Staff Burnout and Leadership Styles towards Job Performance during Critical Period
Keywords:
Burnout, Leadership Styles, Job Performance, Autocratic, Democratic, Laissez-Faire
Abstract
Recent pandemic of COVID-19 has heightened the need for mental and emotional health and the demands for specific types of leadership styles toward performance. The researcher believes that burnout and leadership styles are interrelated towards the job and the organization’s performance during the critical period. Hence, this study aims to investigate the relationship between staff burnout and leadership styles toward job performance during the critical Movement Control Order (MCO) period due to COVID-19 in Malaysia. A questionnaire was used as the main instrument in the data collection process. A total of 180 online surveys in the form of Google Form format were distributed among Credit Guarantee Corporation Malaysia Berhad (CGC) employees through a convenience sampling technique. Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between determinants of staff burnout and leadership styles toward job performance. The data collected was analyzed using SmartPLS, one of the most popular software applications for Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The result indicated a significant relationship between burnout (personal accomplishment) and leadership styles (autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire) toward job performance. In comparison, burnout (emotional exhaustion and depersonalization) has no significant relationship with job performance. The researcher suggested that future research conduct another study with different populations of respondents by considering the larger sample size, including all levels of employees in an organization from all the companies in the same industries.
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References
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Ashtari, Z., Farhady, Y., & Khodaee, M. R. (2009). Relationship between job burnout and work performance in a sample of Iranian mental health staff. African Journal of Psychiatry, 12(1), 71–74.
Baig, S. A.; Iqbal, S.; Abrar, M.; Baig, I. A.; Amjad, F.; Zia-ur-Rehman, M.; Awan, M. U. (2019). Impact of leadership styles on employees' performance with the moderating role of positive psychological capital. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, (), 1–21.
Beauty, M., & Aigbogun, O. (2022). Effects of Leadership Styles on Employee Performance: A Case Study of Turnall Holdings LTD, Harare. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(1), 289–305.
Belete, J. (2020). The Effects of Leadership Style on Employees Performance in Case of Kaffa Zone Government Offices, South West Ethiopia. 10(7), 26756–26773.
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Dastane, O. (2020). Impact of Leadership Styles on Employee Performance: A Moderating Role of Gender. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research, 5(12), 27–52. https://doi.org/10.52283/nswrca.ajbmr.20210512a03
Diana, I. N., Supriyanto, A. S., Ekowati, V. M., & Ertanto, A. H. (2021). Factor Influencing Employee Performance: The Role of Organizational Culture. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(2), 545–553. https://doi.org/10.13106/JAFEB.2021.VOL8.NO2.0545
Erdem, A. T. (2021). The Mediating Role of Work Alienation in the Effect of Democratic and Autocratic Leadership Styles on Counterproductive Behaviors: A Study in Ankara OST?M Industrial Zone. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 17 (34), 873–902. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.839136
Fakhri, M., Syarifuddin, S., Winarno, A., Nurnida, I., & Hanum, S. (2021). Democratic Leadership Practice to Construct Clan Organisational Culture in Family Companies. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(1), 803–811. https://doi.org/10.13106/JAFEB.2021.VOL8.NO1.803
Firas S. K., Rafiduraida A. R., Ahmad, Z. A., & Anmar, A. K. (2022). Impact of Leadership Style on Employee Performance (A Case Study on a Private Organization in Iraq). Texas Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 13, 15–32. Retrieved from https://zienjournals.com/index.php/tjm/article/view/2454
Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff Burn-Out. 90(1), 159–165.
Gao, Xingyuan and Chen, Hongyan and Wu, Jie and Huang, Jingzhong, Task Performance: Report on the Study of Social and Emotional Skills of Chinese Adolescents (I) (30 September 2021). Best Evidence in Chinese Education, 9(1), 1197–1202, 2021, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3946012
Gorji, M. (2011). The Effect of Job Burnout Dimension on Employees’ Performance. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, (January 2011), pp. 243–246. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijssh.2011.v1.43
https://www.who.int/news/item/28-05-2019-burn-out-an-occupational-phenomenon-international-classification-of-diseases https://www.hcamag.com/asia/specialisation/mental-health/covid-19-why-burnout-is-on-the-rise/222207
Iqbal, N., Anwar, S. and Haider, N. (2015). Effect of Leadership Style on Employee Performance. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 5, 1-6.
