Using McClelland’s Theory of Need to Determine the Relationship between the Motivational Factor and Social Entrepreneurship Activity among People with Disabilities
Keywords:
McClelland theory of need, social entrepreneurship, people with disabilities, motivation
Abstract
Social entrepreneurship (SE) refers to an activity where a social element is used to create business opportunities. It describes the efforts of certain non-profit organizations or government agencies to improve the social and economic conditions of impoverished communities. This paper proposes a conceptual model to examine the relationship between motivational factors and the engagement of people with disabilities (PWD) in SE activities. Using McClelland's need theory for measuring motivation, examines achievement, affiliation, and power needs. When these needs go unfulfilled, motivation declines, leading to decreased performance and turnover within the organization. This theory holds significant influence in entrepreneurship and has been widely adopted in various research studies. Conducting a quantitative survey among actively engaged PWDs in SE activities under the Social Welfare Department institution will help identify the motivational factors driving PWDs to prioritize social entrepreneurship over other employment options. Recognizing this connection enables government agencies and stakeholders to potentially reshape and create better-suited programs for PWD and guide them toward a renewed path of empowerment.
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References
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Arif, M. E., Nadia, H., & Sigit, P. (2020). The Role of Entrepreneurship Learning Program for Encouraging the Student's Entrepreneurial Motivation. MEC-J (Management and Economics Journal), 4(1), 11–24.
Asari, & Rosiana, A. (2021). The discourse of organization changes from the perspective of David Mc Clelland’ 's achievement motivation theory. International Journal of Multi-Science, 2(6), 56–62.
Bakti Mind. (2023). Sheltered Workshops. https://mind.org.my/employment/sheltered-workshops/
Baser, J. A., Hasan, A., Ismail, S., Omar, S. K., Jizat, M. A. M., & Khairudin, M. (2017). Involvement of Person with Physical Disabilities (PWD) in Technical Skills Field Employment. May 2018. https://doi.org/10.2991/ictvt-17.2017.59
Caldwell, K., Parker Harris, S., & Renko, M. (2020). Inclusive management for social entrepreneurs with intellectual disabilities: “how they act.” Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 33(2), 204–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12662
Caringal-Go, J. F., & Hechanova, M. R. M. (2018). Motivational Needs and Intent to Stay of Social Enterprise Workers. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 9(3), 200–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2018.1468352
Decker, W. H., Calo, T. J., & Weer, C. H. (2012). Affiliation motivation and interest in entrepreneurial careers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(3), 302–320. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941211205835
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Deshmukh, A. T. (2019). Relevance of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs to Entrepreneurs. 9(6), 860–865.
Fhiri, N. S., Abdullah, S., Ishak, A. S., Ishak, S. I., & Azmi, A. A. (2018). The Discussion of Social Entrepreneurship: Review of the Literature.
García, P. O., & Capitán, Á. J. O. (2021). Entrepreneurship for People with Disabilities: From Skills to Social Value. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(July). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.699833
Gimbuta, A. (2012). Entrepreneurial Behavior at People with Visual Disabilities from Romania. Review of Applied Socio-Economic Research, 3(1), 95–106. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ecn&AN=1418527&site=ehost-live http://reaser.eu/Archives.php
Halid, H., Osman, S., & Abd Halim, S. N. (2020). Overcoming Unemployment Issues among Persons with Disability (PWDs) through Social Entrepreneurship. Albukhary Social Business Journal, 1(2), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.55862/asbjv1i2a006
Hamizan, R., Hamid, S., Ijab, M. T., & Bukhari, S. (2019). Social Entrepreneurship Learning Model in Higher Education using Social Network Analysis. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1339. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1339/1/012029
Harris, S., Renko, M., & Caldwell, K. (2014). Social entrepreneurship as an employment pathway for people with disabilities: exploring political–economic and socio-cultural factors. Disability and Society, 29(8), 1275–1290. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2014.924904
Hayton, J., George, G., & Zahra, S. A. (2002). National Culture and Entrepreneurship: A review of behavioral research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/105960117600100111
Hishamuddin, A., Wahid, H., & Rahman, R. (2023). Pendekatan Keusahawanan Sosial Dalam Penyediaan Pekerjaan Kepada Orang Kelainan Upaya (OKU). International Conference on Accounting, Management and Economics, January, 251–258.
