The Relationship between Remote Work and Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Perceived Autonomy
Keywords:
Remote Work, Perceived Autonomy, Job Satisfaction, Oil and Gas Industry, SPSS
Abstract
The job satisfaction of employees is one of the main keys to leading the success of an organization. It represents how you feel about your job and what you think about your job. Despite the continuous effort by the Malaysian government, the outcome of the implementation and occurrence of remote work practices towards job satisfaction in Malaysia is equivocal. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate whether the impacts of remote work led to employee job satisfaction performance. This study also looks at whether perceived autonomy mediates the relationship between remote work and job satisfaction. The respondents are from one oil and gas company in Kuala Lumpur. The data were collected using an online survey among (n = 185) employees from various departments in the organization. A Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was developed to examine how the variables were related. Results showed that: (1) remote work has a significant relationship with job satisfaction and (2) Perceived Autonomy mediates the relationship between remote work and job satisfaction. The novelty of this research is the contribution of the present body of knowledge through the development of the adapted model of remote work-job satisfaction concerning the oil & gas industry. The findings also could guide the stakeholders and policymakers in formulating a plan and action towards the betterment of the remote work process that can elevate the job satisfaction of the organization.
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References
Alias, N. E., Nokman, F. N., Ismail, S., Koe, W. L. & Othman, R. (2018). The Effect of Payment, Recognition, Empowerment and Work-Life Balance on Job Satisfaction in Malaysia’s Oil and Gas Industry. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(9), 639–656
Allen, D. G., Renn, R. W. & Griffeth, R. W. (2003). The impact of telecommuting design on social systems, self-regulation, and role boundaries. In G. Ferris & J. Martochhio (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resources management (125–163). Boston: JAI Press.
Aziz-Ur-Rehman, M. & Siddiqui, D. A. (2019). Relationship between Flexible Working Arrangements and Job Satisfaction Mediated by Work-Life Balance: Evidence from Public Sector Universities Employees of Pakistan. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3510918
Bailey, D. E. & Kurland, N. B. (2002). A review of telework research: findings, new directions, and lessons for the study of modern work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(4), 383–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.144
Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
Béland, L. P., Brodeur, A. & Wright, T. (2020). The short-term economic consequences of COVID-19: exposure to disease, remote work, and government response.
Bellmann, L. & Hübler, O. (2020). Working from home, job satisfaction and work–life balance – robust or heterogeneous links? International Journal of Manpower, ahead-of (ahead-of-print), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijm-10-2019-0458
Bhattacharya, P. & Hutchinson, F. E. (2022). Malaysia’s Oil and Gas Sector: Constant Expectations despite Diminishing Returns. ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute, 21, 2335-6677. https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2022-21-malaysias-oil-and-gas-sector-constant-expectations-despite-diminishing-returns-by-pritish-bhattacharya-and-francis-e-hutchinson/
Brayfield, A. H. & Rothe, H. F. (1951). An index of job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 35, 307-311.
Brown, T., VanderWeele, T. & Hong, S. (2019). Assessing mediation using marginal structural models in the presence of confounding and moderation. Statistics in Medicine, 38(21), 4092-4112.
Brynjolfsson, E., Horton, J., Ozimek, A., Rock, D., Sharma, G. & TuYe, H.-Y. (2020). COVID-19 and Remote Work: An Early Look at US Data. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27344
Charalampous, M., Grant, C. A., Tramontano, C. & Michailidis, E. (2019). Systematically reviewing remote e-workers’ well-being at work: a multidimensional approach. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(1), 51-73.
Cooper, C. D. & Kurland, N. B. (2002). Telecommuting, professional isolation, and employee development in public and private organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(4), 511–532. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.145
Feldman, D. C. & Gainey, T. W. (1997). Patterns of telecommuting and their consequences: Framing the research agenda. Human Resource Management Review, 7, 369–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822 (97)90025-5
Focus Malaysia. (2018). Oil & gas industry online hiring up for 19 months. Retrieved from: http://www.focusmalaysia.my/Snippets/ oil-gas-industry-online-hiring-up-for-19-months.
