Instructional Elements Assessments of Entrepreneurship Education in a Technical University in Malaysia
Keywords:
Entrepreneurship Education (EE), Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), Instructional Elements, Malaysia
Abstract
The technical and vocational education and training (TVET) program occupies the national education system to allow the students to learn practical, hands-on skills aligned with the industries' needs, ultimately preparing the students for the inexorable integration of technology brought about by the Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0). The rapid pace of change and broad impacts featuring IR 4.0 demand specific critical thinking skills, creativity, and readiness for risks, the qualities that are connected to entrepreneurship. Thus, it clarifies offering entrepreneurship education (EE) alongside a TVET program. There are arguments that EE is poorly embedded into the TVET program in Malaysia. The instructional elements concerned with the content, techniques, and activities through which students engage in creating entrepreneurial knowledge and value are considered essential for EE's success in a TVET program. This study assesses the state of instructional elements (i.e. content, teaching methods, infrastructure facilities, and learning assessments) of EE offered within a TVET program in Malaysia. Data were obtained from 37 students of a private technical university in Malaysia who enrolled for their entrepreneurship course through a series of group interviews. The study enlightens a few meaningful findings to propagate the entrepreneurial culture within a TVET program: (1) the content should be tailored to the readiness of the students, (2) action-based teaching methods should be engaged, (3) prior entrepreneurship experience should be specified for the entrepreneurship lecturer; (4) presence of ideal infrastructure facilities, and (5) learning assessments must be focusing in developing attributes of entrepreneurs.
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References
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Adelaja, A. A. (2021). Entrepreneurial education exposure: A comparative investigation between technical and nontechnical higher education. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 28(5), 711-723.
Ajigo, I., David Asuquo, E. & Christiana Oliver, A. (2018). Quality implementation of technical and vocational education and entrepreneurial skill acquisition for technology and economic development in Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management, 6(1).
Braun, V., Clarke, V., Hayfield, N. & Terry, G. (2019). Thematic analysis. In P. Liamputtong (Eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences. Springer.
Byers, T., Seelig, T., Sheppard, S. & Weilerstein, P. (2013). Entrepreneurship: Its role in engineering education. The Bridge, 43(2), 35-40.
Daniele, M. (2017). How do Italian vocational teachers educate for a sense of initiative and entrepreneurship? Development and initial application of the SIE questionnaire. Education + Training, 60(7/8), 800-818.
Daniele, M. & Annamaria, A. (2016). Assessing the sense of initiative and entrepreneurship in vocational students using the European qualification framework. Education + Training, 58(7/8), 797-814.
Ernest, S. M. (2010). Entrepreneurship education: A review of its objectives, teaching methods and impact indicators. Education +Training, 52(1), 20-47.
Esmi, K., Marzoughi, R. & Torkzadeh, J. (2015). Teaching-learning methods of an entrepreneurship curriculum. Journal of Advances in Medical Education & Professionalism, 3(4), 172-177.
Fayolle, A. & Gailly, B. (2008). From craft to science: Teaching models and learning processes in entrepreneurship education. Journal of European Industrial Training, 32(7), 569-593.
Gorman, G., Hanlon, D. & King, W. (1997). Some research perspectives of entrepreneurship education, enterprise education and education for small business management: A ten-year literature review. International Small Business Journal, 15(3), 56-77.
Grecu, V. & Denes, C. (2017). Benefits of entrepreneurship education and training for engineering students. MATEC Web Conference. https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2017/35/matecconf_mse2017_12007.pdf
Grytnes, R., Grill, M., Pousette, A., Törner, M. & Nielsen, K. J. (2018). Apprentice or student? The structures of construction industry vocational education and training in Denmark and Sweden and their possible consequences for safety learning. Vocations and Learning, 11(1), 65-87.
Hägg, G. & Kurazewska, A. (2020). Guiding the student entrepreneur – Considering the emergent adult within the pedagogy-andragogy continuum in entrepreneurship education. Education + Training, 62(7/8), 759-777.
