Financial Well-Being of Micro-Entrepreneurs: A Proposed Conceptual Framework
Abstract
The financial well-being of micro-entrepreneurs is a multifaceted concept that encompasses both financial stability and personal satisfaction with one's financial situation. The pandemic experienced by the country has affected people from all walks of life, including micro-entrepreneurs. These self-employed people not only scored the lowest when it comes to financial behaviors but they are also the most vulnerable in terms of financial well-being. This study intends to fill a gap in the literature by looking at the factors that influence micro-entrepreneurs' financial well-being in Malaysia. A systematic review of reviews was conducted through electronic databases between January 2018 and December 2022 using refined search methods, such as the Boolean operator, phrase searching, truncation, wild card, and field code functions, based on enriched keywords: ("FINANCIAL WELL-BEING*" OR “FINANCIAL WELLBEING) AND ("MICRO-ENTREPRENEUR* OR “MICRO-ENTERPRISE*"). Scopus and Web of Science were selected as the two primary databases to search for relevant articles and materials for the review. The results demonstrate the incorporation of several variables into the proposed framework of financial well-being of micro-entrepreneurs, namely social trust, social networks, financial self-efficacy, and financial innovation as a mediator. The proposed framework is derived from the Social Capital Theory and the Social Cognitive Theory, as well as reviews of past empirical studies.
Downloads
References
Adu-Baffour, F., Daum, T. & Birner, R. (2021). Governance challenges of small-scale gold mining in Ghana: Insights from a process net-map study. Land Use Policy, 102.
Agostoni, C., Baglioni, M., La Vecchia, A., Molari, G. & Berti, C. (2023). Interlinkages between Climate Change and Food Systems: The Impact on Child Malnutrition-Narrative Review. Nutrients, 15(2), 416.
Alexander, P., Brown, C., Arneth, A., Finnigan, J. & Rounsevell, M. (2019). Human appropriation of land for food: The role of diet. Global Environmental Change, 58.
Am, y. J., Furstenthal, L., Jorge, F. & Roth, E. (2020). Innovation in a crisis: San Francisco: Mckinsey & Company.
Anderson, E., Wei, R., Liu, B., Plummer, R., Kelahan, H., Tamez, M. & Mattei, J. (2021). Improving healthy food choices in low-income settings in the United States using behavioral economic-based adaptations to choice architecture. Frontiers in Nutrition, 8.
Asiedu, B., Adetola, J. & Odame Kissi, I. (2017). Aquaculture in troubled climate: Farmers’ perception of climate change and their adaptation. Cogent Food and Agriculture, 3(1).
Bai, C., Gong, Y. & Feng, C. (2019). Social Trust, Pattern of Difference, and Subjective Well-Being. Sage, 1-17. doi:10.1177/2158244019865765
Baktir, Z. & Watson, F. (2021). Trust-Driven Entrepreneurship for Community Well-Being of Refugees and Their Local Hosts. Journal of Macromarketing, 251-266. doi:10.1177/0276146720935157
Balehegn, M., Duncan, A., Tolera, A., Ayantunde, A., Issa, S., Karimou, M. & Adesogan, A. (2020). Improving adoption of technologies and interventions for increasing the supply of quality livestock feed in low-and middle-income countries. Global food security, 26.
Bandura, A. (1991). Social Cognitive Theory of Self-Regulation. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 248-287.
Bank Negara Malaysia. (2022, January 24). Financial Sector Blueprint 2022-2026. Retrieved from Elevate the financial well-being of households and business: https://www.bnm.gov.my/publications/fsb3
Belton, B., Johnson, D., Thrift, E., Olsen, J., Hossain, M. & Thilsted, S. (2022). Dried fish at the intersection of food science, economy, and culture: A global survey. Fish and Fisheries, 23(4), 941-962.
Ben Ayed, R. & Hanana, M. (2021). Artificial intelligence to improve the food and agriculture sector. Journal of Food Quality, 1-7.
Beugelsdijk, S., Groot, H. d. & Schaik, T. (2004). Trust and economic growth: a robustness analysis. Oxford Economic Papers (pp. 118-134). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Bezner Kerr, R., Hickey, C., Lupafya, E. & Dakishoni, L. (2019). Repairing rifts or reproducing inequalities? Agroecology, food sovereignty, and gender justice in Malawi. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 46(7), 1499-1518.
Bindi, M., Palosuo, T., Trnka, M. & Semenov, M. (2015). Modeling climate change impacts on crop production for food security. Climate Research, 65, 3–5.
Bjornlund, V., Bjornlund, H. & van Rooyen, A. (2022). Why food insecurity persists in sub-Saharan Africa: A review of existing evidence. Food Security, 14(4), 845-864.