Jan Luca, P. (2021). Why older employees engage in less counterproductive work behavior and in more organizational citizenship behavior: Examining the role of the HEXACO personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, (), –. https://doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110550
Johari, J. (2018). Job characteristics, employee well-being, and job performance of public sector employees in Malaysia. 102–119. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-09- 2017-0257
Kalia, N. & Bhardwaj, B. (2019). Contextual and Task Performance: Do Demographic and Organisational variables matter? Rajagiri Management Journal. 13. 30-42. 10.1108/RAMJ-09-2019-0017.
Karatepe, O. M., & Uludag, O. (2008). Role stress, burnout and their effects on frontline hotel employees’ job performance: Evidence from Northern Cyprus. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(2), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.645
Katerberg, R., and Blau, G. J. (1983). “An examination of level and direction of effort and job performance.” Acad. Manage J., 26(2), 249–257.
Kelly, R. J., & Hearld, L. R. (2020). Burnout and Leadership Style in Behavioral Health Care: a Literature Review. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-019-09679-z.
Koopmans, L., Bernaards, C., Hildebrandt, V., Van Buuren, S., Van Der Beek, A. J., & de Vet, H. C. w. (2012). Development of an individual work performance questionnaire. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 62(1), 6–28. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410401311285273
Koopmans, Linda & Bernaards, Claire & Hildebrandt, Vincent & De Vet, Henrica & van der Beek, Allard. (2014). Construct Validity of the Individual Work Performance Questionnaire. Journal of Occupational and environmental medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 56. 10.1097/JOM.0000000000000113.
Lubbadeh, T. (2020). Job Burnout: A General Literature Review. International Review of Management and Marketing, 10(3), 7–15. https://doi:10.32479/irmm.9398
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
Maslach, C. (1982). Understanding burnout: Definitional issues in analyzing a complex phenomenon.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job Burnout. 397–422.
Mawoli, M.A., Mohammed, T.H., & Sarkin-Daji, B.D. (2013). Leadership Styles, Job Performance, Public Health Institutions, Federal Medical Centre, Private Health Institutions, Lapai Journal of Management Science, 4(1), 2838
Mercado, B., Dilchert, S., Giordano, C. & Ones, D. (2018). Counterproductive Work Behaviors.
Mirkamali, K., Ahmadizad, A., Varmaghani, M. (2019). Determining the Relationship Between Job Burnout and Employee Productivity. Journal of Ergonomics, 7(1), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.30699/jergon.7.1.37
Moroney, T., & Strickland, K. (2021). Resilience: is it time for a rethink? Aust J Adv Nurs, 38(2). https://doi.org/10.37464/2020.382.526.
NawoseIng’ollan, D. (2017). Influence of Leadership Styles on Employees’ Performance: A Study of Turkana County, Kenya.
Northouse, P. G. (2016). Leadership: Theory and Practice (7th Ed.). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
Olayisade, A., & Awolusi, O. D. (2021). The Effect of Leadership Styles on Employee’s Productivity in the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry. Information Management and Business Review, 13(1(I), 47-64. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v13i1(I).3194
Ronald, G. (2011). Encyclopaedia of Leadership. (Online: http://www. knowledge.sagepub.com/view/leadership/n189.xml). Retrieved on 28 March 2015.
Scheidlinger, S. (2017). The Lewin, Lippitt and White Study of Leadership and “Social Climates” Revisited the Lewin, Lippitt and White Study of Leadership and " Social Climates Revisited.7284(June). https://doi.org/10.1080/00207284.1994.11490737
Sekaran, U. (2006). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Setiawan, B. M., Putrawan, I. M., Murni, S., & Ghozali, I. (2016). Effect of organizational structure, leadership and trust on job performance of employee: A case study on employee at Universitas Ternama. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(4), 711–712.
