Competitive Advantages amongst Travel Agencies in Malaysian SMEs: The Role of IOE Factors and Web Technologies & E-Business Adoption
Keywords:
Web-Technology & E-Business Adoption; competitive advantage; travel agencies; Malaysia; SMTAs
Abstract
In response to the volatile industrial landscape, particularly about Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), organizations have extensively embraced electronic business (e-business) as a strategic initiative aimed at enhancing their competitive advantage mechanisms. Nevertheless, the adoption of e-business amongst local Small and Medium Travel Agency (SMTAs) is still negligible. This study seeks to introduce a comprehensive model encompassing the factors driving and the consequences resulting from the adoption of e-business within SMTAs. The determinants of e-business adoption and the adoption of web-based technologies were empirically examined by employing data obtained from a sample of 323 managerial personnel. The collected data was subjected to analysis through structural equation modelling methods. The findings revealed the significance of specific determinants in influencing the adoption of e-business. Particularly, owner support, perceived ease of use, and government support emerged as critical factors influencing the decision to adopt e-business within SMTAs. In contrast attitude, competitive pressure, and relative advantage were found not significant. While e-business adoption has a major impact on SME functioning and operational progress, it also influences competitive advantage. This study's exploration of the factors influencing, and the consequences associated with the adoption of e-business offers valuable insights. These findings offer e-business practitioners and managers practical guidance for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of e-business adoption within their respective organizations. The results also provided a basis for more precise e-business studies to be conducted for small and medium companies in developing countries.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Abu Abid, A., Rahim, M. M. & Scheepers, H. (2011). Experienced Benefits and Barriers of E-Business Technology Adoption by SME Suppliers. Communications of the IBIMA, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5171/2011.791778
Afzal, H. (2007). EC Adoption and Critical Success Factors of EC in SMEs in Iran. Lulea University of Technology Division of Industrial Marketing and E-Commerce.
Al Hrou, S. A. & Mohamed, B. (2014). Human Resource Management Practice Tourism and Hotel Industry. SHS Web of Conferences, 12, 01076. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20141201076
Alam, S. S. & Mohammad Noor, M. K. (2009). ICT Adoption in Small and Medium Enterprises: An Empirical Evidence of Service Sectors in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v4n2p112
Alvarez, S. A. & Busenitz, L. W. (2007). The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. In Entrepreneurship: Concepts, Theory and Perspective (pp. 207–227). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48543-8_10
Andreu, L., Aldás, J., Bigné, J. E. & Mattila, A. S. (2010). An analysis of e-business adoption and its impact on relational quality in travel agency–supplier relationships. Tourism Management, 31(6), 777–787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.004
Barczak, G. & Wilemon, D. (2003). Team member experiences in new product development: views from the trenches. R and D Management, 33(5), 463–479. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00311
Beck, R., Wigand, R. T. & König, W. (2005). The Diffusion and Efficient Use of Electronic Commerce amongst Small and Medium-sized Enterprises: An International Three-Industry Survey. Electronic Markets, 15(1), 38–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/10196780500035282
Bennett, R. & Savani, S. (2011). Retailers' preparedness for the introduction of third wave (ubiquitous) computing applications: A survey of UK companies, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 39(5), 306-325. https://doi.org/10.1108/09590551111130748
Braun, P. (2008). Creating values to tourism products through tourism networks and clustering: uncovering destination value chain. Business Networking-Trends and Cases. Icafai Press.
Bruque, S. & Moyano, J. (2007). Organizational determinants of information technology adoption and implementation in SMEs: The case of family and cooperative firms. Technovation, 27(5), 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2006.12.003
Chong, S. & Pervan, G. (2007). Factors Influencing the Extent of Deployment of Electronic Commerce for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations, 5(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.4018/jeco.2007010101
Croom, S. & Johnston, R. (2003). E-service: enhancing internal customer service through e-procurement. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 14(5), 539-55.