Fonner, K. L. & Roloff, M. E. (2010). Why teleworkers are more satisfied with their jobs than are office-based workers: When less contact is beneficial. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 38, 336-361. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2010.513998
Forbes Coaches Council. (2018). Motivating millennials (and everyone else, for that matter). Forbes Magazine. Retrieved 20 January 2020 from https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescoachescouncil/2018/03/14/motivating millennial- and-everyone-else-for-that-matter/
Gallardo, R. & Whitacre, B. E. (2018). 21st century economic development: Telework and its impact on local income. Regional Science Policy and Practice, 10(2), 103–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12117
Gajendran, R. S. & Harrison, D. A. (2007). The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: Meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1524-1541. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1524
Giménez-Nadal, José & Molina, José. & Velilla, Jorge. (2018). Telework, the Timing of Work, and Instantaneous Well-Being: Evidence from Time Use Data. IZA Discussion Papers.
Gitoho, S. Q. (2015). Influence of Leadership Styles on Employee Job Satisfaction: A Case Study of Firms Listed in the Nairobi Securities Exchange.
Global, E. (2021, May 12). More than half of employees globally would quit their jobs if not provided post-pandemic flexibility. Ernst & Young Global Ltd. https://www.ey.com/en_gl/news/2021/05/more-than-half-of-employees-globally-would-quit-their-jobs-if-not-provided-post-pandemic-flexibility-ey-survey-finds
Golden, T. D., Veiga, J. F. & Dino, R. N. (2021). The impact of remote work on work-family conflict, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions: A time period-based approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106(2), 212-225.
Golden, T. D., Veiga, J. F. & Simsek, Z. (2006). Telecommuting’s differential impact on work-family conflict: Is there no place like home? Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1340–1350. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1340
Golden, T. D. (2006). The role of relationships in understanding telecommuter satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 319-340. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.369
Golden, T. D. & Veiga, J. F. (2005). The impact of extent of telecommuting on job satisfaction: Resolving inconsistent findings. Journal of Management, 31(2), 301–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206304271768
Grant, A. M. & Campbell, E. M. (2020). Work-life integration is a balancing act that requires support from supervisors. Journal of Business and Psychology, 35(6), 689-706.
Hashim, R., Bakar, A., Noh, I. & Mahyudin, H. A. (2020). Employees’ Job Satisfaction and Performance through Working from Home during the Pandemic Lockdown. Environment-Behavior Proceedings Journal, 5(15), 461-467.
Harry Obi – Nwosu, Joe-Akunne Chiamaka, O. & Oguegbe Tochukwu, M. (2013). Job Characteristics as Predictors of Organizational Commitment among Private Sector Workers in Anambra State, Nigeria. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(2), 482–491. http://aessweb.com/pdf-files/482-491.pdf
Ida, L. (2020). For Malaysian employees, flexi hours, work-life balance top reasons for happiness; salary levels leading cause of dissatisfaction. Retrieved fromhttps://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/08/13/for-malaysian-employees-flexi-hours-work-life-balance-top-reasons-for-happi/1893469
Johnson, R. E., Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Hu, J. & Baer, J. C. (2021). Achieving high-quality remote work: The roles of perceived autonomy support and perceived autonomy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106(6), 845-860.
Karunarathne, W. A. L. S. (2021). The impact of perceived autonomy on job satisfaction: A study among banking sector employees. Journal of Business and Technology, 1(1), 11-18.
Kazekami, S. (2019). Mechanisms to improve labor productivity by performing telework. Telecommunications Policy, 44(2), 101868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101868
Khairudin, N. N. Q. M. & Aziz, N. (2020). The correlation between telecommuting and work-life balance in oil and gas industry. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1529(2), 022057. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1529/2/022057
Kossek, E. E. & Lautsch, B. A. (2018). Work–Life Flexibility for Whom? Occupational Status and Work–Life Inequality in Upper, Middle, and Lower-Level Jobs. Academy of Management Annals, 12(1), 5–36. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2016.0059
Larson, B. Z., Vroman, S. R. & Makarius, E. E. (2020). A guide to managing your (newly) remote workers. Harvard Business Review, 18.