Brüggen, E. C., Hogrev, J., Holmlund, M., Kabadayi, S. & Löfgren, M. (2017). Financial well-being: A conceptualization and research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 228–237.
Clapp, J. (2021). Nature Food, 2(6), 404-408.
Clapp, J. & Moseley, W. (2020). This food crisis is different: COVID-19 and the fragility of the neoliberal food security order. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 47(7), 1393-1417.
Clapp, J., Moseley, W., Burlingame, B. & Termine, P. (2022). The case for a six-dimensional food security framework. Food Policy, 106.
Claridge, T. (2018). Introduction to Social Capital Theory. Social Capital Research, 1-658.
Coates, J. (2013). Build it back better: Deconstructing food security for improved measurement and action. Global Food Security, 2(3), 188-194.
Desmarais, A. A. (2017). Food sovereignty and the challenge of democracy: A public policy perspective. Routledge.
Di Prima, S., Wright, E. P., Sharma, I. K., Syurina, E. & Broerse, J. (2022). Implementation and scale-up of nutrition-sensitive agriculture in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review of what works, what doesn't work and why. Global Food Security, 32.
Diekmann, L. O., Gray, L. & Thai, C. (2020). More than food: The social benefits of localized urban food systems. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4.
Djankov, S. & Panizza, U. (2020). COVID-19 in developing economies. Örebro: EconPapers.
Edusah. (2013). The Informal Sector, Micro-Enterprises and Small-Scale Industries: The Conceptual Quandary. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 117-185.
Fanzo, J. (2014). Strengthening the engagement of food and health systems to improve nutrition security: Synthesis and overview of approaches to address malnutrition. Global food security, 3(3-4), 183-192.
FAO. (2019). The State of Food and Agriculture 2019: Moving Forward on Food Loss and Waste Reduction. Rome. Retrieved from World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Pocketbook 2019.: https:www.fao.org
Farrell, L., Fry, T. R. & Risse, L. (2016). The significance of financial self-efficacy in explaining women’s personal finance behavior. Journal of Economic Psychology, 54, 85-99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2015.07.001
Filippini, R., Mazzocchi, C. & Corsi, S. (2019). The contribution of Urban Food Policies toward food security in developing and developed countries: A network analysis approach. Sustainable Cities and Society, 47.
Fitzpatrick, K., Greenhalgh-Stanley, N. & Ver Ploeg, M. (2019). Food deserts and diet-related health outcomes of the elderly. Food Policy, 87.
Galli, F. & Watters, R. (2019). Food systems and the SDGs: Bridging the policy gap. Rome: FAO.
Garnett, T., Appleby, M., Balmford, A., Bateman, I., Benton, T., Bloomer, P. & Godfray, H. (2013). Sustainable intensification in agriculture: premises and policies. Science, 341(6141), 33-34.
Gava, O., Bartolini, F., Venturi, F., Brunori, G. & Pardossi, A. (2020). Improving policy evidence base for agricultural sustainability and food security: A content analysis of life cycle assessment research. Sustainability, 12(3), 1033.
Geekiyanage, D., Fernando, T. & Keraminiyage, K. (2020). Assessing the state of the art in community engagement for participatory decision-making in disaster risk-sensitive urban development. International journal of disaster risk reduction, 51.
Ghosh, S. & Vinod, D. (2017). What Constrains Financial Inclusion for Women? Evidence from Indian Microdata. World Development, 92(C), 60-81.
Godde, C. M., Mason-D’Croz, D., Mayberry, D. & Thornton, P. (2021). Impacts of climate change on the livestock food supply chain; a review of the evidence. Global food security, 28.
Guiso, L., Sapienza, P. & Zingales, L. (2004). The Role of Social Capital in Financial Development. American Economic Review, 526-556.
Heidkamp, R. A., Piwoz, E., Gillespie, S., Keats, E., D'Alimonte, M., Menon, P. & Bhutta, Z. (2021). Mobilizing evidence, data, and resources to achieve global maternal and child undernutrition targets and the Sustainable Development Goals: An agenda for action. The Lancet, 397(10282), 1400-1418.
Ignowski, L., Belton, B., Tran, N. & Ameye, H. (2023). Dietary inadequacy in Tanzania is linked to the rising cost of nutritious foods and consumption of food away from home. Global Food Security, 37.
Ingram, J. (2020). Nutrition security is more than food security. Nature food, 1(1), 2-2.
IPBES. (2019). Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Bonn: IPBES Secretariat.
IPCC. (2019). Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Geneva: IPCC.