Jumbri, I. A., Zainudin, M. Z., Sharif, S. M., & Ismail, M. F. (2019). Motivation Factors for Women to Become an Entrepreneur and Contribute to Social Innovation. Journal of Human Capital Development, 12(2), 1–16. https://journal.utem.edu.my/index.php/jhcd/article/view/5585
Kadir, M. A. B., & Sarif, S. (2016). Social Entrepreneurship, Social Entrepreneur and Social Enterprise: A Review of Concepts, Definitions and Development in Malaysia. Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research, 4(2), 51. https://doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v4i2.9086
Kalargyrou, V., Kalargiros, E., & Kutz, D. (2020). Social Entrepreneurship and Disability Inclusion in the Hospitality Industry. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 21(3), 308–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2018.1478356
Kamaruddin, K. (2007). Adult Learning for People with Disabilities in Malaysia: Provisions and Services. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 3, 50–64.
Kefale, D., & Hussein, F. (2020). Challenges of Entrepreneurs Live with Disabilities to Establish and Expand Their Own Business in the Case of Guraghe Zone, Ethiopia. Management, 2020(2), 55–69. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.mm.20201002.03
Lai, L. Y., Johari, S. Bin, Emang, D., Thoo, P. Y., Muhammad, & Hasan, L. (2019). Motivational factors of women to become social entrepreneurs in Lundu district, Sarawak. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 7(5), 75–81.
Lai, L. Y., Shazali, J., Diana, E., & Thoo, P. Y. (2022). The Motivation of Female Social Entrepreneurs in Lundu District, Sarawak, Malaysia. Asian Women 2022, 38(No. 1), 34–58.
Lee, M. N., Abdullah, Y., & Mey, S. C. (2011). Employment of people with disabilities in Malaysia: Drivers and inhibitors. International Journal of Special Education, 26(1), 112–124.
Lehner, O., & Germak, A. J. (2013). The Need for Achievement (and Other Antecedents) as Drivers of Social Entrepreneurship. 10th NYU Stern Conference on Social Entrepreneurship, November.
Lloyd, W. (2019). Entrepreneurial motivation: The impact of cultural capital on the “who” is motivated. International Journal of Business and Globalization, 23(1), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijbg.2019.10022555
Makerd, P., & Siriwichai, C. (2022). Factors Affecting Worker’s Contribution to The Social Enterprise in Thailand. International Journal of Operations and Quantitative Management, 28(1), 193–210. https://doi.org/10.46970/2022.28.1.11
Mathes, E. W. (1981). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs as a Guide for Living. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 21(4), 69–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/002216788102100406
Miron, D., & McClelland, D. C. (1979). The Impact of Achievement Motivation Training on Small Businesses. California Management Review, 21(4), 13–28. https://doi.org/10.2307/41164830
Mohsin, U., Royo, M. A., & Nasir, Z. (2010). Faktor-Faktor Pendorong Orang Kurang Upaya Bekerja Di Bengkel Daya Klang, Selangor. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2015.03.025%0Ahttp://dx.doi.org /10.1038/nature10402%0Ahttp://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature21059%0Ahttp://journal.stainkudus.ac.id/index.php/equilibrium/article/view/1268/1127%0Ahttp://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2577%0Ahttp://
Mustaffa, C. S., Halim, H., Ahmad, J., Ishak, Q., & Johari, N. A. (2020). Disability and Poverty: A Review on Social Entrepreneurship Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities in Malaysia. Albukhary Social Business Journal, 1(2), 1–11.