Lin, J. T. P. & Ping, N. C. L. (2016). Perceived job autonomy and employee engagement as predictors of organizational commitment. The Undergraduate Journal of Psychology, 29(1), 1-to.
Mohd Suki, N., Rony, N. I. & Mohd Suki, N. (2020). Do gender and income really moderate on employees’ job satisfaction? Insights from Malaysia’s oil and gas industry. International Journal of Management Science and Engineering Management, 15(1), 47-58.
Morgeson, F. P. & Humphrey, S. E. (2006). The Work Design Questionnaire (WDQ): Developing and validating a comprehensive measure for assessing job design and the nature of work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1321–1339. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1321
Munusamy, T. (2016). Influence of Teleworking Acceptance on Employee’s Work Life in Malaysia’s ICT Sector. International Journal of Accounting and Business Management, 4(2), 146–158. https://doi.org/10.24924/ijabm/2016.11/v4.iss2/146.158
Nakrošien?, A., Bu?i?nien?, I. & Goštautait?, B. (2019). Working from home: characteristics and outcomes of telework. International Journal of Manpower, 40(1), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijm-07-2017-0172
Ojeiduma, N. (2020). The Relationship between Leadership Style and Job Satisfaction in Multinational Oil and Gas Services (Order No. 28256114). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (2468643447). https://ezaccess.library.uitm.edu.my/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdissertations-theses%2Frelationship-between-leadership-style-job%2Fdocview%2F2468643447%2Fse-2%3Faccountid%3D42518
O’Keefe, P., Caulfield, B., Brazil, W. & White, P. (2016). The impacts of telecommuting in Dublin. Research in Transportation Economics, 57, 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2016.06.010
Olson, M. (1983). Remote office work: changing work patterns in space and time. Commun. ACM, 26, 182-187.
Paposa, K. K. & Kumar, Y. M. (2015). Impact of performance management system on job satisfaction of faculty members: A Study on Technical Education Institutes of Nagpur. Management and Labor Studies, 40(1–2), 159–175. https://doi.org/10.1177/0258042x15601538
Pinsonneault, A. & Boisvert, M. (2001). The Impacts of Telecommuting on Organizations and Individuals. Telecommuting and Virtual Offices, 163–185. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-878289-79-7.ch010
Prasad, K., Vaidya, R. W. & Mangipudi, M. (2020). Effect of occupational stress and remote working on psychological well-being of employees: an empirical analysis during covid-19 pandemic concerning information technology industry in Hyderabad. Indian Journal of Commerce & Management Studies, 11(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.18843/ijcms/v11i2/01
Raghuram, S., Wiesenfeld, B. M. & Garud, R. (2019). A home away from the office? Understanding informal workplace learning in distributed work arrangements. Academy of Management Journal, 62(5), 1524-1551.
Schall, M. A. (2019). The Relationship between Remote Work and Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Roles of Perceived Autonomy, Work-Family Conflict, and Telecommuting Intensity. Master’s Theses. 5017. Published. https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.2x82-58pg
Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach (4th Ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Singh, B. (2017). Why maritime jobs are not preferred anymore? Maritime insight. Retrieved from: https://www.marineinsight.com/ careers-2/why-maritime-jobs-are-not-preferred-anymore/
Smith, J. & Johnson, L. (2020). The impact of remote work on job satisfaction: A comparative study. Journal of Organizational Psychology, 45(3), 123-145.
Ter Hoeven, C. L. & Van Zoonen, W. (2015). Flexible work designs and employee well?being: examining the effects of resources and demands. New Technology, Work and Employment, 30(3), 237–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12052
Thai, V. V. & Latta, T. (2010). Employment brand strategy for the shortage of seafarers. International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics, 2(4), 411–428.