Iramani, R. & Lutfi, L. (2021). An integrated model of financial well-being: The role of financial behavior. Accounting, 691-700.
Khan, K. A., Dankiewicz, R., Kliuchnikava, Y. & Oláh, J. (2020). How do entrepreneurs feel about bankruptcy? International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 8(1), 89-101.
Khraisha, T. & Arthur, K. (2018). Can we have a general theory of financial innovation processes? A conceptual review. Financial Innovation, 1-27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-018-0088-y
Knack, S. (2022). Social Capital and the Quality of Government: Evidence from the States. American Journal of Political Science, 46(4), 772-785.
Kwon, O. Y. (2019). Social Trust and Economic Development: The Case of South Korea. Canada: Edward Elgar. doi:10.4337/9781784719609.00008
Lachance, M. E. & Tang, N. (2012). Financial Advice and Trust. Economics.
LaMorte, W. W. (2019). The Social Cognitive Theory. Boston University School of Public Health.
Leip, A., Caldeira, C., Corrado, S., Hutchings, N., Schaap, M. & van Grinsven, H. (2022). Halving nitrogen waste in the European Union food systems requires both dietary shifts and farm-level actions. Global Food Security, 35.
Levine, R. (2005). Finance and Growth: Theory and Evidence. In P. Aghion, & S. Durlauf, Handbook of Economic Growth (pp. 1-40). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
Lewis, M. (2020). Informal Enterprises in the East Cape. East Cape: Eastern Cape Socio-Economic Consultative Council.
Li, N. & He, M. (2022). Social Security Satisfaction and People’s Subjective Wellbeing in China: The Serial Mediation Effect of Social Fairness and Social Trust. Frontiers in Psychology, 1-16. doi:10.3389/fps.2022.855530
Li, Y. (2016). Social mobility, social network and subjective well-being in the UK. Contemporary Social Science, 11(2-3), 222-237.
Liguori, J., Trübswasser, U., Pradeilles, R., Le Port, A., Landais, E., Talsma, E. & Holdsworth, M. (2022). How do food safety concerns affect consumer behaviors and diets in low-and middle-income countries? A systematic review. Global Food Security, 35.
Machalek, R. & Martin, M. W. (2015). Sociobiology and Sociology: A New Synthesis. In J. D. Wright, & J. D. Wright (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition) (pp. 892-898). Elsevier.
Mardones, F. O., Rich , K., Boden, L., Moreno-Switt, A., Caipo, M., Zimin-Veselkoff, N. & Baltenweck, I. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and global food security. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7.
Máté, D., Novotny, A. & Meyer, D. (2021). The impact of sustainability goals on productivity growth: The moderating role of global warming. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21).
Mattas, K., Tsakiridou, E., Karelakis, C., Lazaridou, D., Gorton, M., Filipovi?, J. & Veneziani, M. (2021). Strengthening the sustainability of European food chains through quality and procurement policies. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 120, 248-253.
MEDAC. (2021, July 1). MEDAC Plans to Introduce Protection Plans for Micro and Informal Enterprises. Retrieved from Kementerian Pembangunan Usahawan dan Koperasi: https://kuskop.gov.my/admin/files/med/image/portal/PDF/Kenyataan%20media/PRESS%20RELEASE%20%20@%20MEDAC%20PLANS%20TO%20INTRODUCE%20PROTECTION%20PLANS%20FOR%20MICRO%20AND%20INFORMAL%20ENTERPRISEs.pdf
Michalos, A. C. (2022). The Pope of Happiness A Festschrift for Ruut Veenhoven. Canada: Springer.
Misra, N. N., Dixit, Y., Al-Mallahi, A., Bhullar, M., Upadhyay, R. & Martynenko, A. (2022 ). IoT, Big Data, and Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture and Food Industry. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 9(9), 6305–6324.
Morales, D. X., Morales, S. & Beltran, T. (2021). Racial/ethnic disparities in household food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationally representative study. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 8, 1300-1314.
Murrell, A. & Jones, R. (2020). Measuring Food insecurity using the food abundance index: implications for economic, health and social well-being. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(7), 2434.
Nabuuma, D., Reimers, C., Hoang, K., Stomph, T. & Swaans, K. (2022). Impact of seed system interventions on food and nutrition security in low and middle-income countries: A scoping review. Global Food Security, 33.
Nakawuka, P., Langan, S., Schmitter, P. & Barron, J. (2018). A review of trends, constraints and opportunities of smallholder irrigation in East Africa. Global food security, 17, 196-212.
Namany, S., Govindan, R., Alfagih, L., McKay, G. & Al-Ansari, T. (2020). Sustainable food security decision-making: an agent-based modeling approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 255.