Dakhli, M. & De Clercq, D. (2004). Human capital, social capital, and innovation: a multi-country study. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 16(2), 107–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620410001677835
Dupeyras, A. & Maccallum, N. (2013). Indicators for Measuring Competitiveness in Tourism: A guidance document. OECD Tourism Papers, 2013/02, 1–62. https://doi.org/10.1787/5k47t9q2t923-en
Ferguson, N. (2010). E-Commerce-e-Business Cost Benefit Remarkable Ideas Ltd. PO Box 633, Tokoroa 3444, Waikato, New Zealand
Ghobakhloo, M., Hong, T. S., Sabouri, M. S. & Zulkifli, N. (2012). Strategies for Successful Information Technology Adoption in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises. Information, 3(4), 36–67. https://doi.org/10.3390/info3010036
Golob, T. F. & Regan, A. C. (2001). Impacts of information technology on personal travel and commercial vehicle operations: Research challenges and opportunities. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 9(2), 87–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-090X(00)00042-5
Gono, S., Harindranath, G. & Berna Ozcan, G. (2013). Challenges of ICT Adoption by South African SMEs: A study of Manufacturing and Logistics Firms. Annual Conference of The Institute for Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332860802086367
Grandon, E. E. & Pearson, J. M. (2004). Electronic commerce adoption: An empirical study of small and medium US businesses. Information and Management, 42(1), 197–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2003.12.010
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L. & Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective (7th Edition). Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Hooi, L. W. (2006). Implementing e-HRM: The readiness of small and medium-sized manufacturing companies in Malaysia. Asia Pacific Business Review, 12(4), 465–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602380600570874
Houghton, K. A. & Winklhofer, H. (2004). The effect of websites and e-commerce adoption on the relationship between SMEs and their export intermediaries. International Small Business Journal, 22(4), 369–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242604044305
Hussein, R., Ennew, C. & Kortam, W. (2012). The Adoption of Web-Based Marketing in the Travel and Tourism Industry: An Empirical Investigation in Egypt. Journal of Innovation Management in Small & Medium Enterprises, 2012, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.5171/2012.143325
Iacovou, C. L., Benbasat, I. & Dexter, A. S. (1995). Electronic data interchange and small organizations: Adoption and impact of technology. MIS Quarterly, 19(4), 465–485. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/249629.
Khemthong, S. & Roberts, L. M. (2006). Adoption of The Internet and Web-technology for Hotel Marketing: A Study of Hotels in Thailand. Journal of Business Systems, Governance and Ethics, 1(2), 47–66. https://doi.org/688992359828482
Kidd, P. (2023, September 16). eBusiness Benefits [Review of eBusiness Benefits]. Cheshire Henbury. https://www.cheshirehenbury.com/ebusiness/ebbenefits.html
Kilangi, A. M. (2012). The Determinants of ICT Adoption and Usage among SMEs: The Case of Tourism Sector in Tanzania. PhD Thesis, Vrije Univ.
Kuan, K. K. Y. & Chau, P. Y. K. (2001). A perception-based model for EDI adoption in small businesses using a technology-organization-environment framework. Information and Management, 38(8), 507–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(01)00073-8
Kushwaha, G. S. (2011). Competitive Advantage Through Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Enabled Supply Chain Management Practice. International Journal of Enterprise Computing and Business Systems, 1(2).
Lee, J. & Runge, J. (2001). Adoption of Information Technology in Small Business: Testing Drivers of Adoption for Entrepreneurs. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 42(1), 44–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2001.11647038
Levy, M. & Powell, P. (2003). Exploring SME, the Internet adoption: towards a contingent model. Electronic Markets, 13(2), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/1019678032000067163
Lorette, K. (2013). The Advantages of E-Business, Houston Chronicle P.O. Box 4260 Houston, Texas 77210-4260
Mamaghani, F. (2009). Impact of E-commerce on Travel and Tourism: An Historical Analysis. International Journal of Management, 26(3), 365–376.
Mariani, M., Styven, M. E. & Ayeh, J. K. (2019). Using Facebook for travel decision-making?: an international study of antecedents. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-02-2018-0158
Martin, F. M., Ciovica, L. & Cristescu, M. P. (2013). Implication of Human Capital in the Development of SMEs through the ICT Adoption. Procedia Economics and Finance, 6, 748–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(13)00198-6
Mehrtens, J., Cragg, P. B. & Mills, A. M. (2001). A model of Internet adoption by SMEs. Information & Management, 39(3), 165–176. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1016/S0378-7206(01)00086-6
Mihajlovi?, I. (2012). The Impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as a Key Factor of Tourism Development on the Role of Croatian Travel Agencies. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(24), 151–159.
McCormick, M. (2018, June 27). Pricing Strategies for Tour Operators and Online Travel Agents. Blog.blackcurve.com. https://blog.blackcurve.com/pricing-strategies-for-tour-operators-and-online-travel-agents
Moutinho, L. (2002). Strategic Management in Tourism. CABI Publishing, UK.
