Employee Engagement in Multinational Diverse Organization in Difficult Terrain: A Study of Non-Family Station Organization
Keywords:
Employee engagement; Multinational diverse organization; mixed research; Non-family station organization.
Abstract
Engagements and commitments of many expatriates are often determined by several socio-economic, demographic, cultural, environmental and organizational factors. These issues faced by employees in duty stations like United Nations Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) often have telling effects on their work. Consequently, the broad objective of this study was to assess the influence of the working environment on foreign job commitment in UNAMID. The study applied "a mixed-method research approach", utilizing both "qualitative and quantitative research" strategies, with a sample size of 100 respondents from the United Nations Peace Keeping Mission in Darfur, Northern Sudan. Specifically, questionnaires and in-depth Interview were the main instruments. Findings from the quantitative studies showed no significant relationship between employee disengagement, work terrain, job stress, communication, socio-cultural factors and expatriate’s job commitment in UNAMID. While for the qualitative analysis, it was reported that there are both negative and positive effects of working in another country. The study, therefore, concludes that employee disengagement, job stress, working terrain, communication and socio-cultural factors are not associated, with expatriate's job commitment in UNAMID. It is therefore recommended that organizations should develop organizational peculiar plans and programs that would help cushion the physical and psychological effect of new working terrain on expatriates for them to be able to be effective, productive and be able to eventually achieve the ultimate goal of their deployment to the new work station.
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References
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Li, Y., (2016) 'Expatriate Manager’s Adaption and Knowledge Acquisition. Personal Development in Multi-National Companies in China', Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie, 60 (4)
Mawritz, M., S. Dust, & C. Resick, (2014) ‘Hostile Climate, Abusive Supervision, and Employee Coping: Does Conscientiousness Matter’? Journal of Applied Psychology, 99 (4) pp.737-747
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Mokaya, S. O., & J. Kipyegon, (2014) 'Determinants of Employee Engagement in the Banking Industry in Kenya; Case of Cooperative Bank', Journal of Human Resources Management and Labor Studies, 2 (2) pp.187-200
Njenga, G., C. Kamau, & S. Njenga, (2015) 'Factors Affecting Employees’ Commitment to an Organization: A Case Study of Jodan College of Technology (JCT)', Thika. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 5 (10)
Nunes, I., B. Felix, & L. Prates, (2016) 'Cultural Intelligence, Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Expatriate Performance: A Study with Expatriates Living in Brazil', Revista de Administração, 52 (3) pp.219-232
Okpara, J. O., & J. D. Kabongo, (2011) ‘Cross-Cultural Training and Expatriate Adjustment: A Study of Western Expatriates in Nigeria’, Journal of World Business, 46 (1) pp. 22-30
Rajasekar, J., & F. Renand, (2013) 'Culture Shock in a Global World: Factors Affecting Culture Shock Experienced by Expatriates in Oman and Omani Expatriates Abroad', International Journal of Business and Management, 8 (13)
Ray Moulik, S., & S. Mazumdar, (2012) 'Expatriate Satisfaction in International Assignments: Perspectives from Indian IT Professionals Working in the US', International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 2 (3) pp.59
Rajasekar, J., & F. Renand, (2013) 'Culture Shock in a Global World: Factors Affecting Culture Shock Experienced by Expatriates in Oman and Omani Expatriates Abroad', International Journal of Business and Management, 8 (13) pp. 144-160
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Ray Moulik, S., & S. Mazumdar, (2012) 'Expatriate Satisfaction in International Assignments: Perspectives from Indian IT Professionals Working in the US', International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 2 (3) pp.59-79
Razak, M. I. M., Z. Ibrahim, A. R. Ridzuan, A. H. Talib, & N. A. Kedin, (2014) 'The Dimensions Of Work Stress Among Expatriates In Government Link Corporation – An Overview', Journal of Economics andSustainable Development, 5 (12) pp.23-28
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Shah, M. G. H., & M. Muraduzaman, (2013) 'How Expatriate Stress Can Be Released Through Stratagies'? International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 4 (6) pp. 2001-2006
Shea, T., T. Pettit, & H. De Cieri, (2011) 'Work environment stress: The impact of the physical work environment on psychological health', A Snapshot Review:Australian Centre for Research in Employment and Work (ACREW)
Siegrist, J., (1996) 'Adverse Health Effects of High-effort/Low-reward Conditions, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1 (1) pp. 27-41
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Subramaniam, K. G., (2017) Strategies for Reducing Employee Stress and Increasing Employee Engagement, Doctorate, Walden University
Tahir, M., I. K. Yousafzai, S. Jan, & M. Hashim, (2014) 'The Impact of Training and Development on Employees Performance and Productivity', International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4 (4) pp. 86-98
UNOPS, (2016) Non-Family Duty Stations (NFDS) and Related Entitlements
Wanjau, K. N., B. W. Muiruri, & E. Ayodo, (2012) 'Factors Affecting Provision of Service Quality in the Public Health Sector: A Case of Kenyatta National Hospital', International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2 (13) pp. 114-126.
