The Challenges of Asnaf Entrepreneurs in Forming Entrepreneurial Resilience
Keywords:
Asnaf entrepreneurs, Entrepreneurial resilience, Micro-entrepreneurs, Qualitative analysis, Zakat micro-financing
Abstract
Resilience plays an important role in entrepreneurship; however, an in-depth study of the factors that affect the resilience of Asnaf entrepreneurs is unknown. This paper aims to fill this knowledge gap by delving deeper into the challenges that affect the resilience of asnaf entrepreneurs thus hindering their business expansion. The study also observed the ability of asnaf entrepreneurs to deal with economic shocks due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In-depth interviews conducted with 2 executive officers of the entrepreneur development sector and 10 LZS enforcers who supervise 901 asnaf entrepreneurs throughout Selangor present an overview of the impediments that hinder the business progress of asnaf entrepreneurs. From 901 asnaf entrepreneurs, a total of 25 asnaf entrepreneurs were selected based on the criteria that have been outlined, namely those who run food-based businesses and have undergone the LZS micro-entrepreneurship program for more than 6 months. Constraints experienced are analyzed. Three essential themes that enlighten challenges in fostering entrepreneurial resilience emerged, namely; the role of family members, non-tech savvy and fear of failure. These themes are discussed based on the methodology used and the findings of previous studies. The findings provide an insight that is useful for LZS in designing entrepreneur development instruments and organizing periodic entrepreneurship modules.
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References
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Adnan, N. I. M., Roselam, M. A. C., Hamat, Z. & Furqani, H. (2021). The Distribution of Zakat Fund to the Poor Entrepreneurs Using Micro Finance. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(2), 231–240.
Ahmadi, A. & Soga, L. R. (2022). To be or not to be: Latent entrepreneurship, the networked agent, and the fear factor. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 174. doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121281
Akhsan, A. M. & Ryandono, M. N. (2021). The role of zakat institutions in supporting the economy during the Covid-19 pandemic. AFEBI Islamic Finance and Economic Review, 6(2), 94-105. doi.org/10.47312/aifer.v6i02.380.
Al -Mubarak, T. (2016). The Maqasid of Zakah and Awqaf and Their Roles in Inclusive Finance. Islam and Civilisational Renewal, 7(2), 217–230.
Arif, M. I. A. M., Mamat, N., Ramli, R. M., Rani, M. A. M. & Adenan, F. (2022). The vital factors in the development of rural asnaf entrepreneurship: A review. Al-Qanatir International Journal of Islamic Studies, 26(2), 96-103
Ayala J.C. & Manzano, G. (2014). The resilience of the entrepreneur. Influence on the success of the business. A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology, 42, 126–135.
Bahri, E. S.., Mohammad Aslam, M. M., Wibowo, H. & Mubarok, A. (2023). Measuring the effectiveness of zakat distribution at the national board of zakat of Bandung city. Journal of Islamic Economics, Management and Finance, 2(2), 99-107.
Bahria, S., Alib, J. & Aslam, M. M. M. (2022). A bibliometric analysis of the conceptual model of asnaf entrepreneur success. International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 30(1), 225-251
Caiazza, R., Belitski, M. & Audretsch, D. B. (2019). From latent to emergent entrepreneurship: the knowledge spillover construction circle. J. Technol. Transf., 45(3), 694–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-019-09719-y.
Ciptono, W. S., Anggadwita, G. & Indarti, N. (2023). Examining prison entrepreneurship programs, self-efficacy and entrepreneurial resilience as drivers for prisoners' entrepreneurial intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 29(2), 408-432. doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-06-2022-0550.
Cohen, L., Manion, L. & Morrison, K. (2018). Research methods in education (8th ed.). London: Routledge.
Corner, P.D., Singh, S. & Pavlovich, K. (2017). Entrepreneurial resilience and venture failure. International Small Business Journal, 35(6), 687-708.
Deniz, N., Boz, I. T. & Ertosun, Ö. G. (2011). The relationship between entrepreneur’s level of perceived business-related fear and business performance Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 24, 579-600
eBuletin LZS Edisi. (2021). https://www.zakatselangor.com.my/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/e-Buletin-JM-siri-2.2021.jpg
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Fisher, R. (2016). Does individual resilience influence entrepreneurial success? Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 22(2), 39-53.
Friborg, O. & Rosenvinge, J. H. (2013). A comparison of open-ended and closed questions in the prediction of mental health. Quality & Quantity, 47, 1397-1411. doi: 10.1007/s11135-011-9497-8
Golob, M. & Babic, S. (2018). Entrepreneurs’ readiness in small and medium-sized companies to face challenges in digital business. Paper presented at the Economics of Digital Transformation Opatija, Croatia.
