 742–763. www.ijicc.net
Aini, N. K., Ridlwan Nasir, M. & Hilmy, M. (2021). Transformational Leadership of Nyai –Case Study in Roudlotun Nasyiin Islamic Boarding School. Journal Women’s Entrepreneurship and Education, (1–2), 164–173. https://doi.org/10.28934/jwee21.12.pp164-173 DOI: https://doi.org/10.28934/jwee21.12.pp164-173
Alexander, P. A. (2020). Methodological Guidance Paper: The Art and Science of Quality Systematic Reviews. Review of Educational Research, 90(1), 6–23. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654319854352 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654319854352
Alsolami, B. & Embi, M. R. (2018). Crowding perception: A case study of developed systematic literature review procedure with multiple software programs as management and synthesis tools. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(2.10), 121. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.10.10969 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.10.10969
Ananda Lubis, F. R. (2022). The Influence of Transformational Leadership, Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture on Employee Performance with Job Satisfaction as Moderation at the Fajrul Iman Islamic Boarding School Patumbak Deli Serdang, North Sumatra. Jurnal Mantik, 6(2), 1405–1411.
Bernard M. Bass. (1985). Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations. 1985.
Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Delgado-Rodríguez, M. & Sillero-Arenas, M. (2018). Systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicina Intensiva, 42(7), 444–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medin.2017.10.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medin.2017.10.003
Din, M. U., Khan, F., Kadarningsih, A., Ali, A. & Astuti, S. D. (2019). The Moderating Role of Employee Empowerment and Distributive Justice in Transformational Leadership with Its Impact on Organizational Commitment in Islamic Banks in Pakistan. Perisai : Islamic Banking and Finance Journal, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.21070/perisai.v3i2.2671 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21070/perisai.v3i2.2671
Durach, C. F., Kembro, J. & Wieland, A. (2017). A New Paradigm for Systematic Literature Reviews in Supply Chain Management. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 53(4), 67–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/jscm.12145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jscm.12145
Epitropaki, O. & Martin, R. (2004). Implicit Leadership Theories in Applied Settings: Factor Structure, Generalizability, and Stability Over Time. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(2), 293–310. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.2.293 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.2.293
Fadillah, R., Surur, M., Roziqin, A. K., Suhaili, A., Handayani, R. A., Mufid, A., Purwanto, A. & Fahmi, K. (2020). The Influence of Leadership Style on Innovation Capabilities of Islamic School Teachers in Organizational Learning Perspective During COVID-19 Pandemic. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(7), 589–599.
Falah, S., Alifah, A. & Rizal, S. (2021). Enhancing Organizational Commitment through Islamic Organizational Culture and Islamic Work Ethic in Modern Pesantren: The Role of Kyai’s Transformational Leadership. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, 12(6), 4994–5008.
Fitriyah, D., Sukmawati. & Chiar, M. (2019). The Effect of The Principal’s Transformational Leadership and Work Motivation Toward Service Quality to Teachers of Private Islamic Junior High School (MTs) in Pontianak. Journal of Education, Teaching and Learning, 4(1), 149–156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26737/jetl.v4i1.986
Flemming, K., Booth, A., Garside, R., Tunçalp, Ö. & Noyes, J. (2019). Qualitative evidence synthesis for complex interventions and guideline development: clarification of the purpose, designs and relevant methods. BMJ Global Health, 4(Suppl 1), e000882. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000882 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000882
Gusenbauer, M. & Haddaway, N. R. (2020). Which academic search systems are suitable for systematic reviews or meta?analyses? Evaluating retrieval qualities of Google Scholar, PubMed, and 26 other resources. Research Synthesis Methods, 11(2), 181–217. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1378 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1378
Halevi, G., Moed, H. & Bar-Ilan, J. (2017). Suitability of Google Scholar as a source of scientific information and as a source of data for scientific evaluation—Review of the Literature. Journal of Informetrics, 11(3), 823–834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2017.06.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2017.06.005
Hambali, M. & Idris. (2020). Transformational Leadership, Organizational Culture, Quality Assurance, and Organizational Performance: Case Study in Islamic Higher Education Institutions (IHEIS). Journal of Applied Management (JAM), 18(3), 572–587. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jam.2020.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jam.2020.018.03.18
Hanafi, A., Wahab, Z. & Cahyadi, A. (2020). Transactional Leadership and Transformational Leadership, Their Impacts on Job Satisfaction: Islamic Banking in South Sumatra. Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, 142, 133–140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200520.023