Shah, A., Safri S,, Thevadas R., Noordin N., Rahman A., Sekawi Z., Ideris A., Sultan M. (2020) COVID-19 outbreak in Malaysia: Actions taken by the Malaysian government. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Aug; 97:108-116. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.093. Epub 2 June 2022. PMID: 32497808; PMCID: PMC7264933.
Solihah, S. & Budiawan, A. & Nugraha, N. (2021). The Asia Pacific Journal of Management Studies The Influence of Autocratic Leadership and Work Discipline on Employee Performance of the "ABC" City Culture and Tourism Office Introduction.
Sonnentag, S., & Frese, M. (2005). Performance Concepts and Performance Theory. Psychological Management of Individual Performance, (October 2017), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470013419.ch1
Valcour, M. (2016). Beating Burnout. Harvard business review. 94. 98–101.
Veliu, L., Manxhari, M., Demiri, V., & Jahaj, L. (2017). The Influence of Leadership Styles on Employee’s Performance. Journal of Management Social Sciences Vadyba Journal of Management, 31(231), 59–69.
Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (2000). Perspectives on Models of Job Performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 8(4), 216–226. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2389.00151
Wafaa, M. A. (2019). The Impact of Job Burnout on the Performance of Staff Member at King Abdul-Aziz University. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 10, 126-136.
https://doi.org/10.30845/ijbss.v10n4p15
Wright, T. A., & Bonett, D. G. (1997). The contribution of burnout to work performance. 18(March 1996), pp. 491–499.
Wuryani, E., Rodlib, A., Sutarsib, S., Dewib, N & Arifb, D. (2021). Analysis of decision support system on situational leadership styles on work motivation and employee performance. Management Science Letters, 11(2), 365-372.
Agarwal, S. (2020). Leadership Style and Performance of Employees. International Research Journal of Business Studies, 13(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.21632/irjbs.13.1.1-14
Akca, M., & Küçüko?lu, M. T. (2019). Relationships between Mental Workload, Burnout, and Job Performance. (January), 49–68. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1- 7998-1052-0.ch003
Addow, A. A. (2022). The Influence of Leadership Styles on Employee Performance in Higher Education- A Case Study From The University of Somalia (UNISO). EPRA International Journal of Environmental Economics, Commerce and Educational Management (ECEM), 9(7), 13–19. Retrieved from http://eprajournals.net/index.php/ECEM/article/view/629
Arifah, A. R., Tariq, M., Fikri, M. R., Syahirah, S., Hanafiah Juni, M., & Abdul Manaf, R. (2018). Leadership Theories in Disease Outbreak Management. International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, 5(2), 2289–7577.
Ashtari, Z., Farhady, Y., & Khodaee, M. R. (2009). Relationship between job burnout and work performance in a sample of Iranian mental health staff. African Journal of Psychiatry, 12(1), 71–74.
Baig, S. A.; Iqbal, S.; Abrar, M.; Baig, I. A.; Amjad, F.; Zia-ur-Rehman, M.; Awan, M. U. (2019). Impact of leadership styles on employees' performance with the moderating role of positive psychological capital. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, (), 1–21.
Beauty, M., & Aigbogun, O. (2022). Effects of Leadership Styles on Employee Performance: A Case Study of Turnall Holdings LTD, Harare. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(1), 289–305.
Belete, J. (2020). The Effects of Leadership Style on Employees Performance in Case of Kaffa Zone Government Offices, South West Ethiopia. 10(7), 26756–26773.