Norafandi, M. N. A., & Diah, N. M. (2017). The Prospects of People with Disabilities (PwD) Participation in Entrepreneurship: The Perspective of University Students with Physical and Sensory Disabilities. International Journal for Studies on Children, Women, Elderly and Disabled, 2(2011), 79–85.
Osemeke, M., & Adegboyega, S. (2017). Critical Review and Comparison between Maslow, Herzberg, and McClelland’s Theory of Needs. Funai Journal of Accounting, 1(1), 161–173.
Othman, A., & Jani, R. (2018). Employment Prospect of Persons with Disability: the Myth and Reality Employment Prospect of Persons with Disability?: the Myth and Reality. Research Gate Publication, March 1–12. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323676360
Ravesangar, K., Halid, H., & Singh, R. (2023). Issues and Perspectives in Business and Social Sciences. 3(1), 1–13.
Rozali, N., Abdullah, S., Jamaluddin, J., Ramil, A. J., Hussin, N. S., & Ahmad, A. Z. (2018). Promoting Social Entrepreneurship among Entrepreneurs with Disabilities in Contribution to the Community. MATEC Web of Conferences, 150, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815005101
Salvador, M.-R., & Gaspar, B. S. (2019). The type of disability is a differential factor in entrepreneurship. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 22 (Special Issue 2).
Siok, T. H., Sim, M. S., & Rahmat, N. H. (2023). Motivation to Learn Online: An Analysis from McClelland’s Theory of Needs. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(3), 215–234. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i3/16471
Steers, R. M., & Braunstein, D. N. (1976). A behaviorally based measure of manifest needs in work settings. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 9(2), 251–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(76)90083-X
Teck, T. S., Karuppiah, N., & Hoo, W. C. (2019). A Critical Review on the Rise of Social Enterprise as a Foundation of Motivation and Innovation in Entrepreneurship. International Business Research, 13(1), 259. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v13n1p259
Trivedi, A., & Mehta, A. (2019). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs - Theory of Human Motivation. International Journal of Research in All Subjects in Multi Languages, 7(6), 38–41. http://kalyan-city.blogspot.com/2010/06/maslow-hierarchy-of-needs-theory-of.html
Tran, A. T. P., & Von Korflesch, H. (2016). A conceptual model of social entrepreneurial intention based on the social cognitive career theory. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 10(1), 17–38. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjie-12-2016-007
Usman, H., Projo, K., & Widowati, N. (2021). Encouraging Entrepreneurship for People with Disabilities in Indonesia: The United Nations’ ‘Leave No One Behind’ Promise. Journal of Population and Social Studies, 29(January), 195–206. https://doi.org/10.25133/JPSSV292021.012
Uysal, T., Aydemir, S., & Genc, E. (2017). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in 21St Century: The Examination of Vocational Differences. In A. Hasan, R. L. Elliott, E. Turgeon, & A. Atik (Eds.), Research on Science and Art in 21st Century Turkey (Issue April 2018, pp. 211–227). Gece Kitapl???.
Wahid, S. D., Shafinar, I., Abu Hanifah, A., & Wan Mohd Hirwani, W. (2018). An Overview of Social Entrepreneurship Intention in Malaysia. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7, 260–263.