Harmen, H., Suryana, Y., Kusman, M. & Soemaryani, I. (2018). Transformational Leadership and Working Ethics of Islam Towards Organizational Commitment (Survey on Islamic Banks in Banda Aceh). International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research, 3(1), 446–459. www.ijsser.org
Hendijani Fard, M., Asadi Damavandi, A., Mahdilouytazehkandi, A. & Asharin, M. (2020). Leadership and Followers’ Organizational Citizenship Behaviour from the Islamic Perspective (OCBIP). Journal of Islamic Marketing, 12(6), 1124–1144. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-02-2019-0036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-02-2019-0036
Hermawati, A. & Mas, N. (2017). Mediation effect of quality of work life, job involvement, and organizational citizenship behavior in the relationship between transglobal leadership to employee performance. International Journal of Law and Management, 59(6), 1143–1158. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-08-2016-0070 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-08-2016-0070
Jabran, J. & Sharfizie, S. (2022). A Review of Islamic Leadership’s Effectiveness in Islamic-Based Institutions. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(9). https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i9/15151 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i9/15151
James MacGregor Burns. (1978). Leadership (Cass Canfield book). Harper & Row.
Javed, S., Malik, A. & Alharbi, M. M. H. (2020). The relevance of leadership styles and Islamic work ethics in managerial effectiveness. PSU Research Review, 4(3), 189–207. https://doi.org/10.1108/PRR-03-2019-0007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PRR-03-2019-0007
Kellerman, B., Rhode, D. L. & Day, S. (2007). Women and leadership: the state of play and strategies for change. Wiley.
Khoiri, N., Patoni, A., Tanzeh, A., Sayyid, U. & Tulungagung, A. R. (2022). Kiai’s Transformational Leadership in Policy Making for Realizing the Quality of Islamic Boarding Schools (Multi Cases of the Nurul Ulum Islamic Boarding School in Blitar and the Hidayatul Mubtadiien Islamic Boarding School in Tulungagung). Technium Social Sciences Journal, 31, 508–521. www.techniumscience.com DOI: https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v31i1.6133
Kim, H. D., Cruz, A. B., Kim, H. D. & Bautista Cruz, A. (2022). Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138189
Kitchenham, B. (2007). Guidelines for performing Systematic Literature Reviews in software engineering. EBSE Technical Report (Version 2.3). Software Engineering Group. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258968007
Kolomboy, F., Palutturi, S., Rivai, F., Saleh, L. M., Masudin, M. & Amiruddin, R. (2021). Spiritual-Based Transformational Leadership Style at Anutapura Regional General Hospital, Palu. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9, 524–529. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6119 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6119
Kraus, S., Breier, M. & Dasí-Rodríguez, S. (2020). The art of crafting a systematic literature review in entrepreneurship research. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16(3), 1023–1042. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-020-00635-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-020-00635-4
Li, Y. (2022). A Review of Empirical Research on Transformational School Leadership in China (2010–2019). ECNU Review of Education, 5(1), 156–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/2096531120942242 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2096531120942242
Lockwood, C., Munn, Z. & Porritt, K. (2015). Qualitative research synthesis: Methodological guidance for systematic reviewers utilizing meta-aggregation. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 13(3), 179–187. https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000062
Martín-Martín, A., Orduna-Malea, E., Thelwall, M. & Delgado López-Cózar, E. (2018). Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus: A systematic comparison of citations in 252 subject categories. Journal of Informetrics, 12(4), 1160–1177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2018.09.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2018.09.002
Masrohatin, S., Sulianti, D. & Tobing, K. (2019). Transformational Leadership Style, Organizational Culture, Locus of Control and Its Influence on The Organizational Citizenship of Behavior Employees: State Institute of Islamic Studies of Jember. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, 8(06), 163–171. www.ijstr.org
Mastur, Soim, Nik Haryanti. & Gufron, M. (2022). The Influence of Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture on Job Satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in Islamic Educational Institutions. AL-TANZIM: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 6(3), 802–813. https://doi.org/10.33650/al-tanzim.v6i3.3643 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33650/al-tanzim.v6i3.3431
Meraku, A. (2017). Role of Leadership in Organizational Effectiveness. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 5(11), 336–340. https://doi.org/10.18178/joebm.2017.5.11.535 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18178/joebm.2017.5.11.535
Mistry, M. V., Devi, A. S., Suji, M. & Yadav, P. (2020). Impact of Transformational Leadership on Patient Safety & Outcome-A Systematic Review. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 14(4), 3797.
