The Influence of Personality Traits on Ethical Behavior of Police: The Mediating Effect of Ethical Leadership
Keywords:
Ethical Behavior, Personality, Big Five Model, Ethical Leadership, Police
Abstract
Unethical behavior by police officers continues to garner a lot of attention. Engagement in such conduct will tarnish police reputation as law enforcers who are responsible to protect the welfare of society. Hence, fostering ethical behavior among police officers should be encouraged. However, there is a dearth of in-depth knowledge in existing literature, providing a sufficient explanation contributing to the ethical behavior of police officers. The purpose of this study is to assess the influence of the reciprocal relationship between personal factors and environmental factors on behavioral outcomes. By employing the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) as an underpinning theory, this present study intends to examine the influences of personal factors, namely personality traits, on the ethical behavior of the police. This study also introduces ethical leadership as a mediating variable to fill the knowledge gap in the existing literature.
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References
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Beauchamp, M. R., Crawford, K. L. & Jackson, B. (2019). Social cognitive theory and physical activity: Mechanisms of behavior change, critique, and legacy. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 110-117.
Bhagat, K. K., Wu, L. Y. & Chang, C. Y. (2019). The impact of personality on students’ perceptions towards online learning. Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 35(4), 98–108.
Bhatt, A. & Bhatt, S. (2018). Can Personality Affect Ethical Behavior of Business School Students? International Journal of Business Insights and Transformation, 12(1), 53-60.
Boateng, H., Adam, D. R., Okoe, A. F. & Anning-Dorson, T. (2016). Assessing the determinants of Internet banking adoption intentions: A social cognitive theory perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 468-478.
Costa Jr, P. T. & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and individual differences, 13(6), 653-665.
Deng, J. & Qian, M. (2017). Counselors' and therapists' interpersonal personality and ethical behavior in a dual relationship. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 19-24.
De Hoogh, A. H., Den Hartog, D. N. & Koopman, P. L. (2005). Linking the Big Five-Factors of personality to charismatic and transactional leadership; perceived dynamic work environment as a moderator, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(7), 839-865
Enforcement Agency Integrity Commission. (2022). Statistic_Complaints_Investigation.http://www.eaic.gov.my/en/pusat-sumber/statistic/complaints
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Hassan, S., Wright, B. E. & Yukl, G. (2014). Does ethical leadership matter in government? Effects on organizational commitment, absenteeism, and willingness to report ethical problems. Public Administration Review, 74(3), 333-343.
Helle, A. C., DeShong, H. L., Lengel, G. J., Meyer, N. A., Butler, J. & Mullins-Sweatt, S. N. (2018). Utilizing the five-factor model facets to conceptualize counterproductive, unethical, and organizational citizenship workplace behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 135, 113–120. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.056
Hong, S. (2017). Does increasing ethnic representativeness reduce police misconduct? Public Administration Review, 77(2), 195-205.
Hough, C. (2015). Impact of Ethics Environment and Organizational Trust on Employee Engagement. In Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 18(3).
Husain, W., Majeed, P., Ijaz, F. & Husain, M. A. (2023). The Predictive Role of Big 5 Personality Traits and Psychosocial Health in Marital Readiness. Journal of Internal Medicine: Science & Art, 4, 11-18.
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John, O. P. & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big-Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives.
Kalshoven, K., Den Hartog, D. N. & De Hoogh, A. H. B. (2011). Ethical leader behavior and big five factors of personality. Journal of Business Ethics, 100(2), 349–366.
Kolk, A. (2016). The social responsibility of international business: From ethics and the environment to CSR and sustainable development. Journal of World Business, 51(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2015.08.010
Koodamara, N. K., Prabhu, N., Suhan, M. & Narayanan, S. L. (2021). Big Five personality traits and ethical climate: A test of antecedents of unethical behavior. Journal of Education for Business, 96(4), 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2020.1812487
Loacker, B. (2022). Does the Ethos of Law Erode? Lawyers’ Professional Practices, Self-Understanding and Ethics at Work. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05276-x
Lodi-Smith, J. & Roberts, B. W. (2007). Social investment and personality: A meta-analysis of the relationship of personality traits to investment in work, family, religion, and volunteerism. Personality and social psychology review, 11(1), 68-86.
Mathura, M. (2022). Exploring Citizens Perception of the Police Role and Function in a Post-Colonial Nation. Social Sciences, 11(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11100465
MacCann, C., Duckworth, A. L. & Roberts, R. D. (2009). Empirical identification of the major facets of conscientiousness. Learning and individual differences, 19(4), 451-458.