Halim, H. A., Said, J. & Yusuf, S. N. S. (2012). Individual characteristics of the successful asnaf entrepreneurs: Opportunities and solutions for zakat organization in Malaysia. International Business and Management, 4(2), 41-49. doi: 10.3968/j.ibm.1923842820120402.1040
Harun, N. F. & Ab Rahman, A. (2023). A screening instrument for zakah capital assistance eligibility. Jurnal Syariah, 31(1), 66–101. Retrieved from http://ojie.um.edu.my/index.php/JS/article/view/42373
Hatak, I. & Zhou, H. (2021). Health as human capital in entrepreneurship: Individual, extension, and substitution effects on entrepreneurial success. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 45(1), 18-42. doi: 10.1177/1042258719867559
Iloanya, O. (2021). The importance of resilience in entrepreneurship. www.linkedin.com. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/importance-resilience-entrepreneurship-ofodile-iloanya
Jauhari, F. F., Yusoff, S. S. M. & Kassim, S. (2023). Enhancing Access to Finance Amongst Asnaf Micro-Entrepreneurs: How Can Islamic Fintech in Zakat Institutions Play a Role? In: Mansour, N., Bujosa Vadell, L.M. (eds) Islamic Sustainable Finance, Law and Innovation. Contributions to Management Science, Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27860-0_31
Mohd Khalil, N. & Mohamed Saniff, S. (2023). Analysis of Asnaf Entrepreneurial Development Based on the First Principle of Islamic-based Development. KnE Social Sciences, 8(12), 878–885. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v8i12.13733
Korber, S. & McNaughton, R. B. (2018). Resilience and entrepreneurship: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 24(7), 1129-1154. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-10-2016-0356.
Krueger, N. F. (2000). The cognitive infrastructure of opportunity emergence. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 24(3), 5-23.
Mawardi, I., Widiastuti, T., Mustofa, M. U. A. & Hakimi, F. (2022). Analyzing the impact of productive zakat on the welfare of zakat recipients. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, doi: 10.1108/JIABR-05-2021-0145
Mohamad, H. F. (2022). Fokus bina daya saing usahawan harungi pasca COVID-19. Berita Harian Online. https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2022/02/923140/fokus-bina-daya-saing-usahawan-harungi-pasca-covid-19
Monllor, J. & Murphy, P. J. (2017). Natural disasters, entrepreneurship, and creation after destruction: a conceptual approach. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 23(4), 618-637.
Muhamat, A. A., Jaafar, N., Rosly, H. E. & Manan, H. A. (2013). An appraisal on the business success of entrepreneurial asnaf An empirical study on the state zakat. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 11(1), 51–63. doi:10.1108/JFRA-03-2013-0012
Musa, A. (2020). Pendayagunaan zakat produktif: Konsep, peluang dan pola pengembangan. Lembaga naskah Aceh.
Musa, M., Shuib, R., Selamat, N. H., Isa, S. M., Osman, I. & Bakar, S. A. (2016). A study of women micro-entrepreneurs in Malaysia: Livelihood strategies and challenges. Paper presented at the 3rd Kanita Postgraduate International Conference on Gender Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang.
OECD. (2020). The territorial impact of COVID-19: Managing the crisis across levels of government. https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/the-territorial-impact-of-covid-19-managing-the-crisis-across-levels-of-government-d3e314e1/
Peregrino de, B. R., Lenz, A. K. & Pacheco, M. G. M. (2022). Resilience building among small businesses in low-income neighborhoods. Journal of Small Business Management, 60(5), 1166-1201, DOI: 10.1080/00472778.2022.2041197
Prikhidko, A., Long, H. & Wheaton, M. G. (2020). The Effect of Concerns About COVID-19 on Anxiety, Stress, Parental Burnout, and Emotion Regulation: The Role of Susceptibility to Digital Emotion Contagion. Frontiers in public health, 8, 567250. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.567250.
Qalati, S. A., Yaya, L. & Bhayo, S. H. (2023). Handbook of research on entrepreneurship and organizational resilience during unprecedented times: Antecedents of entrepreneurial resilience, doi: 10.4018/978-1-6684-4605-8.ch004.
Rahman, R. A. & Ahmad, S. (2011). Entrepreneurship Development Strategy for Poor and Needy Recipients on Capital Assistance through Zakat Distribution. Jurnal Pengurusan, 33, 37–44.
