A Study on Awareness, Exposure and Attitude towards Digital Citizenship among University Students in Malaysia
Keywords:
Digital Citizenship, Digital Awareness, Digital Exposure, Digital Attitude, Malaysian University
Abstract
Digital citizenship has received considerable huge attention from numerous researchers in recent years. Due to the tremendous work put forth by the scholars, the researchers aimed to explore in-depth the relationship between students’ aptitude towards digital citizenship in the Malaysian educational context. This survey gathered 256 responses from 17 public universities from the central region, north region, south region, and the east region as well as East Malaysia. Three independent variables namely students’ awareness, students’ exposure, and students’ attitude and their relationships with digital citizenship (digital security, digital etiquette, and digital rights and responsibilities) as dependent variables were examined. This study relied on Partial Least Square Modeling (PLS-SEM) to probe the relationship between the IV and DV. A higher-order construct was studied with a focus on the reflective model. The internal consistency, factor loading, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the constructs with their indicators were all tested using the measurement model. The structural model was applied to measure the relationship between the constructs. This research reported that there was a substantial relationship between students' awareness, exposure, and attitude toward digital citizenship. In conclusion, public university students in Malaysia were well informed, exposed, and had a meticulous attitude towards digital citizenship; however, proper training and well guidelines have to be emphasized in a certain area, especially from the spectrum of digital security. Further study is encouraged, and further recommendations were also discussed in this paper.
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References
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Bretag, T. (Ed.). (2016). Handbook of academic integrity. Singapore: Springer Singapore.
Choi, M., Glassman, M. & Cristol, D. (2017). What it means to be a citizen in the internet age: Development of a reliable and valid digital citizenship scale. Computers & Education, 107, 100-112.
Çiftci, S. & Aladag, S. (2018). An Investigation of Pre-Service Primary School Teachers' Attitudes Towards Digital Technology and Digital Citizenship Levels in Terms of Some Variables. International Education Studies, 11(1), 111-118.
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Eshet-Alkalai, Y. & Chajut, E. (2009). Changes over time in digital literacy. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 12(6), 713-715.
Fedeli, L. (2020). Participatory video and digital citizenship: a case-study within an instructional technology course for social educators. Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society, 16(2), 87-94.
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Ribble, M. (2017). Digital citizenship: Use technology appropriately. Retrieved from http://www.digitalcitizenship.net/nine-elements.html
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Al-Zahrani, A. (2015). Toward digital citizenship: examining factors affecting participation and involvement in the Internet society among higher education students. International Education Studies, 8(12), 203-217.
Bhatnagar, N., & Pry, M. (2020). Student Attitudes, Awareness, and Perceptions of Personal Privacy and Cyber security in the Use of Social Media: An Initial Study. Information Systems Education Journal, 18(1), 48-58.
Bretag, T. (Ed.). (2016). Handbook of academic integrity. Singapore: Springer Singapore.
Choi, M., Glassman, M. & Cristol, D. (2017). What it means to be a citizen in the internet age: Development of a reliable and valid digital citizenship scale. Computers & Education, 107, 100-112.
Çiftci, S. & Aladag, S. (2018). An Investigation of Pre-Service Primary School Teachers' Attitudes Towards Digital Technology and Digital Citizenship Levels in Terms of Some Variables. International Education Studies, 11(1), 111-118.
Class Central. (2021, December). MOOC stats 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2023, from https://www.classcentral.com/report/mooc-stats-2021/
Cooney, C., Nugent, K. & Howard, K. G. (2018). Embedding Digital Citizenship in Higher Education Institutes. AISHE-J: The All Ireland Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 10(2).
DOSM. (2017-2020). ICT Use and Access by Individuals and Households Survey Report, Malaysia, https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/ctwoByCat&parent_id=119&menu_id=amVoWU54UTl0a21NWmdhMjFMMWcyZz09ISTE (2016). Digital Citizenship Defined: Teach The 9 Elements To Enhance Students’ Safety, Creativity and Empathy. Retrieved from https://www.iste.org/
Erdem, C. & Koçyigit, M. (2019). Exploring Undergraduates' Digital Citizenship Levels: Adaptation of the Digital Citizenship Scale to Turkish. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 7(3), 22-38.
Eshet, Y. (2012). Thinking in the digital era: A revised model for digital literacy. Issues in informing science and information technology, 9(2), 267-276.
Eshet-Alkalai, Y. & Chajut, E. (2009). Changes over time in digital literacy. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 12(6), 713-715.
Fedeli, L. (2020). Participatory video and digital citizenship: a case-study within an instructional technology course for social educators. Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society, 16(2), 87-94.
Gafoor, K. A. (2012). Considerations in the measurement of awareness. India: Calicut University, 1-6.
Gamage, K. A., Silva, E. K. D., & Gunawardhana, N. (2020). Online delivery and assessment during COVID-19: Safeguarding academic integrity. Education Sciences, 10(11), 301.