Malik, N. & Qureshi, T. A. (2021). A study of economic, cultural, and political causes of police corruption in Pakistan. Policing: A journal of policy and practice, 15(2), 1446-1462.
Masood, A., Rafique, R., Qaisar, S. & Musarat, R. (2017). Personality Traits as Predictor of Job Performance in Police Officers. Bahria Journal of Professional Psychology, 16(2).
McCrae, R. R. & Costa, P. T. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of personality and social psychology, 52(1), 81.
McDaniel, J. L. M. (2019). Reconciling mental health, public policing, and police accountability. Police Journal, 92(1), 72–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X18766372
McFerran, B., Aquino, K. & Duffy, M. (2010). How personality and moral identity relate to individuals’ ethical ideology. Business Ethics Quarterly, 20(1), 35-56.
Moon, M. J., Khaltar, O., Lee, J., Hwang, C. & Yim, G. (2020). Public Entrepreneurship and organizational performance in Asia: Do entrepreneurial leadership, ethical climate and Confucian values matter in Korea and China. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 79(3), 330-350.
Ng, T. W. & Lucianetti, L. (2016). Within-individual increases in innovative behavior and creative, persuasion, and change self-efficacy over time: A social–cognitive theory perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(1), 14.
Nguyen, N. P., Wu, H., Evangelista, F. & Nguyen, T. N. Q. (2020). The effects of organizational mindfulness on ethical behavior and firm performance: empirical evidence from Vietnam. Asia Pacific Business Review, 26(3), 313–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2020.1727649
Niederhauser, C. (2019). Unethical pro-organizational behavior and organizational identification: Exploring the moderating effects of conscientiousness and neuroticism. Illinois State University.
Özba?, G. K. (2016). The role of personality in leadership: Five-factor personality traits and ethical leadership. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 235, 235-242.
Ozyilmaz, A., Erdogan, B. & Karaeminogullari, A. (2018). Trust in organization as a moderator of the relationship between self?efficacy and workplace outcomes: A social cognitive theory?based examination. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 91(1), 181-204.
Parks-Leduc, L., Feldman, G. & Bardi, A. (2015). Personality traits and personal values. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19(1), 3–29.
Petasis, A. & Economides, O. (2020). The big five personality traits, occupational stress, and job satisfaction. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 5(4).
Rai, S. & Kumar, V. A. (2012). Five-factor model of personality and role stress. The Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 48(2), 341–353
Roberts, B. W. & Hogan, R. E. (2001). Personality psychology in the workplace. American Psychological Association.
Rothmann, S. & Coetzer, E. P. (2003). The big five personality dimensions and job performance. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 29(1), 68–74.
Roszkowska, P. & Melé, D. (2020). Organizational Factors in the Individual Ethical Behaviour. The Notion of the Organizational Moral Structure. Humanist Manag Journal.
Roszkowska, P. & Melé, D. (2021). Organizational Factors in the Individual Ethical Behaviour. The Notion of the Organizational Moral Structure. Humanistic Management Journal, 6(2), 187–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41463-020-00080-z
Sarfo, C. A., Zhang, J. A., O’Kane, P., Podgorodnichenko, N. & Osei-Fosu, K. K. (2022). Perceived corporate social responsibility and employee ethical behavior: Do employee commitment and co-worker ethicality matter? Journal of Management and Organization, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2021.42
Schwartz, S. A. (2020). Police brutality and racism in America. Explore (New York, NY), 16(5), 280.
Seigfried-Spellar, K. C. & Lankford, C. M. (2018). Personality and online environment factors differ for posters, trolls, lurkers, and confessors on YikYak. Personality and individual differences, 124, 54-56.
Servidio, R. (2019). A discriminant analysis to predict the impact of personality traits, self-esteem, and time spent online on different levels of internet addiction risk among university students. Studia Psychologica, 61(1), 56–70. doi:10.21909/sp. 2019.01.772
Shahzad, K., Raja, U. & Hashmi, S. D. (2021). Impact of Big Five personality traits on authentic leadership. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 42(2), 208-218.
Simha, A. & Parboteeah, K. P. (2019). The Big 5 personality traits and willingness to justify unethical behavior cross-national examination. Journal of Business Ethics, 1–21. doi: 10.1007/s10551-019-04142-7
Sutton, A. (2018). Distinguishing between authenticity and personality consistency in predicting well-being: A mixed method approach. European Review of Applied Psychology, 68(3), 117-130.