World Health Organization. (2019). Disability. http://www.euro.who.int/en/SDG-health-fact-sheets
Zamry, A. A., & Sahid, S. (2021). Model of Social Entrepreneurship Career Readiness among Malaysian Public University Students. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(12). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i12/11698
Zulkifle, A. M., & Aziz, K. A. (2023). Determinants of Social Entrepreneurship Intention: A Longitudinal Study among Youth in Higher Learning Institutions. Social Sciences, 12(3), 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12030124
Ali, A. J., Khalid, J., Ali, M. H., & Razali, R. (2019). Social Entrepreneurship and Its Impact on Society?: Special Social-Entrepreneurs @Higher Education Programme in Malaysia. Iccd, 2(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.33068/iccd.vol2.iss1.140
Alter, K. (2007). Social Enterprise Typology. Virtue Ventures LLC, 1–31. http://rinovations.edublogs.org/files/2008/07/setypology.pdf
Amin, A., Tahir, I. M., Sabiu, I. T., & Abdullah, A. (2018). An empirical analysis of the need for achievement motivation in predicting entrepreneurial persistence in Bumiputra entrepreneurs in Terengganu, Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Globalization, 20(2), 190. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijbg.2018.10010227
Arif, M. E., Nadia, H., & Sigit, P. (2020). The Role of Entrepreneurship Learning Program for Encouraging the Student's Entrepreneurial Motivation. MEC-J (Management and Economics Journal), 4(1), 11–24.
Asari, & Rosiana, A. (2021). The discourse of organization changes from the perspective of David Mc Clelland’ 's achievement motivation theory. International Journal of Multi-Science, 2(6), 56–62.
Bakti Mind. (2023). Sheltered Workshops. https://mind.org.my/employment/sheltered-workshops/
Baser, J. A., Hasan, A., Ismail, S., Omar, S. K., Jizat, M. A. M., & Khairudin, M. (2017). Involvement of Person with Physical Disabilities (PWD) in Technical Skills Field Employment. May 2018. https://doi.org/10.2991/ictvt-17.2017.59
Caldwell, K., Parker Harris, S., & Renko, M. (2020). Inclusive management for social entrepreneurs with intellectual disabilities: “how they act.” Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 33(2), 204–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12662
Caringal-Go, J. F., & Hechanova, M. R. M. (2018). Motivational Needs and Intent to Stay of Social Enterprise Workers. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 9(3), 200–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2018.1468352
Decker, W. H., Calo, T. J., & Weer, C. H. (2012). Affiliation motivation and interest in entrepreneurial careers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(3), 302–320. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941211205835
Department of Social Welfare. (2021). People with Disabilities. Department of Social Welfare. https://www.jkm.gov.my/jkm/index.php?r=portal/contentmenu&id=WjdtTnluUS9QY0ZpMTRnVXNIZ1lSZz09
Deshmukh, A. T. (2019). Relevance of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs to Entrepreneurs. 9(6), 860–865.
Fhiri, N. S., Abdullah, S., Ishak, A. S., Ishak, S. I., & Azmi, A. A. (2018). The Discussion of Social Entrepreneurship: Review of the Literature.
García, P. O., & Capitán, Á. J. O. (2021). Entrepreneurship for People with Disabilities: From Skills to Social Value. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(July). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.699833
Gimbuta, A. (2012). Entrepreneurial Behavior at People with Visual Disabilities from Romania. Review of Applied Socio-Economic Research, 3(1), 95–106. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ecn&AN=1418527&site=ehost-live http://reaser.eu/Archives.php
Halid, H., Osman, S., & Abd Halim, S. N. (2020). Overcoming Unemployment Issues among Persons with Disability (PWDs) through Social Entrepreneurship. Albukhary Social Business Journal, 1(2), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.55862/asbjv1i2a006
Hamizan, R., Hamid, S., Ijab, M. T., & Bukhari, S. (2019). Social Entrepreneurship Learning Model in Higher Education using Social Network Analysis. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1339. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1339/1/012029
Harris, S., Renko, M., & Caldwell, K. (2014). Social entrepreneurship as an employment pathway for people with disabilities: exploring political–economic and socio-cultural factors. Disability and Society, 29(8), 1275–1290. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2014.924904
Hayton, J., George, G., & Zahra, S. A. (2002). National Culture and Entrepreneurship: A review of behavioral research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/105960117600100111
Hishamuddin, A., Wahid, H., & Rahman, R. (2023). Pendekatan Keusahawanan Sosial Dalam Penyediaan Pekerjaan Kepada Orang Kelainan Upaya (OKU). International Conference on Accounting, Management and Economics, January, 251–258.