Pain, R. (2015, May 6). Malaysia’s Untapped Competitive Advantage: HR Transformation. SSON. 2015
Parker, C. M. & Castleman, T. (2009). Small firm e?business adoption: a critical analysis of theory. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 22(1/2), 167–182. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410390910932812
Poon, S. & Swatman, P. M. C. (1999). An exploratory study of small business. The Internet commerce issues. Information and Management, 35(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(98)00079-2
Poorangi, M. M., Khin, E. W. S., Nikoonejad, S. & Kardevani, A. (2013). E-commerce adoption in Malaysian small and medium enterprises practitioner firms: A revisit on Rogers’ model. Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 85(4), 1593–1604. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-37652013103512
Porter, M. E. (1985a). Competitive Advantage. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-11-4354
Premkumar, G. & Roberts, M. (1999). Adoption of new information technologies in rural small businesses. Omega, 27(4), 467–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-0483(98)00071-1
Ramdani, B., Kawalek, P. & Lorenzo, O. (2009). Knowledge management and enterprise systems adoption by SMEs: Predicting SMEs’ adoption of enterprise systems. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 22(1/2), 10–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410390910922796
Seyal, A. H. & Rahman, Mohd. N. A. (2003). A Preliminary Investigation of E-Commerce Adoption in Small & Medium Enterprises in Brunei. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 6(2), 6–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1097198x.2003.10856347
Tan, K. S. & Eze, U. C. (2008). An Empirical Study of the Internet-Based ICT Adoption Among Malaysian SMEs. Communications of the IBIMA, 1, 1–12.
Thiesse, F., Staake, T., Schmitt, P. & Fleisch, E. (2011). The rise of the “next?generation bar code: an international RFID adoption study. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 16(5), 328–345. https://doi.org/10.1108/13598541111155848
Thong, J. Y. L. (1999). An Integrated Model of Information Systems Adoption in Small Businesses. Journal of Management Information Systems, 15(4), 187–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.1999.11518227
Twelfth Malaysia Plan, 2021-2025. (n.d.). Rmke12.Ekonomi.gov.my. https://rmke12.ekonomi.gov.my/en
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B. & Davis, F. D. (2003). User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 425–478. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Zakaria, M. & Hashim, M. K. (2004). Perceptions of E-business among Malaysian SMEs: A recent survey. Malaysian Management Review, 39(1), 86-93.
Zaremohzzabieh, Z., Samah, B. A., Muhammad, M., Omar, S. Z., Bolong, J., Hassan, S. B. H. & Mohamed Shaffril, H. A. (2016). Information and Communications Technology Acceptance by Youth Entrepreneurs in Rural Malaysian Communities: The Mediating Effects of Attitude and Entrepreneurial Intention. Information Technology for Development, 22(4), 606–629. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2015.1128384
Afzal, H. (2007). EC Adoption and Critical Success Factors of EC in SMEs in Iran. Lulea University of Technology Division of Industrial Marketing and E-Commerce.
Al Hrou, S. A. & Mohamed, B. (2014). Human Resource Management Practice Tourism and Hotel Industry. SHS Web of Conferences, 12, 01076. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20141201076
Alam, S. S. & Mohammad Noor, M. K. (2009). ICT Adoption in Small and Medium Enterprises: An Empirical Evidence of Service Sectors in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v4n2p112
Alvarez, S. A. & Busenitz, L. W. (2007). The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. In Entrepreneurship: Concepts, Theory and Perspective (pp. 207–227). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48543-8_10
Andreu, L., Aldás, J., Bigné, J. E. & Mattila, A. S. (2010). An analysis of e-business adoption and its impact on relational quality in travel agency–supplier relationships. Tourism Management, 31(6), 777–787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.004
Barczak, G. & Wilemon, D. (2003). Team member experiences in new product development: views from the trenches. R and D Management, 33(5), 463–479. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00311
Beck, R., Wigand, R. T. & König, W. (2005). The Diffusion and Efficient Use of Electronic Commerce amongst Small and Medium-sized Enterprises: An International Three-Industry Survey. Electronic Markets, 15(1), 38–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/10196780500035282
Bennett, R. & Savani, S. (2011). Retailers' preparedness for the introduction of third wave (ubiquitous) computing applications: A survey of UK companies, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 39(5), 306-325. https://doi.org/10.1108/09590551111130748
Braun, P. (2008). Creating values to tourism products through tourism networks and clustering: uncovering destination value chain. Business Networking-Trends and Cases. Icafai Press.
Bruque, S. & Moyano, J. (2007). Organizational determinants of information technology adoption and implementation in SMEs: The case of family and cooperative firms. Technovation, 27(5), 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2006.12.003
Chong, S. & Pervan, G. (2007). Factors Influencing the Extent of Deployment of Electronic Commerce for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations, 5(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.4018/jeco.2007010101
Croom, S. & Johnston, R. (2003). E-service: enhancing internal customer service through e-procurement. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 14(5), 539-55.