Halik Bassah, N. A. & Mohd Noor, M. A. (2023). Employability skills needed for TVET graduates in Malaysia: Perspective of industry expert. Online Journal for TVET practitioners, 8(1), 52-59.
Holcomb, T. R., Ireland, R. D., Holmes JR, R. M. & Hitt, M. A. (2009). Architecture of entrepreneurial learning: Exploring the link among heuristics, knowledge, and action. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33, 167-192.
Hunter, L. & Lean, J. (2018). Entrepreneurial learning–a social context perspective: evidence from Kenya and Tanzania. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 25(4), 609-627.
Ibrahim, W. N. Z., Bakar, A. R., Asimiran, S., Mohamed, S. & Zakaria, N. S. (2015). Impact of entrepreneurial education on the entrepreneurial intention of students in technical and vocational education and training institutions (TVET) in Malaysia. International Education Studies, 8(12), 141-156.
Idogho, P. P. & Omozuawo, S. E. (2011). Challenges and prospects in the training of youths in entrepreneurial skills. Discourse: An International Journal, 11(33), 66-74.
Ismail, M. Z. (2010). Developing entrepreneurship education: Empirical findings from Malaysian polytechnics [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Hull.
Ismail M. Z. (n.d.). Entrepreneurship education in Malaysian Polytechnic: A pedagogical approach. https://www.academia.edu/11903866/Entrepreneurship_Education_in_Malaysian_Polytechnic_A_Pedagogical_Approach
Ismail, M. Z. & Ahmad, S. Z. (2013). Entrepreneurship education: An insight from Malaysian polytechnics. Journal of Chinese Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 144-160.
Johnson, S., Snowden, N., Mukhuty, S., Fletcher, B. & Williams, T. (2015). Entrepreneurship skills: Literature and policy review. Department for Business Innovation and Skills. Hull University Business School Research Report no. 236.
Johannisson, B. (1991). University training for entrepreneurship: A Swedish approach. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 3(1), 67-82.
Jones, C. & English, J. (2004). A contemporary approach to entrepreneurship education. Education + Training, 46(8/9), 416-423.
Juhari, H. S., Ismail, N., Roslan, S. & Zaremohzzabieh, Z. (2023). Personality traits, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention among vocational students. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 12(1), 9-14.
Kamarudin, M. T. (2010). Penilaian Pembangunan Kemahiran Generik dalam Kalangan Pelajar Tahun Akhir Kolej Persekitaran Luar Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi [Unpublished doctoral dissertation].Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Lenita, H. & Taina, J. (2015). Contextualizing entrepreneurial learning in basic and vocational education. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 9(1), 45-60. doi:10.1108/JEC-03-2013-0006.
Luthje, C. & Franke, N. (2003). The making of an entrepreneur: testing a model of entrepreneurial intent among engineering students at MIT, R&D Management, 33(2), 135-147.
Malaysian Investment Development Authority. (21 February 2022). Not second-class: In the world of I.R 4.0, TVET is vital to meet the industry needs. https://www.mida.gov.my/mida-news/not-second-class-in-the-world-of-ir4-0-tvet-vital-to-meet-industry-needs/.
Militaru, G., Pollifroni, M. & Niculescu, C. (2015). The role of technology entrepreneurship education in encouraging to launch new ventures, November, Balkan Region Conference on Engineering and Business Education, 1(1). De Gruyter Open, available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Massimo_Pollifroni/publication/291952113_The_Role_of_Technology_Entrepreneurship_Education_in_Encouraging_to_Launch_New_Ventures/links/56af508b08aeaa696f2fe3b6.pdf.
Milius, P. & Sarkiene, J. (2008). Entrepreneurship Training for Innovative Start-Ups: The KTC Case. In: van der Sijde, P., Ridder, A., Blaauw, G., Diensberg, C. (Eds.) Teaching Entrepreneurship. Contributions to Management Science. (pp. 23-33). Physica-Verlag HD.