Talib, M., Bibi, Z. & Zaman, N. U. (2019). Mediating Effect of Psychological Safety on the Relationship between Ethical Leadership and Employee’s Work Passion: Case Study of HEIs of Baluchistan, Quetta. J. Manag. Sci, 14, 192-202.
Transparency International. (2022). Country Data. https://www.transparency.org/en/countries/malaylsia
Tuffley, D. & Antonio, A. (2017). Five traits of an ethical leader.
Treviño, L. K., Weaver, G. R. & Reynolds, S. J. (2006). Behavioral ethics in organizations: A review. Journal of Management, 32(6), 951-990.
Walumbwa, F. O., Hartnell, C. A. & Misati, E. (2017). Does ethical leadership enhance group learning behavior? Examining the mediating influence of group ethical conduct, justice climate, and peer justice. Journal of Business Research, 72, 14-23.
Westmarland, L. & Conway, S. (2020b). Police ethics and integrity: Keeping the ‘blue code’ of silence. International Journal of Police Science and Management, 22(4), 378–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355720947762
Witt, L. A., Burke, L. A., Barrick, M. R. & Mount, M. K. (2002). The interactive effects of conscientiousness and agreeableness on job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 164.
Wood, R. & Bandura, A. (1989). Social cognitive theory of organizational management. Academy of Management Review, 14(3), 361-384.
Wu, G. & Boateng, F. D. (2019). Police perception of citizens and its impact on police effectiveness and behavior: A cross-cultural comparison between China and Ghana. Policing, 42(5), 785–797. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-07-2018-0099
Anwar, S. & Shah, N. (2018). Impact of personality traits on ethical behavior. The Government-Annual Research Journal of Political Science, 6(6).
Aydogmus, C., Camgoz, S. M., Ergeneli, A. & Ekmekci, O. T. (2018). Perceptions of transformational leadership and job satisfaction: the roles of personality traits and psychological empowerment, Journal of Management and Organization, 24(1), 81-107.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Batilmurik, R., Sudiro, A., Noermijati, N. & Rohman, F. (2020). The Role of Organizational Citizenship Behavior as Relations Mediator: Study of Personality and Performance of Police in Indonesia. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 9, 133-140.
Beauchamp, M. R., Crawford, K. L. & Jackson, B. (2019). Social cognitive theory and physical activity: Mechanisms of behavior change, critique, and legacy. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 110-117.
Bhagat, K. K., Wu, L. Y. & Chang, C. Y. (2019). The impact of personality on students’ perceptions towards online learning. Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 35(4), 98–108.
Bhatt, A. & Bhatt, S. (2018). Can Personality Affect Ethical Behavior of Business School Students? International Journal of Business Insights and Transformation, 12(1), 53-60.
Boateng, H., Adam, D. R., Okoe, A. F. & Anning-Dorson, T. (2016). Assessing the determinants of Internet banking adoption intentions: A social cognitive theory perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 468-478.
Costa Jr, P. T. & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and individual differences, 13(6), 653-665.
Deng, J. & Qian, M. (2017). Counselors' and therapists' interpersonal personality and ethical behavior in a dual relationship. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 19-24.
De Hoogh, A. H., Den Hartog, D. N. & Koopman, P. L. (2005). Linking the Big Five-Factors of personality to charismatic and transactional leadership; perceived dynamic work environment as a moderator, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(7), 839-865
Enforcement Agency Integrity Commission. (2022). Statistic_Complaints_Investigation.http://www.eaic.gov.my/en/pusat-sumber/statistic/complaints
Fairchild, R. (2018). Fraud-perception, superegos, and cultural spread of unethical behavior: theory and evidence from Enron. Fraud-perception, superegos, and cultural spread of unethical behavior: theory and evidence from Enron.
Ferrell, O. C., Harrison, D. E., Ferrell, L. & Hair, J. F. (2019). Business ethics, corporate social responsibility, and brand attitudes: An exploratory study. Journal of Business Research, 95, 491–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.07.039
Giluk, T. L., & Postlethwaite, B. E. (2015). Big five personality and academic dishonesty: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.027
Hassan, S., Wright, B. E. & Yukl, G. (2014). Does ethical leadership matter in government? Effects on organizational commitment, absenteeism, and willingness to report ethical problems. Public Administration Review, 74(3), 333-343.
