Factorial Structure and Psychometric Validation of Social Media Intelligence Quotient (SMIQ) Scales among Graduates
Keywords:
SMIQ, Social Media Literacy, Social Intelligence, Online Business Literacy
Abstract
The Social Media Intelligence Quotient (SMIQ)'s underlying factorial structure will be extracted, and validated, and its psychometric properties will be examined in this study. Self-administered questionnaires from the universities that produce the most employable graduates in Malaysia, such as Universiti Malaya, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, and Universiti Teknologi Mara, were utilized by the researcher to gather the data. It involved 352 final-year students from the Faculty of Business Management. To ascertain the factorial structure of the SMIQ, the researcher used the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Additionally, the confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of each item to confirm and validate it. A structural model was also developed to measure the nomological validity between social media dependency and SMIQ. It revealed that SMIQ is second order with three factorial structure constructs and met the psychometric criteria. Thus, the findings have essential implications for future research directions and the management of social media skills.
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References
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Kumar, N., Rose, R., C., Subramaniam (2008). The bond between intelligence: Cultural, emotional, and social, performance improvement, 47(10), 42-48.
Li, H., Wu, Y., Cao, D. & Wang, Y. (2021). Organizational mindfulness towards digital transformation as a prerequisite of information processing capability to achieve market agility. Journal of Business Research, 122, 700-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.10.036.
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Neging, P., Musa, R. & Wahab, R. A. (2013). The Determinants and Outcomes of Pathological Internet Use ( PIU) among Urban Millennial Teens?: A Theoretical Framework, 211–217.
Olorunniwo, F., Hsu, M. K. & Udo, G. J. (2006). Service quality, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions in the service factory, Journal of Services Marketing, 20(1), 59-72.
Omar, N. A. & Musa, R. (2011). Measuring service quality in retail loyalty programs (LPSQual): Implications for retailers’ retention strategies, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 39(10), 759-783.
Pangrazio, L. & Cardozo-Gaibisso, L. (2020). Beyond cyber safety: The need to develop social media literacies in pre-teens. Digit. Educ. Rev, 37, 49–63.
Park, Y. J., Sung, C. S. & Im, I. (2017). Does Social Media Use Influence Entrepreneurial Opportunity? A Review of its Moderating Role.
Patwardhan, P. & Yang, J. (2010). Internet Dependency Relations and Online Consumer Behaviour: A Media System Dependency Theory Perspective on Why People Shop, Chat, And Read News Online, 3(2), 57–69.
Roza, A. (2014). Maximizing social media to engage your current and future workforce.
Sariwulan, T., Suparno, S., Disman, D., Ahman, E. & Suwatno, S. (2020). Entrepreneurial Performance: The Role of Literacy and Skills. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7, 269-280. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no11.269.
Sharma, S. (1996). Applied Multivariate Techniques. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
Thompson, S. J. (1996), Internet Connectivity: Addiction and Dependency Study.
van Deursen, A. J., van Dijk, J. A. (2023). IQ and digital inequality: An empirical investigation. New Media & Society, 25(6), 1248–1270. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211024012
Wang, C., Lee, M. K. O. & Hua, Z. (2015). A Theory of Social Media Dependence: Evidence from Microblog Users. Decision Support Systems, 69, 40–49.
Yost, E., Zhang, T. & Qi, R. (2021). The power of engagement: Understanding active social media engagement and the impact on sales in the hospitality industry. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.10.008.
Zhou, L. & Wang, T. (2014). Social Media: A New Vehicle for City Marketing In China. Cities, 37, 27–32.
Anderson, J. C. & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modelling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
Aaker, D. A., Kumar, V. & Day, G. S. (2007). Marketing Research (Ninth Edition), John Wiley & Sons.
Bagozzi, R. P. & Yi, Y. (1988). On The Evaluation of Structure Equations Models, Academic of Marketing Science, 16(1), 76–94.
Ball-Rokeach, S. J. & De Fleur, Melvin, L. (1989). Theories of mass communication. 5th Ed. New York: Longman.