Raman, A. (2021). Predicaments in business ventures encountered by women entrepreneurs in Malaysia. International Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 0(2), 464-473.
Raudha, M. R., Sanep, A., Wahid, H. & Harun, F. M. (2011). Understanding asnaf attitude: Malaysia‘s experience in the quest for effective distribution program. International Zakat Conference, Bogor.
Redzuan, N. H., Kassim, S., Rosman, R., Muhammad Zuki, M. F. & Shaharuddin, S. S. (2023). An Analysis of the Impact of Islamic Microfinance Among Asnaf. In: Mansour, N., Bujosa Vadell, L.M. (eds) Islamic Sustainable Finance, Law and Innovation. Contributions to Management Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27860-0_16
Serben, D. F. (2014). The Examination of Factors Influencing Social Media Usage by African American Small Business Owners Using UTAUT Model. ProQuest LLC.
Shiyuti, H. B. A., Zainol, F. A. & Ishak, M. S. I. (2021). Conceptualizing Asnaf Entrepreneurship for Zakat Institutions in Malaysia. The Journal of Management Theory and Practice, 2(1), 44-49. doi: 10.37231/jmtp.2021.2.1.87
Shiyuti, H. B. A., Zainol, F. A. & Yusoff, M. N. H. (2022). Product Distributional Mechanism as an Asnaf Entrepreneurship Support: A Case Study in Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. In: Alareeni, B., Hamdan, A. (eds) Financial Technology (FinTech), Entrepreneurship, and Business Development. ICBT 2021. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 486. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08087-6_41
Ukil, M. I. & Jenkins, A. (2022). Willing but fearful: Resilience and youth entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 30(1), 78-99.
Ukpere, C. L., Slabbert, A. D. & Ukpere, W. I. (2014). Rising trend in social media usage by women entrepreneurs across the globe to unlock their potential for business success. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(10), 551-559. doi: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n10p551
Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research design and methods (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd.
Zahri, A., Muhd Adnan, N. I., Irfan, I. & Mohd Kashim, M. I. A. (2023). Microfinancing from Zakat Fund in Baitulmal Aceh and the readiness of Malaysia’s asnaf entrepreneurs. Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam, 7(1), 418-430.
Zakaria, F. & Harun, A. (2019). Skills and success of asnaf entrepreneurs: Islamic Spiritual Practice as Moderators. International Journal of Accounting, Finance and Business (IJAFB), 4(24), 98–108.
Abang Abai, D. S., Awang, M. D., Mohd Yusoff, A. N., Ab. Majid, A. & Hamli, H. (2020). Bentuk Bantuan Modal Agihan Zakat Asnaf dan Pencapaian Usahawan Asnaf di Malaysia: Kajian Empirikal. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 5(1), 93 - 99. doi: 10.47405/mjssh.v5i1.353.
Adnan, N. I. M., Roselam, M. A. C., Hamat, Z. & Furqani, H. (2021). The Distribution of Zakat Fund to the Poor Entrepreneurs Using Micro Finance. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(2), 231–240.
Ahmadi, A. & Soga, L. R. (2022). To be or not to be: Latent entrepreneurship, the networked agent, and the fear factor. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 174. doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121281
Akhsan, A. M. & Ryandono, M. N. (2021). The role of zakat institutions in supporting the economy during the Covid-19 pandemic. AFEBI Islamic Finance and Economic Review, 6(2), 94-105. doi.org/10.47312/aifer.v6i02.380.
Al -Mubarak, T. (2016). The Maqasid of Zakah and Awqaf and Their Roles in Inclusive Finance. Islam and Civilisational Renewal, 7(2), 217–230.
Arif, M. I. A. M., Mamat, N., Ramli, R. M., Rani, M. A. M. & Adenan, F. (2022). The vital factors in the development of rural asnaf entrepreneurship: A review. Al-Qanatir International Journal of Islamic Studies, 26(2), 96-103
Ayala J.C. & Manzano, G. (2014). The resilience of the entrepreneur. Influence on the success of the business. A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology, 42, 126–135.
Bahri, E. S.., Mohammad Aslam, M. M., Wibowo, H. & Mubarok, A. (2023). Measuring the effectiveness of zakat distribution at the national board of zakat of Bandung city. Journal of Islamic Economics, Management and Finance, 2(2), 99-107.
