The Role of Personality Peculiarities on Depression and Anxiety of Medical Doctors Using the Job-Demands Resources Model: The Mediating Effect of Job Burnout
Keywords:
Personality Differences, Job Demands Resources Model, Depression, Anxiety, public hospital, job burnout, medical doctors
Abstract
Prolonged stress also known as job burnout refers to psychological conditions resulting from excessive fatigue due to work-related factors. However, distinguished features in personality might affect how people cope with job burnout which has implications for their mental health especially for their depression and anxiety. Therefore, this study intends to respond to the existing practical and empirical gaps by investigating the relationships between personality differences such as neuroticism and extraversion and mental health with the role of job burnout as the mediator. A cross-sectional study was conducted at eight public hospitals within Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 471 medical doctors from six departments participated. The result has shown that job burnout mediates the relationship between neuroticism and mental health. Job burnout made no difference to associations between extraversion and mental health.
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References
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Chandra, Y. & Yagnik, J. (2022). Experience of perceived stress and impact of health locus of control during Covid-19 pandemic: investigating entrepreneurs and corporate employees. South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management, 9(1), 79–99.
Choi, S., Kang, Y. & Yeo, K. (2021). Effect of a Protestant work ethic on burnout: mediating effect of emotional dissonance and moderated mediating effect of negative emotion regulation. Sustainability, 13(5909), 1–14.
Chow, S. K., Francis, B., Ng, Y. H. & Naim, N. (2021). Religious coping, depression, and anxiety among Healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a Malaysian Perspective. Healthcare, 9(79), 1–15.
Costa, P. T. J. & McCrae, R. R. (1992). The five-factor model of personality and its relevance to personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 6(4), 343–359.
De Hoogh, A. H. B. & Den Hartog, D. N. (2009). Neuroticism and locus of control as moderators of the relationships of charismatic and autocratic leadership with burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(4), 1058–1067.
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Farfan, J., Pena, M. & Topa, G. (2019). Lack of group support and burnout syndrome in workers of the state security forces and corps: the moderating role of neuroticism. Medicina, 55(536), 1–13.
Fornes-Vives, J., Gracia-Banda, G., Frias-Navarro, D. & Pascual-Soler, M. (2019). Longitudinal study predicting burnout in Spanish nurses: the role of neuroticism and emotional coping. Personality and Individual Differences 2, 138, 286–291.
Hair, J. F., Hult, T. M., Ringle, C. M. & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd Editio). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M. & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 1–23.
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Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524.
Hobfoll, S. E. & Freedy, J. (1993). Conversation of resources: A general stress theory applied to burnout. Professional Burnout: Recent Developments in Theory and Research, 115–129.
Iorga, M., Dondas, C., Sztankovszky, L. Z. & Antofie, I. (2018). Burnout syndrome among hospital pharmacists in Romania. Farmacia, 66(1), 181–186.
Liu, S., Lithopoulos, A. & Zhang, C. Q. (2020). Personality and perceived stress during COVID-19 pandemic: Testing the mediating role of perceived threat and efficacy. Personality and Individual Differences, 168(110351).
Lovibond, S. H. & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. 2nd ed. Sydney.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B. & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397–422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
McManus, I. C., Winder, B. C. & Gordon, D. (2002). The causal links between stress and burnout in a longitudinal study of UK doctors. Lancet, 359, 2089–2090.
Naseer, S. & Raja, U. (2021). Why does workplace bullying affect victims’ job strain? Perceived organizational support and emotional dissonance as resource depletion mechanisms. Current Psychology, 40(9), 4311–4323.
Negara, J. A. (2019). Laporan Ketua Audit Negara Siri 1: mengenai aktiviti kementerian/jabatan kerajaan persekutuan dan badan-badan berkanun persekutuan.
Ntantana, A., Matamis, D., Savvidou, S., Giannakou, M., Gouva, M., Nakos, G. & Koulouras, V. (2017). Burnout and job satisfaction of intensive care personnel and the relationship with personality and religious traits: an observational, multicenter, cross-sectional study. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 2(41), 11–17.
Ramayah, T., Jacky, C., Chuah, F., Ting, H. & Memon, M. A. (2018). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) using SMARTPLS 3.0 - Handbook of Market Research (2TH Edition). Pearson Malaysia Sdn Bhd.
Rees, C. S., Heritage, B., Osseiran-Moisson, R., Chamberlain, D., Lynette, C., Anderson, J. & Hegney, D. G. (2016). Can we predict burnout among student nurses? An exploration of the ICWR-1 models of individual psychological resilience. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(1072), 1–11.
Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M. & Straub, D. W. (2012). A critical look at the use of PLS-SEM in MIS Quarterly. MIS Quarterly, 36(1), iii–xiv.
Ringle, C. M., Wende, S. & Becker, J. M. (2015). SmartPLS. Retrieved from http://www.smartpls.com
Rogers, A. P. & Barber, L. K. (2019). Workplace intrusions and employee strain: the interactive effects of extraversion and emotional stability. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 32(3), 312–328.
Roslan, N. S., Yusoff, M. S. B., Razak, A. A., Morgan, K. & Shauki, N. I. A. (2021). Training characteristics, personal factors and coping strategies associated with burnout in junior doctors: a multi-center study. Healthcare, 9(1208), 1–14.
Ruisoto, P., Ramirez, M. R., Garcia, P. A., Paladines-Costa, B., Vaca, S. L. & Clemente-Suarez, V. J. (2021). Social support mediates the effect of burnout on health in healthcare professionals. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(623587).
Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J. W., Becky, J. M. & Ringle, C. M. (2019). How to specify, estimate, and validate higher-order constructs in PLS-SEM. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 27(3), 197–211.
Suprapto, S., Linggi, E. B. & Arda, D. (2022). Personality characteristics of nursing students with stress perception in clinical practice in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Positive Psychology & Wellbeing, 6(1), 534–538.
Swider, B. W. & Zimmerman, R. D. (2010). Born to burnout: a meta-analytic path model of personality, job burnout and work outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76, 487–506.
Tawie, S. (2020). Is our doctor-to-population ratio better than the WHO’s recommendation? Reality is different, Kuching MP says. Malay Mail.
Townsley, A. P., Li-Wang, J. & Katta, R. (2023). Healthcare workers’ well-being: a systematic review of positive psychology interventions. Cureus, 15(1).
Unit, E. P. (2021). Twelfth Malaysia Plan 2021-2025: A prosperous, inclusive, sustainable Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.epu.gov.my
van de Wal, R. A. B., Bucx, M. J. L., Hendriks, J. C. M., Scheffer, G. J. & Prins, J. B. (2016). Psychological distress, burnout and personality traits in Dutch anesthesiologists. European Society of Anesthesiology, 33, 179–186.
Abbas, S. G., Roger, A. & Asadullah, M. A. (2012). Impact of organizational role stressors on faculty stress and burnout (An exploratory analysis of a public sector university of Pakistan). 4eme Colloque International (ISEOR - AOM), 18.
Alexandra-Karamanova, A., Todorova, I., Montgomery, A., Panagopoulou, E., Costa, P., Baban, A. & Mijakoski, D. (2016). Burnout and health behaviors in health professionals from seven European countries. Health Int Arch Occup Environ, 89, 1059–1075.
Chew, B. H., Ramli, A., Omar, M. & Ismail, I. Z. (2013). A preliminary study of job satisfaction and motivation among Malaysian primary healthcare professionals. Malaysian Family Physician?: The Official Journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia, 8(2), 15–25.
Chow, S. K., Francis, B., Ng, Y. H., Naim, N. & Beh, H. C. (2021). Religious coping, depression and anxiety among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a Malaysian perspective. Healthcare2, 9(79), 1–15.
Danna, K. & Griffin, R. W. (1999). Health and well-being in the workplace: a review and synthesis of the literature. Journal of Management, 25(3), 35–384.
Diener, E., Pressman, S. D., Hunter, J. & Delgadillo-Chase, D. (2017). If, why and when subjective well-being influences health and future needed research. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 9(2), 133–167.
Dousin, O., Collins, N. & Kler, B. K. (2019). Work-life balance, employee job performance and satisfaction among doctors and nurses in Malaysia. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 9(4), 306–319.
Fauzi, M., Yusoff, H. M., Robat, R. M., Saruan, A. M., Ismail, K. I. & Haris, A. F. M. (2020). Doctors’ mental health amid COVID-19 pandemic: the role of work demands and recovery experiences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7340), 1–16.
Ismail, M., Lee, K. Y. & Sutrisno, A. (2021). The prevalence of psychological distress and its association with coping strategies among medical interns in Malaysia: a national-level cross-sectional study. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 13(e12417), 1–8.
Kinman, G. & Teoh, K. (2018). What could make a difference to the mental health of UK doctors? A review of the research evidence.
