A Proposed Framework for the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Employee’s Performance: Mediating Role of Job Demand
Keywords:
Emotional Intelligence, Employee’s Performance, Job Demand, Self-Awareness, Self-Management
Abstract
In the realm of employee performance, emotional intelligence (EI) plays a pivotal role. Research has consistently shown that EI is positively correlated with employee performance. It acts as a critical predictor, influencing how well employees perform in their roles. Emotional intelligence encompasses one's ability to perceive, express, understand, and manage emotions. When employees possess high EI, they are better equipped to navigate the challenges and dynamics of the workplace. As there are scarcity of research that explains the mechanism describing the EI-Employee’s Performance relationship, this study proposed the potential role of job demands as an important mediator in this relationship. Job demands include factors like workload, stress, and time pressures. Employees with high EI tend to handle these demands more effectively, leading to reduced stress and burnout consequently increasing job performance. In summary, emotional intelligence serves as a reliable predictor of employee performance and is crucial for maintaining a motivated and high-performing workforce, ultimately benefiting the organization as a whole.
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References
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Kilroy, S., Flood, P. C., Bosak, J. & Chênevert, D. (2016). Perceptions of high-involvement work practices and burnout: the mediating role of job demands. Human Resource Management Journal, 26(4), 408–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12112
Kloutsiniotis, P. V. & Mihail, D. M. (2020). Is it worth it? Linking perceived high-performance work systems and emotional exhaustion: The mediating role of job demands and job resources. European Management Journal, 38(4), 565–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2019.12.012
Krishnan, R., Mahphoth, M. H., Ahmad, N. A. F. & A’yudin, N. A. (2018). The Influence of Emotional Intelligence on Employee Job Performance: A Malaysian Case Study. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(5), 233–245. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v8-i5/4097
Kundi, Y. M., Aboramadan, M., Elhamalawi, E. M. I. & Shahid, S. (2020). Employee psychological well-being and job performance: exploring mediating and moderating mechanisms. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 29(3), 736–754. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-05-2020-2204
Latif, M. S., Mushtaq, A., Muhammad, Q., Ferdoos, A. & Hummayoun, N. (2013). Impact of employee job satisfaction on organizational performance. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(5), 166–171.
Mayer, J. D., Roberts, R. D. & Barsade, S. G. (2008). Human abilities: Emotional intelligence. Annual Review of Psychology, 59. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093646
Mayer, J. D. & Salovey, P. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Educational Leadership, 9(3), 185–211. https://doi.org/10.2190/dugg-p24e-52wk-6cdg
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P. & Caruso, D. R. (2004). Emotional intelligence: Theory, findings, and implications. In Psychological Inquiry, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1503_02
Mohamad, M. & Jais, J. (2016). Emotional Intelligence and Job Performance: A Study among Malaysian Teachers. Procedia Economics and Finance, 35(October 2015), 674–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(16)00083-6
Mokhtar, N. B., Suparman, A. F., Othman, N., Shamsul Anuar, N. S. A. & Nurazman, N. D. (2022). Determinants of Emotional Intelligence on Employee's Work Performance. International Journal of Accounting, Finance and Business (IJAFB), 7(42), 135–139. https://doi.org/10.55573/IJAFB.074218
Motowidlo, S. J., Borman, W. C. & Schmit, M. J. (1997). Motowidlo & Borman (1997).pdf. In Human Performance, 10(2), 71–83.
Motowidlo, S. J. & Van Scotter, J. R. (1994). Evidence That Task Performance Should Be Distinguished From Contextual Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(4), 475–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.79.4.475
Oppenauer, V. & Van De Voorde, K. (2016). Exploring the relationships between high involvement work system practices, work demands and emotional exhaustion: a multi-level study. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(2), 311–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1146321
Othman, A. K. & Syed Muhsin, S. F. H. (2020). The Influence of Emotional Intelligence on Job Performance of Frontline Service Employees: The Moderating Role of Service Types. Advances in Business Research International Journal, 6(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.24191/abrij.v6i1.9943
Panatik, S. A., Zainal, S. K., Rajab, A., Shaari, R., Shah, I. M., Rahman, H. A. & Badri, S. K. Z. (2012). Impact of Work-related Stress on Well-being among Academician in Malaysian Research University. 2012 International Conference on Education and Management Innovation, 30(September 2016), 37–41.
Park, S. & Park, S. (2019). Employee Adaptive Performance and Its Antecedents: Review and Synthesis. Human Resource Development Review, 18(3), 294–324. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484319836315
S.N.Chua. (2020). Workplace mental health: The business costs. Relate Mental Health Malaysia, January, 1–30.
Salovey, P. & Pizarro, D. A. (2003). The Value of Emotional Intlelligence.pdf. In American Psychological Association, 263–278.
Schaufeli, W. B. & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
Schulman, P., Buchanan, G. M. & Seligman, M. E. P. (1995). Edited by Achievement in School and Work.