Tuzovic, S. & Kabadayi, S. (2020). The influence of social distancing on employee well-being: a conceptual framework and research agenda. Journal of Service Management, 32(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-05-2020-0140
Unanue, W., Gómez, M. S., Cortez, D., Oyanedel, J. C. & Mendiburo-Seguel, A. (2017). Revisiting the Link between Job Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction: The Role of Basic Psychological Needs. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00680
Wheatley, D. (2016). Employee satisfaction and use of flexible working arrangements. Work, Employment and Society, 31(4), 567–585. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017016631447
Yuen, K. F., Loh, H. S., Zhou, Q. & Wong, Y. D. (2018). Determinants of job satisfaction and performance of seafarers. Transportation Research Part A, 110(2018), 1–12.
Allen, D. G., Renn, R. W. & Griffeth, R. W. (2003). The impact of telecommuting design on social systems, self-regulation, and role boundaries. In G. Ferris & J. Martochhio (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resources management (125–163). Boston: JAI Press.
Aziz-Ur-Rehman, M. & Siddiqui, D. A. (2019). Relationship between Flexible Working Arrangements and Job Satisfaction Mediated by Work-Life Balance: Evidence from Public Sector Universities Employees of Pakistan. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3510918
Bailey, D. E. & Kurland, N. B. (2002). A review of telework research: findings, new directions, and lessons for the study of modern work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(4), 383–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.144
Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
Béland, L. P., Brodeur, A. & Wright, T. (2020). The short-term economic consequences of COVID-19: exposure to disease, remote work, and government response.
Bellmann, L. & Hübler, O. (2020). Working from home, job satisfaction and work–life balance – robust or heterogeneous links? International Journal of Manpower, ahead-of (ahead-of-print), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijm-10-2019-0458
Bhattacharya, P. & Hutchinson, F. E. (2022). Malaysia’s Oil and Gas Sector: Constant Expectations despite Diminishing Returns. ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute, 21, 2335-6677. https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2022-21-malaysias-oil-and-gas-sector-constant-expectations-despite-diminishing-returns-by-pritish-bhattacharya-and-francis-e-hutchinson/
Brayfield, A. H. & Rothe, H. F. (1951). An index of job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 35, 307-311.
Brown, T., VanderWeele, T. & Hong, S. (2019). Assessing mediation using marginal structural models in the presence of confounding and moderation. Statistics in Medicine, 38(21), 4092-4112.
Brynjolfsson, E., Horton, J., Ozimek, A., Rock, D., Sharma, G. & TuYe, H.-Y. (2020). COVID-19 and Remote Work: An Early Look at US Data. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27344
Charalampous, M., Grant, C. A., Tramontano, C. & Michailidis, E. (2019). Systematically reviewing remote e-workers’ well-being at work: a multidimensional approach. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(1), 51-73.
Cooper, C. D. & Kurland, N. B. (2002). Telecommuting, professional isolation, and employee development in public and private organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(4), 511–532. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.145
Feldman, D. C. & Gainey, T. W. (1997). Patterns of telecommuting and their consequences: Framing the research agenda. Human Resource Management Review, 7, 369–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822 (97)90025-5
Focus Malaysia. (2018). Oil & gas industry online hiring up for 19 months. Retrieved from: http://www.focusmalaysia.my/Snippets/ oil-gas-industry-online-hiring-up-for-19-months.
Fonner, K. L. & Roloff, M. E. (2010). Why teleworkers are more satisfied with their jobs than are office-based workers: When less contact is beneficial. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 38, 336-361. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2010.513998
Forbes Coaches Council. (2018). Motivating millennials (and everyone else, for that matter). Forbes Magazine. Retrieved 20 January 2020 from https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescoachescouncil/2018/03/14/motivating millennial- and-everyone-else-for-that-matter/
Gallardo, R. & Whitacre, B. E. (2018). 21st century economic development: Telework and its impact on local income. Regional Science Policy and Practice, 10(2), 103–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12117
Gajendran, R. S. & Harrison, D. A. (2007). The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: Meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1524-1541. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1524
Giménez-Nadal, José & Molina, José. & Velilla, Jorge. (2018). Telework, the Timing of Work, and Instantaneous Well-Being: Evidence from Time Use Data. IZA Discussion Papers.