Jumbri, I. A., Zainudin, M. Z., Sharif, S. M., & Ismail, M. F. (2019). Motivation Factors for Women to Become an Entrepreneur and Contribute to Social Innovation. Journal of Human Capital Development, 12(2), 1–16. https://journal.utem.edu.my/index.php/jhcd/article/view/5585
Kadir, M. A. B., & Sarif, S. (2016). Social Entrepreneurship, Social Entrepreneur and Social Enterprise: A Review of Concepts, Definitions and Development in Malaysia. Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research, 4(2), 51. https://doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v4i2.9086
Kalargyrou, V., Kalargiros, E., & Kutz, D. (2020). Social Entrepreneurship and Disability Inclusion in the Hospitality Industry. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 21(3), 308–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2018.1478356
Kamaruddin, K. (2007). Adult Learning for People with Disabilities in Malaysia: Provisions and Services. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 3, 50–64.
Kefale, D., & Hussein, F. (2020). Challenges of Entrepreneurs Live with Disabilities to Establish and Expand Their Own Business in the Case of Guraghe Zone, Ethiopia. Management, 2020(2), 55–69. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.mm.20201002.03
Lai, L. Y., Johari, S. Bin, Emang, D., Thoo, P. Y., Muhammad, & Hasan, L. (2019). Motivational factors of women to become social entrepreneurs in Lundu district, Sarawak. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 7(5), 75–81.
Lai, L. Y., Shazali, J., Diana, E., & Thoo, P. Y. (2022). The Motivation of Female Social Entrepreneurs in Lundu District, Sarawak, Malaysia. Asian Women 2022, 38(No. 1), 34–58.
Lee, M. N., Abdullah, Y., & Mey, S. C. (2011). Employment of people with disabilities in Malaysia: Drivers and inhibitors. International Journal of Special Education, 26(1), 112–124.
Lehner, O., & Germak, A. J. (2013). The Need for Achievement (and Other Antecedents) as Drivers of Social Entrepreneurship. 10th NYU Stern Conference on Social Entrepreneurship, November.
Lloyd, W. (2019). Entrepreneurial motivation: The impact of cultural capital on the “who” is motivated. International Journal of Business and Globalization, 23(1), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijbg.2019.10022555
Makerd, P., & Siriwichai, C. (2022). Factors Affecting Worker’s Contribution to The Social Enterprise in Thailand. International Journal of Operations and Quantitative Management, 28(1), 193–210. https://doi.org/10.46970/2022.28.1.11
Mathes, E. W. (1981). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs as a Guide for Living. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 21(4), 69–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/002216788102100406
Miron, D., & McClelland, D. C. (1979). The Impact of Achievement Motivation Training on Small Businesses. California Management Review, 21(4), 13–28. https://doi.org/10.2307/41164830
Mohsin, U., Royo, M. A., & Nasir, Z. (2010). Faktor-Faktor Pendorong Orang Kurang Upaya Bekerja Di Bengkel Daya Klang, Selangor. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2015.03.025%0Ahttp://dx.doi.org /10.1038/nature10402%0Ahttp://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature21059%0Ahttp://journal.stainkudus.ac.id/index.php/equilibrium/article/view/1268/1127%0Ahttp://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2577%0Ahttp://
Mustaffa, C. S., Halim, H., Ahmad, J., Ishak, Q., & Johari, N. A. (2020). Disability and Poverty: A Review on Social Entrepreneurship Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities in Malaysia. Albukhary Social Business Journal, 1(2), 1–11.
Norafandi, M. N. A., & Diah, N. M. (2017). The Prospects of People with Disabilities (PwD) Participation in Entrepreneurship: The Perspective of University Students with Physical and Sensory Disabilities. International Journal for Studies on Children, Women, Elderly and Disabled, 2(2011), 79–85.