Scott-Halsell, S. A., Blum, S. C. & Huffman, L. (2008). A study of emotional intelligence levels in hospitality industry professionals. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 7(2), 135–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332840802156873
Sonnentag, S., Volmer, J. & Spychala, A. (2016). Top performance. Textile Month, 1, 427–447. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.19.46.70.s53
Tusl, M., Kerksieck, P., Brauchli, R. & Bauer, G. F. (2020). Perceived impact of the COVID-19 crisis on work and private life and its association with mental well-being and self-rated health in German and Swiss employees: a cross-sectional study. To Be Submitted, 1–21.
Van De Voorde, K., Veld, M. & Van Veldhoven, M. (2016). Connecting empowerment-focused HRM and labor productivity to work engagement: The mediating role of job demands and resources. Human Resource Management Journal, 26(2), 192–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12099
Viswesvaran, C. & Ones, D. S. (2000). Perspectives on Models of Job Performance Related papers. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 8(4), 216–226.
Weinzimmer, L. G., Baumann, H. M., Gullifor, D. P. & Koubova, V. (2017). Emotional intelligence and job performance: The mediating role of work-family balance. Journal of Social Psychology, 157(3), 322–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2016.1208141
Yoke, L. B. & Panatik, S. A. (2015). Emotional intelligence and job performance among school teachers. Asian Social Science, 11(13), 227–234. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n13p227
Zainal, N., Zawawi, D., Aziz, Y. A. & Ali, M. H. (2018). Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Job Performance among Employees in Malaysia Service Sector. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(12), 304–315. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v7-i12/3613
Alegre, I., Mas-Machuca, M. & Berbegal-Mirabent, J. (2016). Antecedents of employee job satisfaction: Do they matter? Journal of Business Research, 69(4), 1390–1395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.113
Arnieyantie, A. H., Norrina, D., Nur Alia Hanani, H., Mohamad Azli, R., Noorliza, Z. & Hussin Khan, R. K. (2022). The Impact of Working Hours and Workload on Hotel Food and Beverage Staff’s Health Status During Covid-19 Pandemic. 317–326. https://doi.org/10.55573/IJAFB.074129
Bakker, A. B. & Demerouti, E. (2016). Job Demands-Resources Theory?: Taking Stock and Looking Forward Job Demands–Resources Theory?: Taking Stock and Looking Forward, 22(September 2018), 273–285.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E. & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2014). Burnout and Work Engagement: The JDR Approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(March), 389–411. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091235
Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). The Competent Manager: A Model for Effective Performance. Wiley & Sons Inc.
Carpini, J. A., Parker, S. K. & Griffin, M. A. (2017). A look back and a leap forward: A review and synthesis of the individual work performance literature. In Academy of Management Annals, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2015.0151
Carrillo, E. (2019). Running head?: EI as a predictor of Job Satisfaction, Job Burnout, and Job Performance. Doctoral Dissertation Research Submitted to the Faculty of Saint Leo University Donald R . Tapia School of Busin. August.
Davis, L. (2019). The Need for Emotional Intelligence in Humanitarian Work. Grand Valley State University, 22.
Dhani, P., Sehrawat, A. & Sharma, T. (2016). Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Job Performance: A Study in Indian Context. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(47). https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i1/103064
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ (25th Anniv). Bantam Books.
Goleman, D. (1998). An EI-Based Theory of Performance, 1–18.
Grobelny, J., Radke, P. & Paniotova-Maczka, D. (2021). Emotional intelligence and job performance: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Work Organisation and Emotion, 12(1), 48–63. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJWOE.2021.115620
Huang, X., Chen, H., Gao, Y., Wu, J., Ni, Z., Wang, X. & Sun, T. (2022). Career Calling as the Mediator and Moderator of Job Demands and Job Resources for Job Satisfaction in Health Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(May). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.856997
Khalili, A. (2012). The Role of Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace: A Literature Review. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 4(3), 355–371.
Kilroy, S., Flood, P. C., Bosak, J. & Chênevert, D. (2016). Perceptions of high-involvement work practices and burnout: the mediating role of job demands. Human Resource Management Journal, 26(4), 408–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12112
Kloutsiniotis, P. V. & Mihail, D. M. (2020). Is it worth it? Linking perceived high-performance work systems and emotional exhaustion: The mediating role of job demands and job resources. European Management Journal, 38(4), 565–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2019.12.012
Krishnan, R., Mahphoth, M. H., Ahmad, N. A. F. & A’yudin, N. A. (2018). The Influence of Emotional Intelligence on Employee Job Performance: A Malaysian Case Study. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(5), 233–245. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v8-i5/4097
Kundi, Y. M., Aboramadan, M., Elhamalawi, E. M. I. & Shahid, S. (2020). Employee psychological well-being and job performance: exploring mediating and moderating mechanisms. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 29(3), 736–754. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-05-2020-2204
Latif, M. S., Mushtaq, A., Muhammad, Q., Ferdoos, A. & Hummayoun, N. (2013). Impact of employee job satisfaction on organizational performance. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(5), 166–171.