Mansor, M. & Othman, N. (2011). CoBLAS: Inculcating Entrepreneurial Culture among Higher Education Institutions' Students. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 1(1), 86-91.
Mkala, D. M. & Wanjau, K. (2013). Transforming Implementation of Entrepreneurship Education Program in Technical Training Institutions in Kenya. European Journal of Business and Innovation Research, 1(3), 18-27.
Mwasalwiba, E. (2010). A review of its objectives, teaching methods, and impact indicators. Journal of Education and Training, 52(1), 20-47
McLarty, L., Highley, H. & Alderson, S. (2010). Evaluation of enterprise education in England, Research Report No. DFE-RR015, available at: http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/837/1/DFE-RR015.pdf.
Morselli, D. (2019). The Assessment of Entrepreneurial Education. In: The Change Laboratory for Teacher Training in Entrepreneurship Education. SpringerBriefs in Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02571-7_2
Nasrudin, N. & Othman, N. (2012). Entrepreneurship Program Evaluation in Polytechnics: Teaching Staff’s Perspectives. International Conference on Economics, Trade and Development, Singapore.
Nkirina, S. P. (2010). The challenges of integrating entrepreneurship education in the vocational training system: An insight from Tanzania's vocational education training authority. Journal of European Industrial Training, 34(2), 153-166.
Ndofirepi, T. M. (2020). Relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial goal intentions: Psychological traits as mediators. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 9(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-020-0115-x.
Othman, N. (2002). Keberkesanan programme keusahawanan remaja di sekolah menengah [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang.
Othman, N. & Nasrudin, N. (2016). Entrepreneurship education programs in Malaysian polytechnics. Education + Training, 58(7/8), 882-898. doi:10.1108/ET-11-2014-0136.
Othman, N., Hashim, N. & Ab Wahid, H. (2012). Readiness towards entrepreneurship education. Education+Training, 54(8/9), 697-708.
Pittaway, L. (2019). Assessment in Entrepreneurship Education. In: Peters, M., Heraud, R. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Educational Innovation. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2262-4_175-1
Pittaway, L. & Edwards, C. (2012) Assessment: examining practice in entrepreneurship education. Education + Training, 54(8/9), 778-800.
Rae, D. & Woodier-Harris, N. R. (2013). How does enterprise and entrepreneurship education influence postgraduate students’ career intentions in the New Era economy? Education + Training, 55(8/9)926-948.
Ratten, V. & Usmanij, P. (2021). Entrepreneurship education: Time for a change in research direction? The International Journal of Management Education, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2020.100367.
Ruskovaara, E. & Pihkala, T. (2013). Teachers implementing entrepreneurship education: classroom practices. Education+ Training, 55(2), 204-216.
Samuel, Y. A., Ernest, K. & Awuah, J. B. (2013). An assessment of entrepreneurship intention among Sunyani Polytechnic marketing students. International Review of Management and Marketing, 3(1), 37-49.
Shirandula, D. (2022). Influence of entrepreneurship education instructional elements’ on food and beverage students’ level of entrepreneurial skills acquisition in technical and vocational colleges in the Nairobi Metropolitan Region, Kenya [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Moi University Kenya.
Surendran, S. (2018, June 25). Government steps up efforts to reform TVET in Malaysia. The Edge Malaysia. https://theedgemalaysia.com/article/government-steps-efforts-reform-tvet-malaysia
Syed, Z. A. (2015). Entrepreneurship Education in Tourism and Hospitality Programs, Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 27(1), 20-29.
Taatila, V. P. (2010). Learning entrepreneurship in higher education. Education + Training, 52(1), 48-61.
TheSunDaily. (2017). TVET providers to ensure IR 4.0 well understood: Riot. The Sun. Retrieved from http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2017/12/20/tvet-providers-ensure-ir-40-well-understood-riot.
UNESCO. (2016). United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002480/248073e.pdf.
UNESCO/ILO Global. (2006). In UNESCO-UNEVOC (n.d). Entrepreneurship education/training.