Bunga, E. B.; Eka, Ni G. A.; Hutasoit, Elissa, O. (2020). Relationship between burnout and resilience of nurses at a private hospital in Indonesia. EnfermerÃa ClÃnica, 30(), 49–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.12.025
Dastane, O. (2020). Impact of Leadership Styles on Employee Performance: A Moderating Role of Gender. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research, 5(12), 27–52. https://doi.org/10.52283/nswrca.ajbmr.20210512a03
Diana, I. N., Supriyanto, A. S., Ekowati, V. M., & Ertanto, A. H. (2021). Factor Influencing Employee Performance: The Role of Organizational Culture. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(2), 545–553. https://doi.org/10.13106/JAFEB.2021.VOL8.NO2.0545
Erdem, A. T. (2021). The Mediating Role of Work Alienation in the Effect of Democratic and Autocratic Leadership Styles on Counterproductive Behaviors: A Study in Ankara OST?M Industrial Zone. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 17 (34), 873–902. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.839136
Fakhri, M., Syarifuddin, S., Winarno, A., Nurnida, I., & Hanum, S. (2021). Democratic Leadership Practice to Construct Clan Organisational Culture in Family Companies. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(1), 803–811. https://doi.org/10.13106/JAFEB.2021.VOL8.NO1.803
Firas S. K., Rafiduraida A. R., Ahmad, Z. A., & Anmar, A. K. (2022). Impact of Leadership Style on Employee Performance (A Case Study on a Private Organization in Iraq). Texas Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 13, 15–32. Retrieved from https://zienjournals.com/index.php/tjm/article/view/2454
Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff Burn-Out. 90(1), 159–165.
Gao, Xingyuan and Chen, Hongyan and Wu, Jie and Huang, Jingzhong, Task Performance: Report on the Study of Social and Emotional Skills of Chinese Adolescents (I) (30 September 2021). Best Evidence in Chinese Education, 9(1), 1197–1202, 2021, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3946012
Gorji, M. (2011). The Effect of Job Burnout Dimension on Employees’ Performance. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, (January 2011), pp. 243–246. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijssh.2011.v1.43
https://www.who.int/news/item/28-05-2019-burn-out-an-occupational-phenomenon-international-classification-of-diseases https://www.hcamag.com/asia/specialisation/mental-health/covid-19-why-burnout-is-on-the-rise/222207
Iqbal, N., Anwar, S. and Haider, N. (2015). Effect of Leadership Style on Employee Performance. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 5, 1-6.
Jan Luca, P. (2021). Why older employees engage in less counterproductive work behavior and in more organizational citizenship behavior: Examining the role of the HEXACO personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, (), –. https://doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110550
Johari, J. (2018). Job characteristics, employee well-being, and job performance of public sector employees in Malaysia. 102–119. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-09- 2017-0257
Kalia, N. & Bhardwaj, B. (2019). Contextual and Task Performance: Do Demographic and Organisational variables matter? Rajagiri Management Journal. 13. 30-42. 10.1108/RAMJ-09-2019-0017.
Karatepe, O. M., & Uludag, O. (2008). Role stress, burnout and their effects on frontline hotel employees’ job performance: Evidence from Northern Cyprus. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(2), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.645
Katerberg, R., and Blau, G. J. (1983). “An examination of level and direction of effort and job performance.” Acad. Manage J., 26(2), 249–257.
Kelly, R. J., & Hearld, L. R. (2020). Burnout and Leadership Style in Behavioral Health Care: a Literature Review. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-019-09679-z.
Koopmans, L., Bernaards, C., Hildebrandt, V., Van Buuren, S., Van Der Beek, A. J., & de Vet, H. C. w. (2012). Development of an individual work performance questionnaire. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 62(1), 6–28. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410401311285273
Koopmans, Linda & Bernaards, Claire & Hildebrandt, Vincent & De Vet, Henrica & van der Beek, Allard. (2014). Construct Validity of the Individual Work Performance Questionnaire. Journal of Occupational and environmental medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 56. 10.1097/JOM.0000000000000113.
Lubbadeh, T. (2020). Job Burnout: A General Literature Review. International Review of Management and Marketing, 10(3), 7–15. https://doi:10.32479/irmm.9398
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
Maslach, C. (1982). Understanding burnout: Definitional issues in analyzing a complex phenomenon.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job Burnout. 397–422.