Mayer, J. D., Roberts, R. D. & Barsade, S. G. (2008). Human abilities: Emotional intelligence. Annual Review of Psychology, 59. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093646
Mayer, J. D. & Salovey, P. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Educational Leadership, 9(3), 185–211. https://doi.org/10.2190/dugg-p24e-52wk-6cdg
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P. & Caruso, D. R. (2004). Emotional intelligence: Theory, findings, and implications. In Psychological Inquiry, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1503_02
Mohamad, M. & Jais, J. (2016). Emotional Intelligence and Job Performance: A Study among Malaysian Teachers. Procedia Economics and Finance, 35(October 2015), 674–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(16)00083-6
Mokhtar, N. B., Suparman, A. F., Othman, N., Shamsul Anuar, N. S. A. & Nurazman, N. D. (2022). Determinants of Emotional Intelligence on Employee's Work Performance. International Journal of Accounting, Finance and Business (IJAFB), 7(42), 135–139. https://doi.org/10.55573/IJAFB.074218
Motowidlo, S. J., Borman, W. C. & Schmit, M. J. (1997). Motowidlo & Borman (1997).pdf. In Human Performance, 10(2), 71–83.
Motowidlo, S. J. & Van Scotter, J. R. (1994). Evidence That Task Performance Should Be Distinguished From Contextual Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(4), 475–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.79.4.475
Oppenauer, V. & Van De Voorde, K. (2016). Exploring the relationships between high involvement work system practices, work demands and emotional exhaustion: a multi-level study. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(2), 311–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1146321
Othman, A. K. & Syed Muhsin, S. F. H. (2020). The Influence of Emotional Intelligence on Job Performance of Frontline Service Employees: The Moderating Role of Service Types. Advances in Business Research International Journal, 6(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.24191/abrij.v6i1.9943
Panatik, S. A., Zainal, S. K., Rajab, A., Shaari, R., Shah, I. M., Rahman, H. A. & Badri, S. K. Z. (2012). Impact of Work-related Stress on Well-being among Academician in Malaysian Research University. 2012 International Conference on Education and Management Innovation, 30(September 2016), 37–41.
Park, S. & Park, S. (2019). Employee Adaptive Performance and Its Antecedents: Review and Synthesis. Human Resource Development Review, 18(3), 294–324. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484319836315
S.N.Chua. (2020). Workplace mental health: The business costs. Relate Mental Health Malaysia, January, 1–30.
Salovey, P. & Pizarro, D. A. (2003). The Value of Emotional Intlelligence.pdf. In American Psychological Association, 263–278.
Schaufeli, W. B. & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
Schulman, P., Buchanan, G. M. & Seligman, M. E. P. (1995). Edited by Achievement in School and Work.
Scott-Halsell, S. A., Blum, S. C. & Huffman, L. (2008). A study of emotional intelligence levels in hospitality industry professionals. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 7(2), 135–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332840802156873
Sonnentag, S., Volmer, J. & Spychala, A. (2016). Top performance. Textile Month, 1, 427–447. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.19.46.70.s53
Tusl, M., Kerksieck, P., Brauchli, R. & Bauer, G. F. (2020). Perceived impact of the COVID-19 crisis on work and private life and its association with mental well-being and self-rated health in German and Swiss employees: a cross-sectional study. To Be Submitted, 1–21.
Van De Voorde, K., Veld, M. & Van Veldhoven, M. (2016). Connecting empowerment-focused HRM and labor productivity to work engagement: The mediating role of job demands and resources. Human Resource Management Journal, 26(2), 192–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12099
Viswesvaran, C. & Ones, D. S. (2000). Perspectives on Models of Job Performance Related papers. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 8(4), 216–226.
Weinzimmer, L. G., Baumann, H. M., Gullifor, D. P. & Koubova, V. (2017). Emotional intelligence and job performance: The mediating role of work-family balance. Journal of Social Psychology, 157(3), 322–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2016.1208141
Yoke, L. B. & Panatik, S. A. (2015). Emotional intelligence and job performance among school teachers. Asian Social Science, 11(13), 227–234. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n13p227
Zainal, N., Zawawi, D., Aziz, Y. A. & Ali, M. H. (2018). Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Job Performance among Employees in Malaysia Service Sector. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(12), 304–315. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v7-i12/3613
Published
2023-11-11
How to Cite
Mokhtar, N., & Krishnan, R. (2023). A Proposed Framework for the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Employee’s Performance: Mediating Role of Job Demand. Information Management and Business Review, 15(4(SI)I), 200-207. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v15i4(SI)I.3593
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Research Paper
Copyright (c) 2023 Noorzalyla Mokhtar, Ramesh Krishnan
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