Moey, S. F. & Hashi, A. A. (2018). Transformational and Transactional Leadership Styles in Enhancing Nurse Educator’s Job Satisfaction: An Integrative Analysis of Conventional and Islamic Approaches. 2nd World Congress on Integration and Islamicisation (IMJM), 17(2), 319–332. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31436/imjm.v17i2.996
Mohamed Shaffril, H. A., Samah, A. A., Samsuddin, S. F. & Ali, Z. (2019). Mirror-mirror on the wall, what climate change adaptation strategies are practiced by the Asian fishermen of all? Journal of Cleaner Production, 232, 104–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.262 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.262
Mohammad Al-Khaldi, M. H., Irtemah, H. & Alhawari, S. F. (2020). The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Organizational Identification in Kuwaiti Islamic Banks. Modern Applied Science, 14(7), 111–119. https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v14n7p111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v14n7p111
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J. & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement. Open Medicine, 3(2), 30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., Stewart, L. A., Estarli, M., Barrera, E. S. A., Martínez-Rodríguez, R., Baladia, E., Agüero, S. D., Camacho, S., Buhring, K., Herrero-López, A., Gil-González, D. M., Altman, D. G., Booth, A. & Whitlock, E. (2016). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Revista Espanola de Nutricion Humana y Dietetica, 20(2), 148–160. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-4-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-4-1
Mukhlisin, A., Ghozali, I. & Djastuti, I. (2021). Transformational Leadership and Collectivism in Distribution Market: A Study in Central Java – Indonesia. Quality - Access to Success, 22(185), 146–154. https://doi.org/10.47750/QAS/22.185.20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47750/QAS/22.185.20
Mukhtar, Risnita. & Anwar, K. (2019). The Effect of Transformational Leadership, Management Information System, And Organizational Climate on Lecturers’ Job Satisfaction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, 8(11), 288–299. www.ijstr.org
Nasliza Arina, N. & Jamilah, A. (2018). Pengaplikasian Etika Kerja Islam oleh Pengamal Perhubungan Awam di Organisasi Berteraskan Islam di Malaysia. GJAT, 8(1), 93. www.gjat.my DOI: https://doi.org/10.7187/GJAT072018-8
Noor Azizah, Y., Khairul Rijal, M., Nuriyatur Rohmah, U., Adymas Pranajaya, S., Ngiu, Z., Mufid, A., Purwanto, A., HaliahMàu, D., Samarinda, I. & STIQ Wali Songo Situbondo, I. (2020). Transformational or Transactional Leadership Style: Which Affects Work Satisfaction and Performance of Islamic University Lecturers During the COVID-19 Pandemic? Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(7), 577–588.