Ball-Rokeach, S. J. (1998). A theory of media power and a theory of media use: Different stories, questions, and ways of thinking. Mass Communication and Society, 1(1), 5–40.
Bettmann, J., Anstadt, G., Casselman, B. & Ganesh, K. (2020). Young Adult Depression and Anxiety Linked to Social Media Use: Assessment and Treatment. Clinical Social Work Journal, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-020-00752-1.
Bitner, M. J. & Brown, S. W. (2000). Technology Infusion in Service Encounters, Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, 28(1), 138-149.
Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural Equations with Latent Variables, Wiley, New York, NY.
Browne, M. & Cudek, R. (1993). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit.
Bollen, K. & Long, J. (1993). Testing Structural Equation Models, Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 136-162.
Churchill, G. A. (1979). Paradigm For Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs, Journal of Marketing Research, XV1, 64-73.
Deloitte Insight (2023). 2023 Digital media trends: Immersed and connected. Accessed on 25th August 2023 from https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/technology/media-industry-trends-2023.htm
Dong, Q., Koper, R., J., Collaco, C., M., (2008). Connections using social networks and social intelligence of students. Intercultural Communication Studies XVII, 17(2), 162-172.
Ebrahimpoor, H., Zahed A. & Elyasi, A. (2013). The Study of Relationship Between Social Intelligence and Organizational Performance, Case Study: Ardabil Regional Water Company’s Managers.
Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models With Unobservable Variables And Measurement Error, Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50.
Giri?imcili?i, S. M. (2018). Social Media Entrepreneurship, Journal of Social Science.
Guenzi, P. & Nijssen, E. (2020). Studying the antecedents and outcome of social media use by salespeople using a MOA framework. Industrial Marketing Management, 90, 346 - 359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.08.005.
Hair, J., Babin W, B. & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis Prentice-Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Ibrahim, N. A., Musa, R. & Adam, A. A. (2016). Social Media Intelligence Quotient (SMIQ) Among Graduates: Knowledge Gathering from Focus Group with Graduates. Procedia Economics and Finance, 37, 304-308.
Isa, K. & Latiff, A. A. (2020). Internet Browsing Trends among Malaysians during Movement Control Order (MCO) Period, International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Engineering Research (IJETER), 8(4), 1 – 9.
Garcia, M. G., Varela, R. S., Marchena, J. A. M. & Espejo, M. J. P. (2020). Using Mobile Devices for Educational Purposes in Compulsory Secondary Education to Improve Student’s Learning Achievements.
Gondal, U. H. & Husain, T. (2013). A Comparative Study of Intelligence Quotient and Emotional Intelligence: Effect on Employees’ Performance, 5(1), 153–162.
Gerbing, D. W. & Hamilton, J. G. (1996). Viability of exploratory factor analysis as a precursor to confirmatory factor analysis. Structural Equation Modelling, 3(1), 62-72.
Jaffar, B. A., Riaz, S. & Mushtaq, A. (2019). Living in a Moment: Impact of TikTok on Influencing Younger Generation into Micro-Fame, Journal of Content, Community & Communication, 10, 187-194.
Jandri?, P. (2019). The Post Digital Challenge of Critical Media Literacy. The International Journal of Critical Media Literacy. https://doi.org/10.1163/25900110-00101002.
Jenkins, H., Clinton, K., Purushatma, R., Robison, A. & Weigel, M. (2006). Confronting the challenges of a participatory culture: Media education for the 21st century. Chicago, IL: MacArthur Foundation
Kumar, N., Kumar, A., Mahto, S., Kandpal, M., Deshpande, S. & Tanwar, P. (2019). Prevalence of excessive internet use and its correlation with associated psychopathology in 11th and 12th grade students. General Psychiatry, 32. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2018-100001.
Kumar, N., Rose, R., C., Subramaniam (2008). The bond between intelligence: Cultural, emotional, and social, performance improvement, 47(10), 42-48.
Li, H., Wu, Y., Cao, D. & Wang, Y. (2021). Organizational mindfulness towards digital transformation as a prerequisite of information processing capability to achieve market agility. Journal of Business Research, 122, 700-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.10.036.