Helle, A. C., DeShong, H. L., Lengel, G. J., Meyer, N. A., Butler, J. & Mullins-Sweatt, S. N. (2018). Utilizing the five-factor model facets to conceptualize counterproductive, unethical, and organizational citizenship workplace behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 135, 113–120. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.056
Hong, S. (2017). Does increasing ethnic representativeness reduce police misconduct? Public Administration Review, 77(2), 195-205.
Hough, C. (2015). Impact of Ethics Environment and Organizational Trust on Employee Engagement. In Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 18(3).
Husain, W., Majeed, P., Ijaz, F. & Husain, M. A. (2023). The Predictive Role of Big 5 Personality Traits and Psychosocial Health in Marital Readiness. Journal of Internal Medicine: Science & Art, 4, 11-18.
Jalal, R. N. U. D., Zeb, N. & Fayyaz, U. E. R. (2019). The effect of personality traits on employee job satisfaction with the moderating role of Islamic work ethics. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 6(2), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2019.vol6.no2.161
John, O. P. & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big-Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives.
Kalshoven, K., Den Hartog, D. N. & De Hoogh, A. H. B. (2011). Ethical leader behavior and big five factors of personality. Journal of Business Ethics, 100(2), 349–366.
Kolk, A. (2016). The social responsibility of international business: From ethics and the environment to CSR and sustainable development. Journal of World Business, 51(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2015.08.010
Koodamara, N. K., Prabhu, N., Suhan, M. & Narayanan, S. L. (2021). Big Five personality traits and ethical climate: A test of antecedents of unethical behavior. Journal of Education for Business, 96(4), 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2020.1812487
Loacker, B. (2022). Does the Ethos of Law Erode? Lawyers’ Professional Practices, Self-Understanding and Ethics at Work. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05276-x
Lodi-Smith, J. & Roberts, B. W. (2007). Social investment and personality: A meta-analysis of the relationship of personality traits to investment in work, family, religion, and volunteerism. Personality and social psychology review, 11(1), 68-86.
Mathura, M. (2022). Exploring Citizens Perception of the Police Role and Function in a Post-Colonial Nation. Social Sciences, 11(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11100465
MacCann, C., Duckworth, A. L. & Roberts, R. D. (2009). Empirical identification of the major facets of conscientiousness. Learning and individual differences, 19(4), 451-458.
Malik, N. & Qureshi, T. A. (2021). A study of economic, cultural, and political causes of police corruption in Pakistan. Policing: A journal of policy and practice, 15(2), 1446-1462.
Masood, A., Rafique, R., Qaisar, S. & Musarat, R. (2017). Personality Traits as Predictor of Job Performance in Police Officers. Bahria Journal of Professional Psychology, 16(2).
McCrae, R. R. & Costa, P. T. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of personality and social psychology, 52(1), 81.
McDaniel, J. L. M. (2019). Reconciling mental health, public policing, and police accountability. Police Journal, 92(1), 72–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X18766372
McFerran, B., Aquino, K. & Duffy, M. (2010). How personality and moral identity relate to individuals’ ethical ideology. Business Ethics Quarterly, 20(1), 35-56.
Moon, M. J., Khaltar, O., Lee, J., Hwang, C. & Yim, G. (2020). Public Entrepreneurship and organizational performance in Asia: Do entrepreneurial leadership, ethical climate and Confucian values matter in Korea and China. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 79(3), 330-350.
Ng, T. W. & Lucianetti, L. (2016). Within-individual increases in innovative behavior and creative, persuasion, and change self-efficacy over time: A social–cognitive theory perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(1), 14.
Nguyen, N. P., Wu, H., Evangelista, F. & Nguyen, T. N. Q. (2020). The effects of organizational mindfulness on ethical behavior and firm performance: empirical evidence from Vietnam. Asia Pacific Business Review, 26(3), 313–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2020.1727649
Niederhauser, C. (2019). Unethical pro-organizational behavior and organizational identification: Exploring the moderating effects of conscientiousness and neuroticism. Illinois State University.
Özba?, G. K. (2016). The role of personality in leadership: Five-factor personality traits and ethical leadership. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 235, 235-242.
Ozyilmaz, A., Erdogan, B. & Karaeminogullari, A. (2018). Trust in organization as a moderator of the relationship between self?efficacy and workplace outcomes: A social cognitive theory?based examination. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 91(1), 181-204.