George, S. (2005). Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. International Journal of Instructional Technology and distance learning, 2(1), 3-10.
Hamzah, S. (2021). Level of Awareness of Social Media Users on Cyber Security: Case Study among Students of University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 12(2), 694-698.
Holland, L. M. (2017). The perceptions of digital citizenship in middle school learning. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Carson-Newman University, Jefferson City.
Jones, L. R. (2011). Academic integrity & academic dishonesty: A handbook about cheating & plagiarism.
Jusoh, S., & Al Fawareh, H. M. (2017). A study of Facebook use among undergraduate students in Jordan. International Journal of Advanced And Applied Sciences, 4(4), 53-57.
Jwaifell, M. (2018). The Proper Use of Technologies as a Digital Citizenship Indicator: Undergraduate English Language Students at Al-Hussein Bin Talal University. World Journal of Education, 8(3), 86-94.
Kant, R. (2016). Use of Mobile Phone By Students: Practices & Attitude. International Online Multidisciplinary Journal, 5(6).
Karim, M. A. (2019). Be alert to plagiarism. (2019). New Straits Times. Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/education/2019/11/542580/be-alert-plagiarism
Karon, P. (2014). Netiquette. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80uRE972uQ0
Kaspersky, (2020). Digital Education: The cyber risks of the online classroom. Secure list English Global securelistcom. Retrieved January 23, 2022, from
Kim, M. & Choi, D. (2018). Development of youth digital citizenship scale and implication for educational setting. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 21(1), 155-171.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (5th ed., pp. 3–427). New York: The Guilford Press.
KPM. (2014). Teknologi Maklumat Dan Komunikasi in Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Rendah: Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia.
KPM. (2015). Asas Sains Komputer in Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Menegah: Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia.
Kusá, A. & Piatrov, I. (2020). Perception of global environmental problems by Generation C and its marketing communication preferences. In SHS Web of Conferences, (74), 01021. EDP Sciences.
Logan, A. G. (2016). Digital Citizenship in 21st Century Education.
Malaysia, L. W. R. J. S. (2016). ICT Use and Access by Individuals and Households Survey Report Malaysia, 2015.
Malaysia, L. W. R. J. S. (2020). ICT Use and Access by Individuals and Households Survey Report Malaysia, 2019.
Manyika, J., Lund, S., Chui, M., Bughin, J., Woetzel, J., Batra, P., Ko, R., & Sanghvi, S. (2017, November 28). Jobs Lost, jobs gained: What the Future of work will mean for Jobs, skills, and Wages. McKinsey & Company. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/jobs-lost-jobs-gained-what-the-future-of-work-will-mean-for-jobs-skills-and-wages
MCMC (2019). 5G Key Challenges and 5G Nationwide Implementation Plan Retrieved from https://www.mcmc.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General/pdf/The-National-5G-Task-Force-Report.pdf
MCMC and ILMIA. (2015). Talent Gap Study for the Communications Sector in Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.mcmc.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General/pdf/TalentGAPStudy.pdf
MCMC. (2020). Internet users survey 2020 - Malaysian Communications and ... Internet Users Survey 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2022, from https://www.mcmc.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General/pdf/IUS-2020-Report.pdf
MIMOS. (2014). National IoT Strategic Roadmap Retrieved from http://www.mimos.my/iot/National_IoT_Strategic_Roadmap_Book.pdf
Moallem, A. (2019). Cyber security awareness among college students. In Advances in Human Factors in Cyber Security: Proceedings of the AHFE 2018 International Conference on Human Factors in Cyber Security, July 21-25, 2018, Loews Sapphire Falls Resort at Universal Studios, Orlando, Florida, USA 9 (pp. 79-87). Springer International Publishing.
MOE. (2019). Quick Facts 2019 Malaysia Educational Statistics 2019. Retrieved from Putrajaya: https://www.moe.gov.my/muat-turun/penerbitan-dan-jurnal/terbitan/buku-informasi/2722-quick-facts-2019/file
Mohamed Salleh, S. (n.d.). Netiquette is a basic competency that everyone should acquire. New Straits Times. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://api.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2019/11/540565/netiquette-basic-competency-everyone-should-acquire
MQA. (2017). Malaysian qualifications framework (MQF) 2nd edition. Retrieved from https://www.mqa.gov.my/pv4/document/mqf/2019/Oct/updated%20MQF%20Ed%202%2024102019.pdf
Naicker, M. S. (2019). When plagiarism is not plagiarism. The Star. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/letters/2019/01/28/when-plagiarism-is-not-plagiarism/
Negi, S. & Magre, S. (2017). The E-demon of Cyberbullying among Teens. The NCERT, 43(3), 144.
Nordin, M. S. (2015). Self-regulated digital citizen: A survey of Malaysian undergraduates. Research Journal of Social Sciences, 8(11 (Special IPN Oct)), 20-24.