Wei, X., Liu, X. & Sha, J. (2019). How does the entrepreneurship education influence the students’ innovation? Testing on the multiple mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01557
Welsh, D. H. B., Tullar, W. L. & Nemati, H. (2016). Enterpreneurship education: Process, method or both? Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 1(3), 125-132.
Wibowo, A., Saptono, A. & Suparno. (2018). Does teachers’ creativity impact on vocational students’ entrepreneurial intention? Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 21(3) 139-155.
Wilson, K. (2009). Educating the next wave of entrepreneurs: World Economic Forum Global Education Initiative. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
Adelaja, A. A. (2021). Entrepreneurial education exposure: A comparative investigation between technical and nontechnical higher education. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 28(5), 711-723.
Ajigo, I., David Asuquo, E. & Christiana Oliver, A. (2018). Quality implementation of technical and vocational education and entrepreneurial skill acquisition for technology and economic development in Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management, 6(1).
Braun, V., Clarke, V., Hayfield, N. & Terry, G. (2019). Thematic analysis. In P. Liamputtong (Eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences. Springer.
Byers, T., Seelig, T., Sheppard, S. & Weilerstein, P. (2013). Entrepreneurship: Its role in engineering education. The Bridge, 43(2), 35-40.
Daniele, M. (2017). How do Italian vocational teachers educate for a sense of initiative and entrepreneurship? Development and initial application of the SIE questionnaire. Education + Training, 60(7/8), 800-818.
Daniele, M. & Annamaria, A. (2016). Assessing the sense of initiative and entrepreneurship in vocational students using the European qualification framework. Education + Training, 58(7/8), 797-814.
Ernest, S. M. (2010). Entrepreneurship education: A review of its objectives, teaching methods and impact indicators. Education +Training, 52(1), 20-47.
Esmi, K., Marzoughi, R. & Torkzadeh, J. (2015). Teaching-learning methods of an entrepreneurship curriculum. Journal of Advances in Medical Education & Professionalism, 3(4), 172-177.
Fayolle, A. & Gailly, B. (2008). From craft to science: Teaching models and learning processes in entrepreneurship education. Journal of European Industrial Training, 32(7), 569-593.
Gorman, G., Hanlon, D. & King, W. (1997). Some research perspectives of entrepreneurship education, enterprise education and education for small business management: A ten-year literature review. International Small Business Journal, 15(3), 56-77.
Grecu, V. & Denes, C. (2017). Benefits of entrepreneurship education and training for engineering students. MATEC Web Conference. https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2017/35/matecconf_mse2017_12007.pdf
Grytnes, R., Grill, M., Pousette, A., Törner, M. & Nielsen, K. J. (2018). Apprentice or student? The structures of construction industry vocational education and training in Denmark and Sweden and their possible consequences for safety learning. Vocations and Learning, 11(1), 65-87.
Hägg, G. & Kurazewska, A. (2020). Guiding the student entrepreneur – Considering the emergent adult within the pedagogy-andragogy continuum in entrepreneurship education. Education + Training, 62(7/8), 759-777.
Halik Bassah, N. A. & Mohd Noor, M. A. (2023). Employability skills needed for TVET graduates in Malaysia: Perspective of industry expert. Online Journal for TVET practitioners, 8(1), 52-59.
Holcomb, T. R., Ireland, R. D., Holmes JR, R. M. & Hitt, M. A. (2009). Architecture of entrepreneurial learning: Exploring the link among heuristics, knowledge, and action. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33, 167-192.
Hunter, L. & Lean, J. (2018). Entrepreneurial learning–a social context perspective: evidence from Kenya and Tanzania. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 25(4), 609-627.
Ibrahim, W. N. Z., Bakar, A. R., Asimiran, S., Mohamed, S. & Zakaria, N. S. (2015). Impact of entrepreneurial education on the entrepreneurial intention of students in technical and vocational education and training institutions (TVET) in Malaysia. International Education Studies, 8(12), 141-156.