Parks-Leduc, L., Feldman, G. & Bardi, A. (2015). Personality traits and personal values. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19(1), 3–29.
Petasis, A. & Economides, O. (2020). The big five personality traits, occupational stress, and job satisfaction. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 5(4).
Rai, S. & Kumar, V. A. (2012). Five-factor model of personality and role stress. The Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 48(2), 341–353
Roberts, B. W. & Hogan, R. E. (2001). Personality psychology in the workplace. American Psychological Association.
Rothmann, S. & Coetzer, E. P. (2003). The big five personality dimensions and job performance. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 29(1), 68–74.
Roszkowska, P. & Melé, D. (2020). Organizational Factors in the Individual Ethical Behaviour. The Notion of the Organizational Moral Structure. Humanist Manag Journal.
Roszkowska, P. & Melé, D. (2021). Organizational Factors in the Individual Ethical Behaviour. The Notion of the Organizational Moral Structure. Humanistic Management Journal, 6(2), 187–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41463-020-00080-z
Sarfo, C. A., Zhang, J. A., O’Kane, P., Podgorodnichenko, N. & Osei-Fosu, K. K. (2022). Perceived corporate social responsibility and employee ethical behavior: Do employee commitment and co-worker ethicality matter? Journal of Management and Organization, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2021.42
Schwartz, S. A. (2020). Police brutality and racism in America. Explore (New York, NY), 16(5), 280.
Seigfried-Spellar, K. C. & Lankford, C. M. (2018). Personality and online environment factors differ for posters, trolls, lurkers, and confessors on YikYak. Personality and individual differences, 124, 54-56.
Servidio, R. (2019). A discriminant analysis to predict the impact of personality traits, self-esteem, and time spent online on different levels of internet addiction risk among university students. Studia Psychologica, 61(1), 56–70. doi:10.21909/sp. 2019.01.772
Shahzad, K., Raja, U. & Hashmi, S. D. (2021). Impact of Big Five personality traits on authentic leadership. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 42(2), 208-218.
Simha, A. & Parboteeah, K. P. (2019). The Big 5 personality traits and willingness to justify unethical behavior cross-national examination. Journal of Business Ethics, 1–21. doi: 10.1007/s10551-019-04142-7
Sutton, A. (2018). Distinguishing between authenticity and personality consistency in predicting well-being: A mixed method approach. European Review of Applied Psychology, 68(3), 117-130.
Talib, M., Bibi, Z. & Zaman, N. U. (2019). Mediating Effect of Psychological Safety on the Relationship between Ethical Leadership and Employee’s Work Passion: Case Study of HEIs of Baluchistan, Quetta. J. Manag. Sci, 14, 192-202.
Transparency International. (2022). Country Data. https://www.transparency.org/en/countries/malaylsia
Tuffley, D. & Antonio, A. (2017). Five traits of an ethical leader.
Treviño, L. K., Weaver, G. R. & Reynolds, S. J. (2006). Behavioral ethics in organizations: A review. Journal of Management, 32(6), 951-990.
Walumbwa, F. O., Hartnell, C. A. & Misati, E. (2017). Does ethical leadership enhance group learning behavior? Examining the mediating influence of group ethical conduct, justice climate, and peer justice. Journal of Business Research, 72, 14-23.
Westmarland, L. & Conway, S. (2020b). Police ethics and integrity: Keeping the ‘blue code’ of silence. International Journal of Police Science and Management, 22(4), 378–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355720947762
Witt, L. A., Burke, L. A., Barrick, M. R. & Mount, M. K. (2002). The interactive effects of conscientiousness and agreeableness on job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 164.
Wood, R. & Bandura, A. (1989). Social cognitive theory of organizational management. Academy of Management Review, 14(3), 361-384.
Wu, G. & Boateng, F. D. (2019). Police perception of citizens and its impact on police effectiveness and behavior: A cross-cultural comparison between China and Ghana. Policing, 42(5), 785–797. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-07-2018-0099
Published
2023-11-10
How to Cite
Zakaria, N. Z., Osman, I., & Noranee, S. (2023). The Influence of Personality Traits on Ethical Behavior of Police: The Mediating Effect of Ethical Leadership. Information Management and Business Review, 15(4(SI)I), 138-145. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v15i4(SI)I.3585
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Copyright (c) 2023 Norlida Zakirai Zakaria, Idris Osman, Shereen Noranee
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