Nordin, M. S., Ahmad, T. B. T., Zubairi, A. M., Ismail, N. A. H., Rahman, A. H. A., Trayek, F. A. & Ibrahim, M. B. (2016). Psychometric properties of a digital citizenship questionnaire. International Education Studies, 9(3), 71-80.
Onyema, E. M., Eucheria, N. C., Obafemi, F. A., Sen, S., Atonye, F. G., Sharma, A., & Alsayed, A. O. (2020). Impact of Coronavirus pandemic on education. Journal of Education and Practice, 11(13), 108-121.
Orús, C., Barlés, M. J., Belanche, D., Casaló, L., Fraj, E. & Gurrea, R. (2016). The effects of learner-generated videos for YouTube on learning outcomes and satisfaction. Computers & Education, 95, 254-269.
Öztürk, G. (2021). Digital citizenship and its teaching: A literature review. Journal of Educational Technology & Online Learning, 4(1), 31-45.
Plagiarism, C. F. (2020). Cyber Plagiarism & Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.checkforplagiarism.net/cyber-plagiarism
Rajaendram, R. (2019). Public varsities to get tough on plagiarism. The Star. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/education/2019/07/14/public-varsities-to-get-tough-on-plagiarism
Ramos Quispe, T., Damián Núñez, E. F., Inga Arias, M. G., Arias Chávez, D., & Caurcel Cara, M. J. (2019). Attitudes Towards Plagiarism in Business Administration Students from Two Private Universities in Arequipa. Journal of Educational Psychology-Propositions Representations, 7(1), 47-58.
Rezeki, Y. S. (2018). Analysis of EFL students’ citation practices and problems in academic writing. International Journal of Educational Best Practices, 2(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.31258/ijebp.v2n1.p62-72
Ribble, M. & Miller, T. N. (2013). Educational leadership in an online world: Connecting students to technology responsibly, safely, and ethically. Journal of asynchronous learning networks, 17(1), 137-145.
Ribble, M. (2015). Digital citizenship in schools: Nine elements all students should know. International Society for Technology in Education.
Ribble, M. (2017). Digital citizenship: Use technology appropriately. Retrieved from http://www.digitalcitizenship.net/nine-elements.html
Rivera, A. (2016). Core Rules of Netiquette. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWMk_Zv7nB8
Roodt, S., Harry, N. & Mwapwele, S. (2017, July). The effect of using youtube in the classroom for student engagement of the net generation on an information systems course. In Annual Conference of the Southern African Computer Lecturers' Association (pp. 48-63). Springer, Cham.
Shahibi, M. S., & Rusli, K. N. K. K. (2017). The Influence of Internet Usage on Student’s Academic Performance. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(8), 873-887.
Shahroom, A. A. & Hussin, N. (2018). Industrial Revolution 4.0 and Education. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(9), 314–319.
Singh, M. K. M. & Ganapathy, M. (2018). Understanding Plagiarism from the Lens of First Year Tertiary Level Students. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities.
Siti Noorsuriani Maon, N. M. H. & Noorain Mohammad Yunus, Sri Fatiany Abdul Kader Jailani, Erne Suzila Kassim. (2020). Gender Differences in Digital Competence among Secondary School Student Paper presented at the Asia International Multidisciplinary Conference 2020 Scientific Committee.
Subjek Sains Komputer Pacu Ekonomi Digital. (2017). mStar. Retrieved from https://www.mstar.com.my/lokal/semasa/2017/01/10/subjek-sains-komputer
Subramaniam, S. R. (2017). Cyber security awareness among Malaysian pre-university students. Proceeding of the 6th Global Summit on Education, 1-14.
Sung, Y. T., Chang, K. E. & Liu, T. C. (2016). The effects of integrating mobile devices with teaching and learning on students' learning performance: A meta-analysis and research synthesis. Computers & Education, 94, 252-275.
Tarver Academy. (2020). Online Classroom Video Etiquette // Zoom and Google Meet. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8yhOxIWCsr0
Theis, N. A., Jalani, M. A. A. K., Ngadi, E. & Pua'at, A. A. (2022). Online Learning at Kolej Genius Insan: A First-Hand Experience. In A. I. S. Abdelrahman Ibrahim Suleiman Islaieh & Z. Zakaria (Eds.), Online Language Learning Culture: Building a Sustainable Education (pp. 147-162). USIM PRESS.
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Published
2023-05-12
How to Cite
Pua’at, A. A., & Yunus, N. M. (2023). A Study on Awareness, Exposure and Attitude towards Digital Citizenship among University Students in Malaysia. Information Management and Business Review, 15(1(I)SI), 190-203. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v15i1(I)SI.3397
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Research Paper
Copyright (c) 2023 Ameeza Ahmad Pua’at, Noor’ain Mohamad Yunus
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