Osemeke, M., & Adegboyega, S. (2017). Critical Review and Comparison between Maslow, Herzberg, and McClelland’s Theory of Needs. Funai Journal of Accounting, 1(1), 161–173.
Othman, A., & Jani, R. (2018). Employment Prospect of Persons with Disability: the Myth and Reality Employment Prospect of Persons with Disability?: the Myth and Reality. Research Gate Publication, March 1–12. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323676360
Ravesangar, K., Halid, H., & Singh, R. (2023). Issues and Perspectives in Business and Social Sciences. 3(1), 1–13.
Rozali, N., Abdullah, S., Jamaluddin, J., Ramil, A. J., Hussin, N. S., & Ahmad, A. Z. (2018). Promoting Social Entrepreneurship among Entrepreneurs with Disabilities in Contribution to the Community. MATEC Web of Conferences, 150, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815005101
Salvador, M.-R., & Gaspar, B. S. (2019). The type of disability is a differential factor in entrepreneurship. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 22 (Special Issue 2).
Siok, T. H., Sim, M. S., & Rahmat, N. H. (2023). Motivation to Learn Online: An Analysis from McClelland’s Theory of Needs. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(3), 215–234. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i3/16471
Steers, R. M., & Braunstein, D. N. (1976). A behaviorally based measure of manifest needs in work settings. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 9(2), 251–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(76)90083-X
Teck, T. S., Karuppiah, N., & Hoo, W. C. (2019). A Critical Review on the Rise of Social Enterprise as a Foundation of Motivation and Innovation in Entrepreneurship. International Business Research, 13(1), 259. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v13n1p259
Trivedi, A., & Mehta, A. (2019). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs - Theory of Human Motivation. International Journal of Research in All Subjects in Multi Languages, 7(6), 38–41. http://kalyan-city.blogspot.com/2010/06/maslow-hierarchy-of-needs-theory-of.html
Tran, A. T. P., & Von Korflesch, H. (2016). A conceptual model of social entrepreneurial intention based on the social cognitive career theory. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 10(1), 17–38. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjie-12-2016-007
Usman, H., Projo, K., & Widowati, N. (2021). Encouraging Entrepreneurship for People with Disabilities in Indonesia: The United Nations’ ‘Leave No One Behind’ Promise. Journal of Population and Social Studies, 29(January), 195–206. https://doi.org/10.25133/JPSSV292021.012
Uysal, T., Aydemir, S., & Genc, E. (2017). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in 21St Century: The Examination of Vocational Differences. In A. Hasan, R. L. Elliott, E. Turgeon, & A. Atik (Eds.), Research on Science and Art in 21st Century Turkey (Issue April 2018, pp. 211–227). Gece Kitapl???.
Wahid, S. D., Shafinar, I., Abu Hanifah, A., & Wan Mohd Hirwani, W. (2018). An Overview of Social Entrepreneurship Intention in Malaysia. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7, 260–263.
World Health Organization. (2019). Disability. http://www.euro.who.int/en/SDG-health-fact-sheets
Zamry, A. A., & Sahid, S. (2021). Model of Social Entrepreneurship Career Readiness among Malaysian Public University Students. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(12). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i12/11698
Zulkifle, A. M., & Aziz, K. A. (2023). Determinants of Social Entrepreneurship Intention: A Longitudinal Study among Youth in Higher Learning Institutions. Social Sciences, 12(3), 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12030124
Published
2023-11-16
How to Cite
Ramdan, N. F., Mat Ali, S. A., & Abdul Kadir, M. A. B. (2023). Using McClelland’s Theory of Need to Determine the Relationship between the Motivational Factor and Social Entrepreneurship Activity among People with Disabilities. Information Management and Business Review, 15(4(SI)I), 577-585. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v15i4(SI)I.3639
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Copyright (c) 2023 Nurul Fatihah Ramdan, Syukrina Alini Mat Ali, Mohd Ali Bahari Abdul Kadir
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