Modelling Workplace Ostracism among Workforces amid Pandemic Outbreaks
Keywords:
Workplace, Ostracism, Protection Motivation Theory, Workforce.
Abstract
Amid pandemic outbreaks, many jobs that were once thought to be safe are now considered potentially harmful since the virus can be easily spread from one person to another. Albeit vaccination program, the fear of infections at the workplace is still alarming as getting vaccinated is a voluntary act and the virus keeps evolving from time to time. As everyone must keep their working life at risk since social distancing and wearing face masks are no longer being forcefully practiced, people are taking safety precautions into their own hands, leading to changes in ostracized behavior in the workplace. Following the Theory of Protection Motivation, this paper made attempts to conceptually model workplace ostracism to understand why some workforces are changing their behavior towards ostracism during a pandemic outbreak. Towards the end, the findings from this study are expected to contribute towards achieving mentally stable workforces and sustainable human resources.
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References
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Azizi, M. R., Atlasi, R., Ziapour, A., Abbas, J. & Naemi, R. (2021). Innovative human resource management strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic narrative review approach. Heliyon, 7(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07233
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Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N., Drury, J., Dube, O., Ellemers, N., Finkel, E. J., Fowler, J. H., Gelfand, M., Han, S., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J. & Willer, R. (2020). Using social and behavioral science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. In Nature Human Behaviour, 4(5), 460–471. Nature Research. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z
Bazzoli, A. & Probst, T. M. (2022). COVID-19 moral disengagement and prevention behaviors: The impact of perceived workplace COVID-19 safety climate and employee job insecurity. Safety Science, 150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105703
Carnevale, J. B. & Hatak, I. (2020). Employee adjustment and well-being in the era of COVID-19: Implications for human resource management. Journal of Business Research, 116, 183–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.037
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De Meulenaer, S., De Pelsmacker, P. & Dens, N. (2018). Power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and the effects of source credibility on health risk message compliance. Health Communication, 33(3), 291–298.
DeFranco, A. & Morosan, C. (2017). Coping with the risk of internet connectivity in hotels: Perspectives from American consumers traveling internationally. Tourism Management, 61, 380–393.
Dennerlein, J. T., Williams, J. A. R., Peters, S. E., Chan, H. T. H., Wallace, L., Karapanos, M. & Sorensen, G. (2020). An integrative total worker health framework for keeping workers safe and healthy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Human Factors, 00(0), 1.
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Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D. & Williams, K. D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302(5643), 290–292.
Ferris, D. L., Brown, D. J., Berry, J. W. & Lian, H. (2008). The development and validation of the Workplace Ostracism Scale. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1348.
Fisher, J. J. (2015). The efficacy of the protection motivation theory in predicting cruise ship passengers’ intentions regarding norovirus disease incidence.
Floyd, D. L., Prentice?Dunn, S. & Rogers, R. W. (2000). A meta?analysis of research on protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(2), 407–429.
Graupmann, V. & Pfundmair, M. (2023). When ostracism is mandated: COVID-19, social distancing, and psychological needs. The Journal of Social Psychology, 163(1), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2022.2026284
Hales, A. H., Wood, N. R. & Williams, K. D. (2021). Navigating COVID-19: Insights from research on social ostracism. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 24(2), 306–310. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220981408
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Kim, J., Yang, K., Min, J. & White, B. (2022). Hope, fear, and consumer behavioral change amid COVID?19: Application of protection motivation theory. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 46(2), 558–574.
KKMNOW. (2023, June 8). https://data.moh.gov.my/covid
Lee, J. & Shrum, L. J. (2012). Conspicuous consumption versus charitable behavior in response to social exclusion: A differential needs explanation. Journal of Consumer Research, 39(3), 530–544.
Lee, Y. (2022). What a dialogic internal communication fosters employees’ safety behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Relations Review, 48(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2022.102156
Lima, C. K. T., Carvalho, P. M. de M., Lima, I. de A. A. S., Nunes, J. V. A. de O., Saraiva, J. S., de Souza, R. I., da Silva, C. G. L. & Neto, M. L. R. (2020). The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). In Psychiatry Research, 287. Elsevier Ireland Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915
Liu, H. & Xia, H. (2016). Workplace ostracism: A review and directions for future research. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 04(03), 197–201. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhrss.2016.43022
Maner, J. K., DeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F. & Schaller, M. (2007). Does social exclusion motivate interpersonal reconnection? resolving the “porcupine problem.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(1), 42.