Ramlan, M. M. A., Rugayah, H. & Zarul Zafuan, M. D. (2014). Job satisfaction at the workplace?: A case of doctors in government hospital Kuala Lumpur. Journal of Administrative Science, 11(1), 1–12.
Roslan, J. M. G., Noor Hazilah, A. M., Nor Filzatun, B. & Azahadi, M. O. (2014). Turnover Intention among public sector health workforce: is job satisfaction the issue? The International Medical Journal Malaysia, 13(1), 51–56.
Soelton, M. & Lestari, P. A. (2020). The effect of role conflict and burnout toward turnover intention in software industries, work stress as moderating variables. Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, 120, 186–190.
WHO, W. H. O. (2022). World mental health report. Geneva.
Wong, K. K. (2013). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques using SmartPLS. Marketing Bulletin, 24(1), 1–32.
Woon, L. S., & Tiong, C. P. (2020). Burnout, mental health, and quality of life among employees of a Malaysian hospital: a cross-sectional study. Annals of Work Exposures and Health, 64(9), 1007–1019.
Yao, Y., Zhao, S., Gao, X., An, Z. & Wang, S. (2018). General efficacy modifies the effect of stress on burnout in users with different personality types. BMC Health Services Research, 18(667), 1–9.
Yu, J. (2020). Abusive supervision and burnout: the moderating role of subordinates’ neuroticism and time spent with supervisors.
Allied Health Sciences Division. (2020). Profile of Allied Health Professions in Ministry of Health Malaysia: A Consultation Report by WHO.
Alrawashdeh, H. M., Al-Tammemi, A. B., Alzawahreh, M. K. & Al-Tamimi, A. (2021). Occupational burnout and job satisfaction among physicians in times of COVID-19 crisis: a convergent parallel mixed-method study. BMC Public Health, 21(811), 1–18.
Ang, S. Y., Dhawali, S. S., Ayre, T. C., Uthaman, T., Fong, K. Y., Tien, C. E. & Della, P. (2016). Demographics and personality factors associated with burnout among nurses in a Singapore tertiary hospital. BioMed Research International, 1–13.
Bai, Q., Bai, S., Dan, Q., Lei, L. & Wang, P. (2020). Mother Phubbing and adolescent academic burnout: the mediating role of mental health and the moderating role of agreeableness and neuroticism. Personality and Individual Differences, 155(109622), 1–7.
Bakker, A. B. & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: state of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309–328.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E. & Sanz-Vergel, A. (2023). Job Demands-Resources Theory: Ten Years Later. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 10, 25–53.
Becker, J. M., Klein, K. & Wetzels, M. (2012). Hierarchical latent variable models in PLS-SEM: Guidelines for using reflective-formative type models. Long Range Planning 2, 45(5), 359–394.
Beckstein, A., Rathakrishnan, B., Hutchings, P. B. & Mohamed, N. H. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and mental health in Malaysia: current treatment and future recommendations. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 21(1), 260–267.
Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Routledge.
Chandra, Y. & Yagnik, J. (2022). Experience of perceived stress and impact of health locus of control during Covid-19 pandemic: investigating entrepreneurs and corporate employees. South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management, 9(1), 79–99.
Choi, S., Kang, Y. & Yeo, K. (2021). Effect of a Protestant work ethic on burnout: mediating effect of emotional dissonance and moderated mediating effect of negative emotion regulation. Sustainability, 13(5909), 1–14.
Chow, S. K., Francis, B., Ng, Y. H. & Naim, N. (2021). Religious coping, depression, and anxiety among Healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a Malaysian Perspective. Healthcare, 9(79), 1–15.
Costa, P. T. J. & McCrae, R. R. (1992). The five-factor model of personality and its relevance to personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 6(4), 343–359.
De Hoogh, A. H. B. & Den Hartog, D. N. (2009). Neuroticism and locus of control as moderators of the relationships of charismatic and autocratic leadership with burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(4), 1058–1067.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F. & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 459–512.
Division, M. D. (2020a). Strategic Framework of the Medical Program: Ministry of Health Malaysia 2021-2025.
Division, M. D. (2020b). Strategic Framework of the Medical Program Ministry of Health Malaysia 2021-2025.
Farfan, J., Pena, M., Fernandez-Salinero, S. & Topa, G. (2020). The moderating role of extraversion and neuroticism in the relationship between autonomy at work, burnout, and job satisfaction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8166), 1–12.
Farfan, J., Pena, M. & Topa, G. (2019). Lack of group support and burnout syndrome in workers of the state security forces and corps: the moderating role of neuroticism. Medicina, 55(536), 1–13.