Mawoli, M.A., Mohammed, T.H., & Sarkin-Daji, B.D. (2013). Leadership Styles, Job Performance, Public Health Institutions, Federal Medical Centre, Private Health Institutions, Lapai Journal of Management Science, 4(1), 2838
Mercado, B., Dilchert, S., Giordano, C. & Ones, D. (2018). Counterproductive Work Behaviors.
Mirkamali, K., Ahmadizad, A., Varmaghani, M. (2019). Determining the Relationship Between Job Burnout and Employee Productivity. Journal of Ergonomics, 7(1), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.30699/jergon.7.1.37
Moroney, T., & Strickland, K. (2021). Resilience: is it time for a rethink? Aust J Adv Nurs, 38(2). https://doi.org/10.37464/2020.382.526.
NawoseIng’ollan, D. (2017). Influence of Leadership Styles on Employees’ Performance: A Study of Turkana County, Kenya.
Northouse, P. G. (2016). Leadership: Theory and Practice (7th Ed.). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
Olayisade, A., & Awolusi, O. D. (2021). The Effect of Leadership Styles on Employee’s Productivity in the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry. Information Management and Business Review, 13(1(I), 47-64. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v13i1(I).3194
Ronald, G. (2011). Encyclopaedia of Leadership. (Online: http://www. knowledge.sagepub.com/view/leadership/n189.xml). Retrieved on 28 March 2015.
Scheidlinger, S. (2017). The Lewin, Lippitt and White Study of Leadership and “Social Climates” Revisited the Lewin, Lippitt and White Study of Leadership and " Social Climates Revisited.7284(June). https://doi.org/10.1080/00207284.1994.11490737
Sekaran, U. (2006). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Setiawan, B. M., Putrawan, I. M., Murni, S., & Ghozali, I. (2016). Effect of organizational structure, leadership and trust on job performance of employee: A case study on employee at Universitas Ternama. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(4), 711–712.
Shah, A., Safri S,, Thevadas R., Noordin N., Rahman A., Sekawi Z., Ideris A., Sultan M. (2020) COVID-19 outbreak in Malaysia: Actions taken by the Malaysian government. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Aug; 97:108-116. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.093. Epub 2 June 2022. PMID: 32497808; PMCID: PMC7264933.
Solihah, S. & Budiawan, A. & Nugraha, N. (2021). The Asia Pacific Journal of Management Studies The Influence of Autocratic Leadership and Work Discipline on Employee Performance of the "ABC" City Culture and Tourism Office Introduction.
Sonnentag, S., & Frese, M. (2005). Performance Concepts and Performance Theory. Psychological Management of Individual Performance, (October 2017), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470013419.ch1
Valcour, M. (2016). Beating Burnout. Harvard business review. 94. 98–101.
Veliu, L., Manxhari, M., Demiri, V., & Jahaj, L. (2017). The Influence of Leadership Styles on Employee’s Performance. Journal of Management Social Sciences Vadyba Journal of Management, 31(231), 59–69.
Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (2000). Perspectives on Models of Job Performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 8(4), 216–226. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2389.00151
Wafaa, M. A. (2019). The Impact of Job Burnout on the Performance of Staff Member at King Abdul-Aziz University. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 10, 126-136.
https://doi.org/10.30845/ijbss.v10n4p15
Wright, T. A., & Bonett, D. G. (1997). The contribution of burnout to work performance. 18(March 1996), pp. 491–499.
Wuryani, E., Rodlib, A., Sutarsib, S., Dewib, N & Arifb, D. (2021). Analysis of decision support system on situational leadership styles on work motivation and employee performance. Management Science Letters, 11(2), 365-372.
Published
2023-06-11
How to Cite
Mokhtar, A., & Yunus, N. M. (2023). Staff Burnout and Leadership Styles towards Job Performance during Critical Period. Information Management and Business Review, 15(2(I)SI), 173-185. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v15i2(I)SI.3418
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