Li, W., O’Brien, J. E., Snyder, S. M. & Howard, M. O. (2015). Characteristics of Internet Addiction/Pathological Internet Use in U.S. University Students: A Qualitative-Method Investigation. PLoS ONE, 10(2), e0117372.
Loureiro, S. & Lopes, J. (2019). How corporate social responsibility initiatives in social media affect awareness and customer engagement. Journal of Promotion Management, 25, 419 - 438. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2019.1557819.
Luaran, J. E., Abdul, F. S., Rom, K. B. M. & Nadzr, F. A. (2012). Hooked on the Internet: how does it influence the quality of undergraduate student’s academic performance.
Luqiu, L. & Kang, Y. (2021). Loyalty to WeChat beyond national borders: a perspective of media system dependency theory on techno-nationalism. Chinese Journal of Communication, 14, 451 - 468. https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2021.1921820.
Malaysian Communication & Multimedia Commission. (2023). Digital Connectivity: Ensuring Everyone Gets Connected: A Glance at Malaysia's Digital Connectivity Journey. Accessed on 25th August 2023 from https://www.mcmc.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General/pdf2/Insight-Digital-Connectivity.pdf
Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commission. (2020). Internet Users Survey 2020.
Meeker, M. (2015). Internet Trends 2015 – Code Conference.
Meijs, N., Cillesen, A., H., N., Scholte, R., H., J., Segers, E., Spijkerman, R., (2010). Social intelligence and academic achievement as predictors of adolescent popularity. Journal Of Youth And Adolescence, 39(1), 62-72.
Neging, P., Musa, R. & Wahab, R. A. (2013). The Determinants and Outcomes of Pathological Internet Use ( PIU) among Urban Millennial Teens?: A Theoretical Framework, 211–217.
Olorunniwo, F., Hsu, M. K. & Udo, G. J. (2006). Service quality, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions in the service factory, Journal of Services Marketing, 20(1), 59-72.
Omar, N. A. & Musa, R. (2011). Measuring service quality in retail loyalty programs (LPSQual): Implications for retailers’ retention strategies, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 39(10), 759-783.
Pangrazio, L. & Cardozo-Gaibisso, L. (2020). Beyond cyber safety: The need to develop social media literacies in pre-teens. Digit. Educ. Rev, 37, 49–63.
Park, Y. J., Sung, C. S. & Im, I. (2017). Does Social Media Use Influence Entrepreneurial Opportunity? A Review of its Moderating Role.
Patwardhan, P. & Yang, J. (2010). Internet Dependency Relations and Online Consumer Behaviour: A Media System Dependency Theory Perspective on Why People Shop, Chat, And Read News Online, 3(2), 57–69.
Roza, A. (2014). Maximizing social media to engage your current and future workforce.
Sariwulan, T., Suparno, S., Disman, D., Ahman, E. & Suwatno, S. (2020). Entrepreneurial Performance: The Role of Literacy and Skills. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7, 269-280. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no11.269.
Sharma, S. (1996). Applied Multivariate Techniques. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
Thompson, S. J. (1996), Internet Connectivity: Addiction and Dependency Study.
van Deursen, A. J., van Dijk, J. A. (2023). IQ and digital inequality: An empirical investigation. New Media & Society, 25(6), 1248–1270. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211024012
Wang, C., Lee, M. K. O. & Hua, Z. (2015). A Theory of Social Media Dependence: Evidence from Microblog Users. Decision Support Systems, 69, 40–49.
Yost, E., Zhang, T. & Qi, R. (2021). The power of engagement: Understanding active social media engagement and the impact on sales in the hospitality industry. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.10.008.
Zhou, L. & Wang, T. (2014). Social Media: A New Vehicle for City Marketing In China. Cities, 37, 27–32.
Published
2023-10-08
How to Cite
Ibrahim, N. A., & Musa, R. (2023). Factorial Structure and Psychometric Validation of Social Media Intelligence Quotient (SMIQ) Scales among Graduates. Information Management and Business Review, 15(3(I), 146-158. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v15i3(I).3525
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Research Paper
Copyright (c) 2023 Nadhrathul Ain Ibrahim, Rosidah Musa
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