Bahria, S., Alib, J. & Aslam, M. M. M. (2022). A bibliometric analysis of the conceptual model of asnaf entrepreneur success. International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 30(1), 225-251
Caiazza, R., Belitski, M. & Audretsch, D. B. (2019). From latent to emergent entrepreneurship: the knowledge spillover construction circle. J. Technol. Transf., 45(3), 694–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-019-09719-y.
Ciptono, W. S., Anggadwita, G. & Indarti, N. (2023). Examining prison entrepreneurship programs, self-efficacy and entrepreneurial resilience as drivers for prisoners' entrepreneurial intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 29(2), 408-432. doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-06-2022-0550.
Cohen, L., Manion, L. & Morrison, K. (2018). Research methods in education (8th ed.). London: Routledge.
Corner, P.D., Singh, S. & Pavlovich, K. (2017). Entrepreneurial resilience and venture failure. International Small Business Journal, 35(6), 687-708.
Deniz, N., Boz, I. T. & Ertosun, Ö. G. (2011). The relationship between entrepreneur’s level of perceived business-related fear and business performance Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 24, 579-600
eBuletin LZS Edisi. (2021). https://www.zakatselangor.com.my/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/e-Buletin-JM-siri-2.2021.jpg
European Commission. (2020). Commission presents a European skills agenda for sustainable competitiveness, social fairness, and resilience. available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_1196 (accessed 12 September 2020).
Fisher, R. (2016). Does individual resilience influence entrepreneurial success? Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 22(2), 39-53.
Friborg, O. & Rosenvinge, J. H. (2013). A comparison of open-ended and closed questions in the prediction of mental health. Quality & Quantity, 47, 1397-1411. doi: 10.1007/s11135-011-9497-8
Golob, M. & Babic, S. (2018). Entrepreneurs’ readiness in small and medium-sized companies to face challenges in digital business. Paper presented at the Economics of Digital Transformation Opatija, Croatia.
Halim, H. A., Said, J. & Yusuf, S. N. S. (2012). Individual characteristics of the successful asnaf entrepreneurs: Opportunities and solutions for zakat organization in Malaysia. International Business and Management, 4(2), 41-49. doi: 10.3968/j.ibm.1923842820120402.1040
Harun, N. F. & Ab Rahman, A. (2023). A screening instrument for zakah capital assistance eligibility. Jurnal Syariah, 31(1), 66–101. Retrieved from http://ojie.um.edu.my/index.php/JS/article/view/42373
Hatak, I. & Zhou, H. (2021). Health as human capital in entrepreneurship: Individual, extension, and substitution effects on entrepreneurial success. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 45(1), 18-42. doi: 10.1177/1042258719867559
Iloanya, O. (2021). The importance of resilience in entrepreneurship. www.linkedin.com. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/importance-resilience-entrepreneurship-ofodile-iloanya
Jauhari, F. F., Yusoff, S. S. M. & Kassim, S. (2023). Enhancing Access to Finance Amongst Asnaf Micro-Entrepreneurs: How Can Islamic Fintech in Zakat Institutions Play a Role? In: Mansour, N., Bujosa Vadell, L.M. (eds) Islamic Sustainable Finance, Law and Innovation. Contributions to Management Science, Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27860-0_31
Mohd Khalil, N. & Mohamed Saniff, S. (2023). Analysis of Asnaf Entrepreneurial Development Based on the First Principle of Islamic-based Development. KnE Social Sciences, 8(12), 878–885. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v8i12.13733
Korber, S. & McNaughton, R. B. (2018). Resilience and entrepreneurship: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 24(7), 1129-1154. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-10-2016-0356.
Krueger, N. F. (2000). The cognitive infrastructure of opportunity emergence. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 24(3), 5-23.
Mawardi, I., Widiastuti, T., Mustofa, M. U. A. & Hakimi, F. (2022). Analyzing the impact of productive zakat on the welfare of zakat recipients. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, doi: 10.1108/JIABR-05-2021-0145
Mohamad, H. F. (2022). Fokus bina daya saing usahawan harungi pasca COVID-19. Berita Harian Online. https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2022/02/923140/fokus-bina-daya-saing-usahawan-harungi-pasca-covid-19
Monllor, J. & Murphy, P. J. (2017). Natural disasters, entrepreneurship, and creation after destruction: a conceptual approach. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 23(4), 618-637.
Muhamat, A. A., Jaafar, N., Rosly, H. E. & Manan, H. A. (2013). An appraisal on the business success of entrepreneurial asnaf An empirical study on the state zakat. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 11(1), 51–63. doi:10.1108/JFRA-03-2013-0012
Musa, A. (2020). Pendayagunaan zakat produktif: Konsep, peluang dan pola pengembangan. Lembaga naskah Aceh.