Idogho, P. P. & Omozuawo, S. E. (2011). Challenges and prospects in the training of youths in entrepreneurial skills. Discourse: An International Journal, 11(33), 66-74.
Ismail, M. Z. (2010). Developing entrepreneurship education: Empirical findings from Malaysian polytechnics [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Hull.
Ismail M. Z. (n.d.). Entrepreneurship education in Malaysian Polytechnic: A pedagogical approach. https://www.academia.edu/11903866/Entrepreneurship_Education_in_Malaysian_Polytechnic_A_Pedagogical_Approach
Ismail, M. Z. & Ahmad, S. Z. (2013). Entrepreneurship education: An insight from Malaysian polytechnics. Journal of Chinese Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 144-160.
Johnson, S., Snowden, N., Mukhuty, S., Fletcher, B. & Williams, T. (2015). Entrepreneurship skills: Literature and policy review. Department for Business Innovation and Skills. Hull University Business School Research Report no. 236.
Johannisson, B. (1991). University training for entrepreneurship: A Swedish approach. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 3(1), 67-82.
Jones, C. & English, J. (2004). A contemporary approach to entrepreneurship education. Education + Training, 46(8/9), 416-423.
Juhari, H. S., Ismail, N., Roslan, S. & Zaremohzzabieh, Z. (2023). Personality traits, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention among vocational students. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 12(1), 9-14.
Kamarudin, M. T. (2010). Penilaian Pembangunan Kemahiran Generik dalam Kalangan Pelajar Tahun Akhir Kolej Persekitaran Luar Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi [Unpublished doctoral dissertation].Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Lenita, H. & Taina, J. (2015). Contextualizing entrepreneurial learning in basic and vocational education. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 9(1), 45-60. doi:10.1108/JEC-03-2013-0006.
Luthje, C. & Franke, N. (2003). The making of an entrepreneur: testing a model of entrepreneurial intent among engineering students at MIT, R&D Management, 33(2), 135-147.
Malaysian Investment Development Authority. (21 February 2022). Not second-class: In the world of I.R 4.0, TVET is vital to meet the industry needs. https://www.mida.gov.my/mida-news/not-second-class-in-the-world-of-ir4-0-tvet-vital-to-meet-industry-needs/.
Militaru, G., Pollifroni, M. & Niculescu, C. (2015). The role of technology entrepreneurship education in encouraging to launch new ventures, November, Balkan Region Conference on Engineering and Business Education, 1(1). De Gruyter Open, available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Massimo_Pollifroni/publication/291952113_The_Role_of_Technology_Entrepreneurship_Education_in_Encouraging_to_Launch_New_Ventures/links/56af508b08aeaa696f2fe3b6.pdf.
Milius, P. & Sarkiene, J. (2008). Entrepreneurship Training for Innovative Start-Ups: The KTC Case. In: van der Sijde, P., Ridder, A., Blaauw, G., Diensberg, C. (Eds.) Teaching Entrepreneurship. Contributions to Management Science. (pp. 23-33). Physica-Verlag HD.
Mansor, M. & Othman, N. (2011). CoBLAS: Inculcating Entrepreneurial Culture among Higher Education Institutions' Students. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 1(1), 86-91.
Mkala, D. M. & Wanjau, K. (2013). Transforming Implementation of Entrepreneurship Education Program in Technical Training Institutions in Kenya. European Journal of Business and Innovation Research, 1(3), 18-27.
Mwasalwiba, E. (2010). A review of its objectives, teaching methods, and impact indicators. Journal of Education and Training, 52(1), 20-47
McLarty, L., Highley, H. & Alderson, S. (2010). Evaluation of enterprise education in England, Research Report No. DFE-RR015, available at: http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/837/1/DFE-RR015.pdf.
Morselli, D. (2019). The Assessment of Entrepreneurial Education. In: The Change Laboratory for Teacher Training in Entrepreneurship Education. SpringerBriefs in Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02571-7_2
Nasrudin, N. & Othman, N. (2012). Entrepreneurship Program Evaluation in Polytechnics: Teaching Staff’s Perspectives. International Conference on Economics, Trade and Development, Singapore.