Fornes-Vives, J., Gracia-Banda, G., Frias-Navarro, D. & Pascual-Soler, M. (2019). Longitudinal study predicting burnout in Spanish nurses: the role of neuroticism and emotional coping. Personality and Individual Differences 2, 138, 286–291.
Hair, J. F., Hult, T. M., Ringle, C. M. & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd Editio). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M. & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 1–23.
Henseler, J., Hubona, G. & Ray, P. A. (2016). Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines. Industrial Management & Data System, 116(1), 2–20.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524.
Hobfoll, S. E. & Freedy, J. (1993). Conversation of resources: A general stress theory applied to burnout. Professional Burnout: Recent Developments in Theory and Research, 115–129.
Iorga, M., Dondas, C., Sztankovszky, L. Z. & Antofie, I. (2018). Burnout syndrome among hospital pharmacists in Romania. Farmacia, 66(1), 181–186.
Liu, S., Lithopoulos, A. & Zhang, C. Q. (2020). Personality and perceived stress during COVID-19 pandemic: Testing the mediating role of perceived threat and efficacy. Personality and Individual Differences, 168(110351).
Lovibond, S. H. & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. 2nd ed. Sydney.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B. & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397–422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
McManus, I. C., Winder, B. C. & Gordon, D. (2002). The causal links between stress and burnout in a longitudinal study of UK doctors. Lancet, 359, 2089–2090.
Naseer, S. & Raja, U. (2021). Why does workplace bullying affect victims’ job strain? Perceived organizational support and emotional dissonance as resource depletion mechanisms. Current Psychology, 40(9), 4311–4323.
Negara, J. A. (2019). Laporan Ketua Audit Negara Siri 1: mengenai aktiviti kementerian/jabatan kerajaan persekutuan dan badan-badan berkanun persekutuan.
Ntantana, A., Matamis, D., Savvidou, S., Giannakou, M., Gouva, M., Nakos, G. & Koulouras, V. (2017). Burnout and job satisfaction of intensive care personnel and the relationship with personality and religious traits: an observational, multicenter, cross-sectional study. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 2(41), 11–17.
Ramayah, T., Jacky, C., Chuah, F., Ting, H. & Memon, M. A. (2018). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) using SMARTPLS 3.0 - Handbook of Market Research (2TH Edition). Pearson Malaysia Sdn Bhd.
Rees, C. S., Heritage, B., Osseiran-Moisson, R., Chamberlain, D., Lynette, C., Anderson, J. & Hegney, D. G. (2016). Can we predict burnout among student nurses? An exploration of the ICWR-1 models of individual psychological resilience. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(1072), 1–11.
Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M. & Straub, D. W. (2012). A critical look at the use of PLS-SEM in MIS Quarterly. MIS Quarterly, 36(1), iii–xiv.
Ringle, C. M., Wende, S. & Becker, J. M. (2015). SmartPLS. Retrieved from http://www.smartpls.com
Rogers, A. P. & Barber, L. K. (2019). Workplace intrusions and employee strain: the interactive effects of extraversion and emotional stability. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 32(3), 312–328.
Roslan, N. S., Yusoff, M. S. B., Razak, A. A., Morgan, K. & Shauki, N. I. A. (2021). Training characteristics, personal factors and coping strategies associated with burnout in junior doctors: a multi-center study. Healthcare, 9(1208), 1–14.
Ruisoto, P., Ramirez, M. R., Garcia, P. A., Paladines-Costa, B., Vaca, S. L. & Clemente-Suarez, V. J. (2021). Social support mediates the effect of burnout on health in healthcare professionals. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(623587).
Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J. W., Becky, J. M. & Ringle, C. M. (2019). How to specify, estimate, and validate higher-order constructs in PLS-SEM. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 27(3), 197–211.
Suprapto, S., Linggi, E. B. & Arda, D. (2022). Personality characteristics of nursing students with stress perception in clinical practice in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Positive Psychology & Wellbeing, 6(1), 534–538.
Swider, B. W. & Zimmerman, R. D. (2010). Born to burnout: a meta-analytic path model of personality, job burnout and work outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76, 487–506.
Tawie, S. (2020). Is our doctor-to-population ratio better than the WHO’s recommendation? Reality is different, Kuching MP says. Malay Mail.
Townsley, A. P., Li-Wang, J. & Katta, R. (2023). Healthcare workers’ well-being: a systematic review of positive psychology interventions. Cureus, 15(1).