Gitoho, S. Q. (2015). Influence of Leadership Styles on Employee Job Satisfaction: A Case Study of Firms Listed in the Nairobi Securities Exchange.
Global, E. (2021, May 12). More than half of employees globally would quit their jobs if not provided post-pandemic flexibility. Ernst & Young Global Ltd. https://www.ey.com/en_gl/news/2021/05/more-than-half-of-employees-globally-would-quit-their-jobs-if-not-provided-post-pandemic-flexibility-ey-survey-finds
Golden, T. D., Veiga, J. F. & Dino, R. N. (2021). The impact of remote work on work-family conflict, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions: A time period-based approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106(2), 212-225.
Golden, T. D., Veiga, J. F. & Simsek, Z. (2006). Telecommuting’s differential impact on work-family conflict: Is there no place like home? Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1340–1350. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1340
Golden, T. D. (2006). The role of relationships in understanding telecommuter satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 319-340. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.369
Golden, T. D. & Veiga, J. F. (2005). The impact of extent of telecommuting on job satisfaction: Resolving inconsistent findings. Journal of Management, 31(2), 301–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206304271768
Grant, A. M. & Campbell, E. M. (2020). Work-life integration is a balancing act that requires support from supervisors. Journal of Business and Psychology, 35(6), 689-706.
Hashim, R., Bakar, A., Noh, I. & Mahyudin, H. A. (2020). Employees’ Job Satisfaction and Performance through Working from Home during the Pandemic Lockdown. Environment-Behavior Proceedings Journal, 5(15), 461-467.
Harry Obi – Nwosu, Joe-Akunne Chiamaka, O. & Oguegbe Tochukwu, M. (2013). Job Characteristics as Predictors of Organizational Commitment among Private Sector Workers in Anambra State, Nigeria. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(2), 482–491. http://aessweb.com/pdf-files/482-491.pdf
Ida, L. (2020). For Malaysian employees, flexi hours, work-life balance top reasons for happiness; salary levels leading cause of dissatisfaction. Retrieved fromhttps://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/08/13/for-malaysian-employees-flexi-hours-work-life-balance-top-reasons-for-happi/1893469
Johnson, R. E., Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Hu, J. & Baer, J. C. (2021). Achieving high-quality remote work: The roles of perceived autonomy support and perceived autonomy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106(6), 845-860.
Karunarathne, W. A. L. S. (2021). The impact of perceived autonomy on job satisfaction: A study among banking sector employees. Journal of Business and Technology, 1(1), 11-18.
Kazekami, S. (2019). Mechanisms to improve labor productivity by performing telework. Telecommunications Policy, 44(2), 101868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101868
Khairudin, N. N. Q. M. & Aziz, N. (2020). The correlation between telecommuting and work-life balance in oil and gas industry. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1529(2), 022057. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1529/2/022057
Kossek, E. E. & Lautsch, B. A. (2018). Work–Life Flexibility for Whom? Occupational Status and Work–Life Inequality in Upper, Middle, and Lower-Level Jobs. Academy of Management Annals, 12(1), 5–36. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2016.0059
Larson, B. Z., Vroman, S. R. & Makarius, E. E. (2020). A guide to managing your (newly) remote workers. Harvard Business Review, 18.
Lin, J. T. P. & Ping, N. C. L. (2016). Perceived job autonomy and employee engagement as predictors of organizational commitment. The Undergraduate Journal of Psychology, 29(1), 1-to.
Mohd Suki, N., Rony, N. I. & Mohd Suki, N. (2020). Do gender and income really moderate on employees’ job satisfaction? Insights from Malaysia’s oil and gas industry. International Journal of Management Science and Engineering Management, 15(1), 47-58.