Nkirina, S. P. (2010). The challenges of integrating entrepreneurship education in the vocational training system: An insight from Tanzania's vocational education training authority. Journal of European Industrial Training, 34(2), 153-166.
Ndofirepi, T. M. (2020). Relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial goal intentions: Psychological traits as mediators. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 9(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-020-0115-x.
Othman, N. (2002). Keberkesanan programme keusahawanan remaja di sekolah menengah [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang.
Othman, N. & Nasrudin, N. (2016). Entrepreneurship education programs in Malaysian polytechnics. Education + Training, 58(7/8), 882-898. doi:10.1108/ET-11-2014-0136.
Othman, N., Hashim, N. & Ab Wahid, H. (2012). Readiness towards entrepreneurship education. Education+Training, 54(8/9), 697-708.
Pittaway, L. (2019). Assessment in Entrepreneurship Education. In: Peters, M., Heraud, R. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Educational Innovation. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2262-4_175-1
Pittaway, L. & Edwards, C. (2012) Assessment: examining practice in entrepreneurship education. Education + Training, 54(8/9), 778-800.
Rae, D. & Woodier-Harris, N. R. (2013). How does enterprise and entrepreneurship education influence postgraduate students’ career intentions in the New Era economy? Education + Training, 55(8/9)926-948.
Ratten, V. & Usmanij, P. (2021). Entrepreneurship education: Time for a change in research direction? The International Journal of Management Education, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2020.100367.
Ruskovaara, E. & Pihkala, T. (2013). Teachers implementing entrepreneurship education: classroom practices. Education+ Training, 55(2), 204-216.
Samuel, Y. A., Ernest, K. & Awuah, J. B. (2013). An assessment of entrepreneurship intention among Sunyani Polytechnic marketing students. International Review of Management and Marketing, 3(1), 37-49.
Shirandula, D. (2022). Influence of entrepreneurship education instructional elements’ on food and beverage students’ level of entrepreneurial skills acquisition in technical and vocational colleges in the Nairobi Metropolitan Region, Kenya [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Moi University Kenya.
Surendran, S. (2018, June 25). Government steps up efforts to reform TVET in Malaysia. The Edge Malaysia. https://theedgemalaysia.com/article/government-steps-efforts-reform-tvet-malaysia
Syed, Z. A. (2015). Entrepreneurship Education in Tourism and Hospitality Programs, Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 27(1), 20-29.
Taatila, V. P. (2010). Learning entrepreneurship in higher education. Education + Training, 52(1), 48-61.
TheSunDaily. (2017). TVET providers to ensure IR 4.0 well understood: Riot. The Sun. Retrieved from http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2017/12/20/tvet-providers-ensure-ir-40-well-understood-riot.
UNESCO. (2016). United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002480/248073e.pdf.
UNESCO/ILO Global. (2006). In UNESCO-UNEVOC (n.d). Entrepreneurship education/training.
Wei, X., Liu, X. & Sha, J. (2019). How does the entrepreneurship education influence the students’ innovation? Testing on the multiple mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01557
Welsh, D. H. B., Tullar, W. L. & Nemati, H. (2016). Enterpreneurship education: Process, method or both? Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 1(3), 125-132.
Wibowo, A., Saptono, A. & Suparno. (2018). Does teachers’ creativity impact on vocational students’ entrepreneurial intention? Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 21(3) 139-155.
Wilson, K. (2009). Educating the next wave of entrepreneurs: World Economic Forum Global Education Initiative. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
Published
2023-10-08
How to Cite
Abas Azmi, K. S., & Zakaria, A. (2023). Instructional Elements Assessments of Entrepreneurship Education in a Technical University in Malaysia. Information Management and Business Review, 15(3(I), 82-95. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v15i3(I).3518
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Research Paper
Copyright (c) 2023 Khairul Saidah Abas Azmi, Azzarina Zakaria
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