Naveed, M., Farah, M. F. & Hasni, M. J. (2021). The transformative role of firm information transparency in triggering retail investor’s perceived financial well-being. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 39(7), 1091-1113.
Nguena, C. L. (2019). On financial innovation in developing countries: The determinants of mobile banking and financial development in Africa. Journal of Innovation Economics & Management, 69-94.
Nguyen, S. M. (2022). Visualization and bibliometric analysis on the research of financial well-being. international Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 10-18.
Nisbett, N., Harris, J., Backholer, K., Baker, P., Jernigan, V. & Friel, S. (2022). Holding no-one back: the nutrition equity framework in theory and practice. Global Food Security, 32.
Nunn, P. & Kumar, R. (2018). Understanding climate-human interactions in Small Island Developing States (SIDS): Implications for future livelihood sustainability. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 10(2), 245–271.
Odeku, K. O. (2013). Global climate change, threat to food safety and poverty. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(14), 827–834.
O'Hara, S. & Toussaint, E. (2021). Food access in crisis: Food security and COVID-19. Ecological Economics, 180.
Pajares, F. (2002). Overview of Social Cognitive Theory and Self-Efficacy. Emory University, 1-5.
Panchasara, H., Samrat, N. & Islam, N. (2021). Greenhouse gas emissions trends and mitigation measures in Australian agriculture sector—a review. Agriculture, 11(2), 85.
Penne, T. & Goedemé, T. (2021). Can low-income households afford a healthy diet? Insufficient income as a driver of food insecurity in Europe. Food Policy, 99.
Pérez-Escamilla, R. & Segall-Corrêa, A. (2008). Revista de Nutrição, 21, 15-26.
Pérez-Escamilla, R., Shamah-Levy, T. & Candel, J. (2017). Global Food Security, 14, 68-72.
Philippidis, G., Sartori, M., Ferrari, E. & M'Barek, R. (2019). Waste not, want not: A bio-economic impact assessment of household food waste reductions in the EU. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 146, 514-522.
Poirier, B. & Neufeld, H. (2023). We Need to Live off the Land”: An Exploration and Conceptualization of Community-Based Indigenous Food Sovereignty Experiences and Practices. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5), 4627.
Pörtner, L. M., Lambrecht, N., Springmann, M., Bodirsky, B., Gaupp, F., Freund, F. & Gabrysch, S. (2022). We need a food system transformation—In the face of the Russia-Ukraine war, now more than ever. One Earth, 5(5), 470-472.
Qu, W. G., Pinsonneault, A., Tomiuk, D., Wang, S. & Liu, Y. (2015). The impacts of social trust on open and closed B2B e-commerce: A Europe-based study. Information & Management, 52, 151-159.
Ramli, A. & Yekini, L. S. (2022). Cash Flow Management among Micro-Traders: Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability, 14(7), 1-21.
Rejeb, A., Rejeb, K. & Zailani, S. (2021). Big data for sustainable agri?food supply chains: a review and future research perspectives. Journal of Data, Information and Management, 3, 167-182.
Ripkey, C., Little, P., Dominguez-Salas, P., Kinabo, J., Mwanri, A. & Girard, A. (2021). Increased climate variability and sedentarization in Tanzania: Health and nutrition implications on pastoral communities of Mvomero and Handeni districts, Tanzania. Global Food Security, 29.
Rosenthal, J. P., Quinn, M., Hatt, E. & Wallinga, D. (2021). Food systems and public health: Linkages to achieve healthier diets and healthier communities. Annual Review of Public Health, 42, 183-198.
Sabri, M. F., Wahab, R., Mahdzan, N. S., Magli, A. S. & Rahim, H. A. (2022). Mediating Effect of Financial Behaviour on the Relationship Between Perceived Financial Wellbeing and Its Factors Among Low-income Young Adults in Malaysia. Frontiers in Psychology, 1-16.
Santeramo, F. G. & Lamonaca, E. (2021). Food loss–food waste–food security: a new research agenda. Sustainability, 13(9), 4642.
Sapienza, S. & Vedder, A. (2021). Principle-based recommendations for big data and machine learning in food safety: the P-SAFETY model. AI and Society, 38(1), 5–20.
Savari, M. & Amghani, M. (2022). SWOT-FAHP-TOWS analysis for adaptation strategies development among small-scale farmers in drought conditions. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 67.
Scholtz, M. M., Schönfeldt, H., Neser, F. & Schutte, G. (2014). Research and development on climate change and greenhouse gases in support of climate-smart livestock production and a vibrant industry. South African Journal of Animal Sciences, 44(5), 1–7.