Musa, M., Shuib, R., Selamat, N. H., Isa, S. M., Osman, I. & Bakar, S. A. (2016). A study of women micro-entrepreneurs in Malaysia: Livelihood strategies and challenges. Paper presented at the 3rd Kanita Postgraduate International Conference on Gender Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang.
OECD. (2020). The territorial impact of COVID-19: Managing the crisis across levels of government. https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/the-territorial-impact-of-covid-19-managing-the-crisis-across-levels-of-government-d3e314e1/
Peregrino de, B. R., Lenz, A. K. & Pacheco, M. G. M. (2022). Resilience building among small businesses in low-income neighborhoods. Journal of Small Business Management, 60(5), 1166-1201, DOI: 10.1080/00472778.2022.2041197
Prikhidko, A., Long, H. & Wheaton, M. G. (2020). The Effect of Concerns About COVID-19 on Anxiety, Stress, Parental Burnout, and Emotion Regulation: The Role of Susceptibility to Digital Emotion Contagion. Frontiers in public health, 8, 567250. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.567250.
Qalati, S. A., Yaya, L. & Bhayo, S. H. (2023). Handbook of research on entrepreneurship and organizational resilience during unprecedented times: Antecedents of entrepreneurial resilience, doi: 10.4018/978-1-6684-4605-8.ch004.
Rahman, R. A. & Ahmad, S. (2011). Entrepreneurship Development Strategy for Poor and Needy Recipients on Capital Assistance through Zakat Distribution. Jurnal Pengurusan, 33, 37–44.
Raman, A. (2021). Predicaments in business ventures encountered by women entrepreneurs in Malaysia. International Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 0(2), 464-473.
Raudha, M. R., Sanep, A., Wahid, H. & Harun, F. M. (2011). Understanding asnaf attitude: Malaysia‘s experience in the quest for effective distribution program. International Zakat Conference, Bogor.
Redzuan, N. H., Kassim, S., Rosman, R., Muhammad Zuki, M. F. & Shaharuddin, S. S. (2023). An Analysis of the Impact of Islamic Microfinance Among Asnaf. In: Mansour, N., Bujosa Vadell, L.M. (eds) Islamic Sustainable Finance, Law and Innovation. Contributions to Management Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27860-0_16
Serben, D. F. (2014). The Examination of Factors Influencing Social Media Usage by African American Small Business Owners Using UTAUT Model. ProQuest LLC.
Shiyuti, H. B. A., Zainol, F. A. & Ishak, M. S. I. (2021). Conceptualizing Asnaf Entrepreneurship for Zakat Institutions in Malaysia. The Journal of Management Theory and Practice, 2(1), 44-49. doi: 10.37231/jmtp.2021.2.1.87
Shiyuti, H. B. A., Zainol, F. A. & Yusoff, M. N. H. (2022). Product Distributional Mechanism as an Asnaf Entrepreneurship Support: A Case Study in Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. In: Alareeni, B., Hamdan, A. (eds) Financial Technology (FinTech), Entrepreneurship, and Business Development. ICBT 2021. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 486. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08087-6_41
Ukil, M. I. & Jenkins, A. (2022). Willing but fearful: Resilience and youth entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 30(1), 78-99.
Ukpere, C. L., Slabbert, A. D. & Ukpere, W. I. (2014). Rising trend in social media usage by women entrepreneurs across the globe to unlock their potential for business success. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(10), 551-559. doi: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n10p551
Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research design and methods (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd.
Zahri, A., Muhd Adnan, N. I., Irfan, I. & Mohd Kashim, M. I. A. (2023). Microfinancing from Zakat Fund in Baitulmal Aceh and the readiness of Malaysia’s asnaf entrepreneurs. Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam, 7(1), 418-430.
Zakaria, F. & Harun, A. (2019). Skills and success of asnaf entrepreneurs: Islamic Spiritual Practice as Moderators. International Journal of Accounting, Finance and Business (IJAFB), 4(24), 98–108.
Published
2023-10-08
How to Cite
Joremi, L., Muda, R., Mohd Zain, W. Z. W., & Rosli, N. A. (2023). The Challenges of Asnaf Entrepreneurs in Forming Entrepreneurial Resilience. Information Management and Business Review, 15(3(I), 242-252. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v15i3(I).3533
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Research Paper
Copyright (c) 2023 Leylawati Joremi, Ruhaini Muda, Wan Zuraida Wan Mohd Zain, Nor Azlin Rosli
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