Unit, E. P. (2021). Twelfth Malaysia Plan 2021-2025: A prosperous, inclusive, sustainable Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.epu.gov.my
van de Wal, R. A. B., Bucx, M. J. L., Hendriks, J. C. M., Scheffer, G. J. & Prins, J. B. (2016). Psychological distress, burnout and personality traits in Dutch anesthesiologists. European Society of Anesthesiology, 33, 179–186.
Abbas, S. G., Roger, A. & Asadullah, M. A. (2012). Impact of organizational role stressors on faculty stress and burnout (An exploratory analysis of a public sector university of Pakistan). 4eme Colloque International (ISEOR - AOM), 18.
Alexandra-Karamanova, A., Todorova, I., Montgomery, A., Panagopoulou, E., Costa, P., Baban, A. & Mijakoski, D. (2016). Burnout and health behaviors in health professionals from seven European countries. Health Int Arch Occup Environ, 89, 1059–1075.
Chew, B. H., Ramli, A., Omar, M. & Ismail, I. Z. (2013). A preliminary study of job satisfaction and motivation among Malaysian primary healthcare professionals. Malaysian Family Physician?: The Official Journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia, 8(2), 15–25.
Chow, S. K., Francis, B., Ng, Y. H., Naim, N. & Beh, H. C. (2021). Religious coping, depression and anxiety among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a Malaysian perspective. Healthcare2, 9(79), 1–15.
Danna, K. & Griffin, R. W. (1999). Health and well-being in the workplace: a review and synthesis of the literature. Journal of Management, 25(3), 35–384.
Diener, E., Pressman, S. D., Hunter, J. & Delgadillo-Chase, D. (2017). If, why and when subjective well-being influences health and future needed research. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 9(2), 133–167.
Dousin, O., Collins, N. & Kler, B. K. (2019). Work-life balance, employee job performance and satisfaction among doctors and nurses in Malaysia. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 9(4), 306–319.
Fauzi, M., Yusoff, H. M., Robat, R. M., Saruan, A. M., Ismail, K. I. & Haris, A. F. M. (2020). Doctors’ mental health amid COVID-19 pandemic: the role of work demands and recovery experiences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7340), 1–16.
Ismail, M., Lee, K. Y. & Sutrisno, A. (2021). The prevalence of psychological distress and its association with coping strategies among medical interns in Malaysia: a national-level cross-sectional study. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 13(e12417), 1–8.
Kinman, G. & Teoh, K. (2018). What could make a difference to the mental health of UK doctors? A review of the research evidence.
Ramlan, M. M. A., Rugayah, H. & Zarul Zafuan, M. D. (2014). Job satisfaction at the workplace?: A case of doctors in government hospital Kuala Lumpur. Journal of Administrative Science, 11(1), 1–12.
Roslan, J. M. G., Noor Hazilah, A. M., Nor Filzatun, B. & Azahadi, M. O. (2014). Turnover Intention among public sector health workforce: is job satisfaction the issue? The International Medical Journal Malaysia, 13(1), 51–56.
Soelton, M. & Lestari, P. A. (2020). The effect of role conflict and burnout toward turnover intention in software industries, work stress as moderating variables. Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, 120, 186–190.
WHO, W. H. O. (2022). World mental health report. Geneva.
Wong, K. K. (2013). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques using SmartPLS. Marketing Bulletin, 24(1), 1–32.
Woon, L. S., & Tiong, C. P. (2020). Burnout, mental health, and quality of life among employees of a Malaysian hospital: a cross-sectional study. Annals of Work Exposures and Health, 64(9), 1007–1019.
Yao, Y., Zhao, S., Gao, X., An, Z. & Wang, S. (2018). General efficacy modifies the effect of stress on burnout in users with different personality types. BMC Health Services Research, 18(667), 1–9.
Yu, J. (2020). Abusive supervision and burnout: the moderating role of subordinates’ neuroticism and time spent with supervisors.
Published
2023-10-08
How to Cite
Omar, N. F., Md Sharif, S. E. bin, & Abdullah, M. S. bin. (2023). The Role of Personality Peculiarities on Depression and Anxiety of Medical Doctors Using the Job-Demands Resources Model: The Mediating Effect of Job Burnout. Information Management and Business Review, 15(3(I), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v15i3(I).3514
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Copyright (c) 2023 Nor Farehan Omar, Saiful Effendy bin Md Sharif, Muhammad Syukri bin Abdullah
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