Muneer, s., Tufail, M. S., Shabbir, R. & Sabir, H. M. (2017). Impact of Service Quality on Customer Loyalty in The Context of Islamic Banking in Pakistan. City University Research Journal, special issue AIC Malaysia, 292-308.
Nezlek, J. B., Wesselmann, E. D., Wheeler, L. & Williams, K. D. (2015). Ostracism in everyday life: The effects of ostracism on those who ostracize. Journal of Social Psychology, 155(5), 432–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2015.1062351
Nisar, Q. A., Haider, S., Ali, F., Naz, S. & Ryu, K. (2021). Depletion of psychological, financial, and social resources in the hospitality sector during the pandemic. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102794
Norman, P., Boer, H., Seydel, E. R. & Mullan, B. (2015). Protection motivation theory. Predicting and Changing Health Behaviour: Research and Practice with Social Cognition Models, 3, 70–106.
O’Donoghue, A., Dechen, T., Pavlova, W., Boals, M., Moussa, G., Madan, M., Thakkar, A. & DeFalco, F. J. (2020). Super-spreader businesses and risk of COVID transmission.
Ouwerkerk, J. W., Kerr, N. L., Gallucci, M. & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2005). Avoiding the social death penalty: Ostracism and cooperation in social dilemmas. The Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, and Bullying, 321–332.
Pasamehmetoglu, A., Guzzo, R. F. & Guchait, P. (2022). Workplace ostracism: Impact on social capital, organizational trust, and service recovery performance. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 50, 119–126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.01.007
Pawar, D. S., Yadav, A. K., Akolekar, N. & Velaga, N. R. (2020). Impact of physical distancing due to novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) on daily travel for work during transition to lockdown. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100203
Pellegrini, V., De Cristofaro, V., Salvati, M., Giacomantonio, M. & Leone, L. (2021). Social exclusion and anti-immigration attitudes in Europe: The mediating role of interpersonal trust. Social Indicators Research, 155(2), 697–724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02618-6
Piachaud, D., Bennett, F., Nazroo, J. & Popay, J. (2009). Report of task group 9: social inclusion and social mobility. Task Group Submission to the Marmot Review.
Pilch, I., Wardawy, P. & Probierz, E. (2021). The predictors of adaptive and maladaptive coping behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: The Protection Motivation Theory and the Big Five personality traits. PLoS ONE, 16(October). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258606
Richman, L. S., Martin, J. & Guadagno, J. (2016). Stigma-based rejection and the detection of signs of acceptance. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(1), 53–60.
Roger, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and Psychological Processes in Fear Appeals and Attitude Change. In Social Psychophysiology (pp. 153–176).
Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. The Journal of Psychology, 91(1), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803
Rothan, H. A. & Byrareddy, S. N. (2020). The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of Autoimmunity, 109, 102433.
Sarwar, A., Abdullah, M. I., Imran, M. K. & Rafiq, N. (2022). How ostracism jeopardizes customers’ interests at restaurants: a study in the context of COVID-19. Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABES-12-2021-0215
Shah, M. & Hashmi, M. S. (2019). Relationship between Organizational Culture and Knowledge Hiding in Software Industry: Mediating Role of Workplace Ostracism and Workplace Incivility. In Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 13(4).
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Published
2023-11-10
How to Cite
Othman, N. A. F., Izhan, F. F. A., Sundram, V. P. K., Majid, M., Mat Din, S. Z., Abdul Munir, Z., & Mohamed Razali, M. Z. (2023). Modelling Workplace Ostracism among Workforces amid Pandemic Outbreaks. Information Management and Business Review, 15(4(SI)I), 86-93. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v15i4(SI)I.3579
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Section
Research Paper
Copyright (c) 2023 Nor Azairiah Fatimah Othman, Farsha Farahana Ahmad Izhan, Veera Pandiyan Kaliani Sundram, Muhammad Majid, Syaidatul Zarina Mat Din, Zarina Abdul Munir, Murni Zarina Mohamed Razali
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