Morgeson, F. P. & Humphrey, S. E. (2006). The Work Design Questionnaire (WDQ): Developing and validating a comprehensive measure for assessing job design and the nature of work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1321–1339. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1321
Munusamy, T. (2016). Influence of Teleworking Acceptance on Employee’s Work Life in Malaysia’s ICT Sector. International Journal of Accounting and Business Management, 4(2), 146–158. https://doi.org/10.24924/ijabm/2016.11/v4.iss2/146.158
Nakrošien?, A., Bu?i?nien?, I. & Goštautait?, B. (2019). Working from home: characteristics and outcomes of telework. International Journal of Manpower, 40(1), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijm-07-2017-0172
Ojeiduma, N. (2020). The Relationship between Leadership Style and Job Satisfaction in Multinational Oil and Gas Services (Order No. 28256114). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (2468643447). https://ezaccess.library.uitm.edu.my/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdissertations-theses%2Frelationship-between-leadership-style-job%2Fdocview%2F2468643447%2Fse-2%3Faccountid%3D42518
O’Keefe, P., Caulfield, B., Brazil, W. & White, P. (2016). The impacts of telecommuting in Dublin. Research in Transportation Economics, 57, 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2016.06.010
Olson, M. (1983). Remote office work: changing work patterns in space and time. Commun. ACM, 26, 182-187.
Paposa, K. K. & Kumar, Y. M. (2015). Impact of performance management system on job satisfaction of faculty members: A Study on Technical Education Institutes of Nagpur. Management and Labor Studies, 40(1–2), 159–175. https://doi.org/10.1177/0258042x15601538
Pinsonneault, A. & Boisvert, M. (2001). The Impacts of Telecommuting on Organizations and Individuals. Telecommuting and Virtual Offices, 163–185. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-878289-79-7.ch010
Prasad, K., Vaidya, R. W. & Mangipudi, M. (2020). Effect of occupational stress and remote working on psychological well-being of employees: an empirical analysis during covid-19 pandemic concerning information technology industry in Hyderabad. Indian Journal of Commerce & Management Studies, 11(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.18843/ijcms/v11i2/01
Raghuram, S., Wiesenfeld, B. M. & Garud, R. (2019). A home away from the office? Understanding informal workplace learning in distributed work arrangements. Academy of Management Journal, 62(5), 1524-1551.
Schall, M. A. (2019). The Relationship between Remote Work and Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Roles of Perceived Autonomy, Work-Family Conflict, and Telecommuting Intensity. Master’s Theses. 5017. Published. https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.2x82-58pg
Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach (4th Ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Singh, B. (2017). Why maritime jobs are not preferred anymore? Maritime insight. Retrieved from: https://www.marineinsight.com/ careers-2/why-maritime-jobs-are-not-preferred-anymore/
Smith, J. & Johnson, L. (2020). The impact of remote work on job satisfaction: A comparative study. Journal of Organizational Psychology, 45(3), 123-145.
Ter Hoeven, C. L. & Van Zoonen, W. (2015). Flexible work designs and employee well?being: examining the effects of resources and demands. New Technology, Work and Employment, 30(3), 237–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12052
Thai, V. V. & Latta, T. (2010). Employment brand strategy for the shortage of seafarers. International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics, 2(4), 411–428.
Tuzovic, S. & Kabadayi, S. (2020). The influence of social distancing on employee well-being: a conceptual framework and research agenda. Journal of Service Management, 32(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-05-2020-0140
Unanue, W., Gómez, M. S., Cortez, D., Oyanedel, J. C. & Mendiburo-Seguel, A. (2017). Revisiting the Link between Job Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction: The Role of Basic Psychological Needs. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00680
Wheatley, D. (2016). Employee satisfaction and use of flexible working arrangements. Work, Employment and Society, 31(4), 567–585. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017016631447
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Published
2023-09-17
How to Cite
Jamaludin, N. L., & Kamal, S. A. (2023). The Relationship between Remote Work and Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Perceived Autonomy. Information Management and Business Review, 15(3(SI), 10-22. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v15i3(SI).3453
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Section
Research Paper
Copyright (c) 2023 Nor Lelawati Jamaludin, Sakinah Ahmad Kamal
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