Dakhli, M. & De Clercq, D. (2004). Human capital, social capital, and innovation: a multi-country study. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 16(2), 107–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620410001677835
Dupeyras, A. & Maccallum, N. (2013). Indicators for Measuring Competitiveness in Tourism: A guidance document. OECD Tourism Papers, 2013/02, 1–62. https://doi.org/10.1787/5k47t9q2t923-en
Ferguson, N. (2010). E-Commerce-e-Business Cost Benefit Remarkable Ideas Ltd. PO Box 633, Tokoroa 3444, Waikato, New Zealand
Ghobakhloo, M., Hong, T. S., Sabouri, M. S. & Zulkifli, N. (2012). Strategies for Successful Information Technology Adoption in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises. Information, 3(4), 36–67. https://doi.org/10.3390/info3010036
Golob, T. F. & Regan, A. C. (2001). Impacts of information technology on personal travel and commercial vehicle operations: Research challenges and opportunities. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 9(2), 87–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-090X(00)00042-5
Gono, S., Harindranath, G. & Berna Ozcan, G. (2013). Challenges of ICT Adoption by South African SMEs: A study of Manufacturing and Logistics Firms. Annual Conference of The Institute for Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332860802086367
Grandon, E. E. & Pearson, J. M. (2004). Electronic commerce adoption: An empirical study of small and medium US businesses. Information and Management, 42(1), 197–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2003.12.010
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L. & Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective (7th Edition). Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Hooi, L. W. (2006). Implementing e-HRM: The readiness of small and medium-sized manufacturing companies in Malaysia. Asia Pacific Business Review, 12(4), 465–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602380600570874
Houghton, K. A. & Winklhofer, H. (2004). The effect of websites and e-commerce adoption on the relationship between SMEs and their export intermediaries. International Small Business Journal, 22(4), 369–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242604044305
Hussein, R., Ennew, C. & Kortam, W. (2012). The Adoption of Web-Based Marketing in the Travel and Tourism Industry: An Empirical Investigation in Egypt. Journal of Innovation Management in Small & Medium Enterprises, 2012, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.5171/2012.143325
Iacovou, C. L., Benbasat, I. & Dexter, A. S. (1995). Electronic data interchange and small organizations: Adoption and impact of technology. MIS Quarterly, 19(4), 465–485. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/249629.
Khemthong, S. & Roberts, L. M. (2006). Adoption of The Internet and Web-technology for Hotel Marketing: A Study of Hotels in Thailand. Journal of Business Systems, Governance and Ethics, 1(2), 47–66. https://doi.org/688992359828482
Kidd, P. (2023, September 16). eBusiness Benefits [Review of eBusiness Benefits]. Cheshire Henbury. https://www.cheshirehenbury.com/ebusiness/ebbenefits.html
Kilangi, A. M. (2012). The Determinants of ICT Adoption and Usage among SMEs: The Case of Tourism Sector in Tanzania. PhD Thesis, Vrije Univ.
Kuan, K. K. Y. & Chau, P. Y. K. (2001). A perception-based model for EDI adoption in small businesses using a technology-organization-environment framework. Information and Management, 38(8), 507–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(01)00073-8
Kushwaha, G. S. (2011). Competitive Advantage Through Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Enabled Supply Chain Management Practice. International Journal of Enterprise Computing and Business Systems, 1(2).
Lee, J. & Runge, J. (2001). Adoption of Information Technology in Small Business: Testing Drivers of Adoption for Entrepreneurs. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 42(1), 44–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2001.11647038
Levy, M. & Powell, P. (2003). Exploring SME, the Internet adoption: towards a contingent model. Electronic Markets, 13(2), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/1019678032000067163
Lorette, K. (2013). The Advantages of E-Business, Houston Chronicle P.O. Box 4260 Houston, Texas 77210-4260
Mamaghani, F. (2009). Impact of E-commerce on Travel and Tourism: An Historical Analysis. International Journal of Management, 26(3), 365–376.
Mariani, M., Styven, M. E. & Ayeh, J. K. (2019). Using Facebook for travel decision-making?: an international study of antecedents. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-02-2018-0158
Martin, F. M., Ciovica, L. & Cristescu, M. P. (2013). Implication of Human Capital in the Development of SMEs through the ICT Adoption. Procedia Economics and Finance, 6, 748–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(13)00198-6
Mehrtens, J., Cragg, P. B. & Mills, A. M. (2001). A model of Internet adoption by SMEs. Information & Management, 39(3), 165–176. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1016/S0378-7206(01)00086-6
Mihajlovi?, I. (2012). The Impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as a Key Factor of Tourism Development on the Role of Croatian Travel Agencies. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(24), 151–159.