Okoli, C. (2015). A guide to conducting a standalone systematic literature review. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 37(1), 879–910. https://doi.org/10.17705/1cais.03743 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.03743
Petticrew, Mark. & Roberts, H. (2006). Systematic reviews in the social sciences: a practical guide. Blackwell Pub. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470754887
Rianto, M. R., Jasfar, F. & Arafah, W. (2021). Mediating Effect of Organization Learning on the Relationship Between Strategic Change, Knowledge Management and Transformational Leadership; Case of Indonesia Islamic Banks. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 10(3), 26–49. https://doi.org/10.26458/jedep.v10i3.697 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26458/jedep.v10i3.697
Risqina, Budi Helpiastuti, S. & Sasongko. (2019). Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture at The Institute for Islam Studies Jember. ISSRD Journal, 2(1), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.19184/issrd.v2i2.17470 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19184/issrd.v2i1.17470
Rizky Pratama, H., Sunaryo, W. & Yusnita, N. (2020). Studying the Relationship Between Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture with Organizational Commitment at Minhaj Shahabah Islamic Boarding School Bogor. JHSS (Journal of Humanities and Social Studies), 04(2), 146–151. https://journal.unpak.ac.id/index.php/jhss DOI: https://doi.org/10.33751/jhss.v4i2.2461
Rulitawati, Zainuddin Nawi, M., Susanti, T., Yusup, M., Febriani, H. & Asvio, N. (2021). Transformational Leadership of Integrated Islamic School Principal. At- Ta’lim Media Informasi Pendidikan Islam, 20(2), 203–222. https://doi.org/10.29300/atmipi.v20.i1.5981
Saad Alessa, G. (2021). The Dimensions of Transformational Leadership and Its Organizational Effects in Public Universities in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.682092 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.682092
Sabran, Ekowati, V. M. & Supriyanto, A. S. (2022). The Interactive Effects of Leadership Styles on Counterproductive Work Behavior: An Examination Through Multiple Theoretical Lenses. Quality - Access to Success, 23(188), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.47750/QAS/23.188.21 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47750/QAS/23.188.21
Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., Bartlam, B., Burroughs, H. & Jinks, C. (2018). Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Quality and Quantity, 52(4), 1893–1907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8
Silva, A. (2016). Can Leaders of Public Companies Make Them Innovative? Journal of Leadership Studies, 10(1), 64–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21449 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21449
Siswaty Ibrahim, A., Abdussamad, Z. & Hanafi, H. (2020). The Effects of Transformational Leadership and Organizational Climate on the Performance of Employees at Paud Islam Terpadu Al Ishlah Gorontalo. Public Policy Journal, 1(1), 56–66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37905/ppj.v1i1.375
Subandi, Thoyib, M., Fauzan, A. & Jaenullah. (2021). Pesantren-based Transformational Leadership: Strategies toward International Superior Madrasah in Indonesia. Webology, 18, 1023–1040. https://doi.org/10.14704/WEB/V18SI05/WEB18279 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14704/WEB/V18SI05/WEB18279
Supriadi, O., Musthan, Z., Odah, S., Nurjehan, R., Haryanti, Y. D., Marwal, M. R., Purwanto, A., Mufid, A., Yulianto, R. A., Farhan, M., Fitri, A. A., Fahlevi, M. & Sumartiningsih, S. (2020). Did Transformational, Transactional Leadership Style and Organizational Learning Influence the Innovation Capabilities of School Teachers during the COVID-19 Pandemic? Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(9), 299–311.
Suryadi, Nurmuhaemin, W., Kemal, I. & Suryana, A. (2022). Transformational Leadership: Classroom Management Innovation and The Quality of Islamic Religious Education Teacher Service in Elementary Schools in Kendari City. SPECIALUSIS UGDYMAS / SPECIAL EDUCATION, (43), 2535–2548.
Tanjung, B. N., Rahman, Y., Budiyanto, Badawi, Aep Tata Suryana, Tune Sumar, W., Mufid, A., Purwanto, A. & Warto. (2020). The Influence of Transformational Leadership, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behavior on the Performance of Islamic School Teachers. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(7), 539–546. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344550269
The World Bank. (2022). Teachers. The World Bank.
Turnnidge, J. & Côté, J. (2018). Applying transformational leadership theory to coaching research in youth sport: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(3), 327–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2016.1189948 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2016.1189948
Vermeulen, M., Kreijns, K. & Evers, A. T. (2022). Transformational leadership, leader–member exchange and school learning climate: Impact on teachers’ innovative behavior in the Netherlands. Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 50(3), 491–510. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220932582 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220932582
Whittemore, R. & Knafl, K. (2005). The integrative review: updated methodology. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 52(5), 546–553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x
Xiao, Y. & Watson, M. (2019). Guidance on Conducting a Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 39(1), 93–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X17723971 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X17723971
Copyright (c) 2024 Jabran Jasni, Sharfizie Mohd Sharip, Dalila Daud
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Author (s) should affirm that the material has not been published previously. It has not been submitted and it is not under consideration by any other journal. At the same time author (s) need to execute a publication permission agreement to assume the responsibility of the submitted content and any omissions and errors therein. After submission of revised paper in the light of suggestions of the reviewers, the editorial team edits and formats manuscripts to bring uniformity and standardization in published material.
This work will be licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) and under condition of the license, users are free to read, copy, remix, transform, redistribute, download, print, search or link to the full texts of articles and even build upon their work as long as they credit the author for the original work. Moreover, as per journal policy author (s) hold and retain copyrights without any restrictions.