Scoones, I., Stirling, A., Abrol, D., Atela, J., Charli-Joseph, L., Eakin, H. & Yang, L. (2020). Transformations to sustainability: combining structural, systemic and enabling approaches. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 42, 65-75.
Sharifi, A. (2020). Trade-offs and conflicts between urban climate change mitigation and adaptation measures: A literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 276.
Sinclair, K., Thompson-Colón, T., Bastidas-Granja, A., Matamoros, S., Olaya, E. & Melgar-Quiñonez, H. (2022). Women's autonomy and food security: connecting the dots from the perspective of Indigenous women in rural Colombia. SSM-Qualitative Research in Health, 2.
SME Corp. (2023, 3 9). Micro Enterprises. Retrieved from SME Corporation Malaysia: https://www.smecorp.gov.my/index.php/en/micro-enterprises
Smith, L. P., Ng, S. & Popkin, B. (2017). Trends in US home food preparation and consumption: analysis of national nutrition surveys and time use studies from 1965-1966 to 2007-2008. Nutrition Journal, 16(1), 1-16.
Spanaki, K., Karafili, E., Sivarajah, U., Despoudi, S. & Irani, Z. (2022). Artificial intelligence and food security: swarm intelligence of AgriTech drones for smart AgriFood operations. Production Planning & Control, 33(16), 1498-1516.
Speich, C., Barth-Jaeggi, T., Musard, C., Havugimana, C., Gakuba, E. & Prytherch, H. (2023). Nutrition in City Ecosystems (NICE): Protocol of a multi-sectoral development project to improve food and nutrition security of secondary city populations in Bangladesh, Kenya and Rwanda. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 211.
Talari, G., Cummins, E., McNamara, C. & O’Brien, J. (2022). State-of-the-art review of Big Data and web-based Decision Support Systems (DSS) for food safety risk assessment concerning climate change. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 126, 192–204.
The Star. (2021, September 28). Over 37,000 businesses folded in pandemic times, says minister. Retrieved from TheStar: https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/09/28/over-37000-businesses-folded-in-pandemic-times-says-minister
Thomas, A. & Gupta, V. (2021). Social Capital Theory, Social Exchange Theory, Social Cognitive Theory, Financial Literacy, and the Role of Knowledge Sharing as a Moderator in Enhancing Financial Well-Being: From Bibliometric Analysis to a Conceptual Framework Model. Frontiers in Psychology, 1-16.
Tupminen, M. & Haanpää, L. (2022). Young People’s Well-BeingSS and the Association with Social Capital, i.e. Social Networks, Trust and Reciprocity. Social Indicators Research, 159, 617-647.
Tzanakis, M. (2013). Social capital in Bourdieu’s, Coleman’s and Putnam’s theory: empirical evidence and emergent measurement issues. Educate, 13(2), 2-23.
Vågsholm, I., Arzoomand, N. & Boqvist, S. (2020). Food Security, Safety, and Sustainability—Getting the Trade-Offs Right. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4, 16.
Wang, H. L. & Wang, D. (2022). Agricultural Insurance, Climate Change, and Food Security: Evidence from Chinese Farmers. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(15).
World Health Organization. (2021, May 20). The impact of COVID-19 on global health goals. Retrieved from COVID-19 responsible for at least 3 million excess deaths in 2020: https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-global-health-goals
Wudil, A., Usman, M., Rosak-Szyrocka, J., Pila?, L. & Boye, M. (2022). Reversing Years for Global Food Security: A Review of the Food Security Situation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22).
Yeo, J. & Lee, Y. G. (2019). Understanding the Association Between Perceived Financial Well-Being and Life Satisfaction Among Older Adults: Does Social Capital Play a Role? Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 592-608.
Zhang, Q., Dhir, A. & Kaur, P. (2022). Circular economy and the food sector: A systematic literature review. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 32, 655-668.
Copyright (c) 2023 Putri Aliah Mohd Hidzir, Shafinar Ismail, Sharifah Heryati Syed Nor, Aqilah Nadiah Md Sahiq
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Author (s) should affirm that the material has not been published previously. It has not been submitted and it is not under consideration by any other journal. At the same time author (s) need to execute a publication permission agreement to assume the responsibility of the submitted content and any omissions and errors therein. After submission of revised paper in the light of suggestions of the reviewers, the editorial team edits and formats manuscripts to bring uniformity and standardization in published material.
This work will be licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) and under condition of the license, users are free to read, copy, remix, transform, redistribute, download, print, search or link to the full texts of articles and even build upon their work as long as they credit the author for the original work. Moreover, as per journal policy author (s) hold and retain copyrights without any restrictions.