McCormick, M. (2018, June 27). Pricing Strategies for Tour Operators and Online Travel Agents. Blog.blackcurve.com. https://blog.blackcurve.com/pricing-strategies-for-tour-operators-and-online-travel-agents
Moutinho, L. (2002). Strategic Management in Tourism. CABI Publishing, UK.
Pain, R. (2015, May 6). Malaysia’s Untapped Competitive Advantage: HR Transformation. SSON. 2015
Parker, C. M. & Castleman, T. (2009). Small firm e?business adoption: a critical analysis of theory. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 22(1/2), 167–182. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410390910932812
Poon, S. & Swatman, P. M. C. (1999). An exploratory study of small business. The Internet commerce issues. Information and Management, 35(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(98)00079-2
Poorangi, M. M., Khin, E. W. S., Nikoonejad, S. & Kardevani, A. (2013). E-commerce adoption in Malaysian small and medium enterprises practitioner firms: A revisit on Rogers’ model. Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 85(4), 1593–1604. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-37652013103512
Porter, M. E. (1985a). Competitive Advantage. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-11-4354
Premkumar, G. & Roberts, M. (1999). Adoption of new information technologies in rural small businesses. Omega, 27(4), 467–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-0483(98)00071-1
Ramdani, B., Kawalek, P. & Lorenzo, O. (2009). Knowledge management and enterprise systems adoption by SMEs: Predicting SMEs’ adoption of enterprise systems. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 22(1/2), 10–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410390910922796
Seyal, A. H. & Rahman, Mohd. N. A. (2003). A Preliminary Investigation of E-Commerce Adoption in Small & Medium Enterprises in Brunei. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 6(2), 6–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1097198x.2003.10856347
Tan, K. S. & Eze, U. C. (2008). An Empirical Study of the Internet-Based ICT Adoption Among Malaysian SMEs. Communications of the IBIMA, 1, 1–12.
Thiesse, F., Staake, T., Schmitt, P. & Fleisch, E. (2011). The rise of the “next?generation bar code: an international RFID adoption study. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 16(5), 328–345. https://doi.org/10.1108/13598541111155848
Thong, J. Y. L. (1999). An Integrated Model of Information Systems Adoption in Small Businesses. Journal of Management Information Systems, 15(4), 187–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.1999.11518227
Twelfth Malaysia Plan, 2021-2025. (n.d.). Rmke12.Ekonomi.gov.my. https://rmke12.ekonomi.gov.my/en
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B. & Davis, F. D. (2003). User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 425–478. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Zakaria, M. & Hashim, M. K. (2004). Perceptions of E-business among Malaysian SMEs: A recent survey. Malaysian Management Review, 39(1), 86-93.
Zaremohzzabieh, Z., Samah, B. A., Muhammad, M., Omar, S. Z., Bolong, J., Hassan, S. B. H. & Mohamed Shaffril, H. A. (2016). Information and Communications Technology Acceptance by Youth Entrepreneurs in Rural Malaysian Communities: The Mediating Effects of Attitude and Entrepreneurial Intention. Information Technology for Development, 22(4), 606–629. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2015.1128384
Published
2023-10-08
How to Cite
Shaharuddin, N. A., Kassim, S., & Ibrahim, A. (2023). Competitive Advantages amongst Travel Agencies in Malaysian SMEs: The Role of IOE Factors and Web Technologies & E-Business Adoption. Information Management and Business Review, 15(3(I), 347-360. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v15i3(I).3545
Issue
Section
Research Paper
Copyright (c) 2023 Nor Asikin Shaharuddin, Suhailah Kassim, Alisa Ibrahim
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Author (s) should affirm that the material has not been published previously. It has not been submitted and it is not under consideration by any other journal. At the same time author (s) need to execute a publication permission agreement to assume the responsibility of the submitted content and any omissions and errors therein. After submission of revised paper in the light of suggestions of the reviewers, the editorial team edits and formats manuscripts to bring uniformity and standardization in published material.
This work will be licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) and under condition of the license, users are free to read, copy, remix, transform, redistribute, download, print, search or link to the full texts of articles and even build upon their work as long as they credit the author for the original work. Moreover, as per journal policy author (s) hold and retain copyrights without any restrictions.