Zainol, H., A. M. A. Wahid, A. C. Ahmad, A. H. A Tharim, & N. Ismail, (2014) 'The Influence of Work Adjustment of Malaysian Expatriate Executives in Malaysian Construction Companies Overseas', E3S Web of Conferences 3 pp.1020
Albdour, A. A., & I. I. Altarawneh, (2014) 'Employee Engagement and Organizational Commitment: Evidence from Jordan', International Journal of Business and Management, 9 (2) pp. 192-212.
Alvi, U., (2017) 'The Effect of Psychological Wellbeing on Employee Job Performance: Comparison between the Employees of Projectized and Non-Projectized Organizations', Journal of Entrepreneurship & Organization Management, 06 (01)
Ashraf, Z., A. M. Jaffri, M. T. Sharif, & M. A. Khan, (2012) 'Increasing Employee Organizational
Commitment by Correlating Goal Setting, Employee Engagement and Optimism at Workplace', European Journal of Business and Management, 4 (2) pp. 71-77
Awolusi, O.D. & Atiku, O.S. (2019), “Business Process Re-Engineering and Profitability in
the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry: The Mediating Influence of Operational Performance", Information Management and Business Review, 11(3), 13-26
Awolusi, O.D. (2019), “Human Capital Development and Economic Growth in BRICS
Countries: Controlling for Country Differences ", Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 11(4), 1-17
Berniell, M. I., (2012) The Effects of Working Hours on Health Status and Health Behaviours CEMFI-UIMP
Bhatti, M. A., V. P. K. Sundram, & H. Chee Hee, (2012) ‘Expatriate Job Performance and Adjustment: Role of Individual and Organizational Factors’Journal of Business and Management, 1 (1) pp. 29-39
Bhuvanaiah, T., & R. Raya, (2015) ‘Mechanism of Improved Performance: Intrinsic Motivation and Employee Engagement’, SCMS Journal of Indian Management, pp.92-97
Bonache, J., (2005) ‘Job satisfaction among expatriates, repatriates and domestic employees’, Personnel Review, 34 (1) pp.110-124
Block, S., (2010) Exploring the impact of employment on health disparities, Work and HealthDale Carnegie Training, (2012) What Drives Employee Engagement and Why It Matters, pp. 1-6: Dale Carnegie & Associates, Available at: https://www.dalecarnegie.com/assets/1/7/driveengagement_101612_wp.pdf, (accessed: 10/02/18)
Collings, D. G., N. Doherty, M. Luethy, & D. Osborn, (2011) ‘Understanding and Supporting the Career Implications of International Assignments’, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78 (1) pp. 361-371
Cropanzano, R., & M. Mitchell, (2005) 'Social Exchange Theory: An Interdisciplinary Review', Journal of Management, 31 (6) pp. 874-900
Dajani, M. A. Z., (2015) ‘The Impact of Employee Engagement on Job Performance and Organisational Commitment in the Egyptian Banking Sector’, Journal of Business and Management Sciences, 3 (5) pp. 138-147
Darwin, J. R., & P. C. Selvaraj, (2015) 'The Effects of Work Force Diversity on Employee Performance in Singapore Organisations', International Journal of Business Administartion, 6 (2) pp. 17-29
Doyle, C., P. Kavanagh, O. Metcalfe, & T. Lavin, (8th Mars 2005) 'Health Impacts of Employment': A review: Institute of Public Health in Ireland, pp. 1-24, (ccessed: 10/02/18)
Dulye, L., D.Grossman, T. Quinlan, & C. Vanstone, (2007) The practitioner's guide to essential techniques for employee engagement : tips, tools and practice advice for building a committed workforce, Chicago, Il.: Melcrum Publishing
Gujral, H. K., & I. Jain, (2012) 'Determinants and Outcomes of Employee Engagement: A Comparative Study in Information Technology (IT) Sector', International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 2 (5) pp. 207-220
Gupta, G., & A. Gupta, (2012) ‘International Assignments, Expatriate Adjustment and Perceived Impact of Parent Organization Support’, The Business & Management Review, 3 (1) pp. 57-65
Hack-Polay, D., (2012) ‘When Home Isn’t Home – A Study of Homesickness and Coping Strategies among Migrant Workers and Expatriates’, International Journal of Psychological Studies, 4 (3) pp. 62-72
Haslberger, A., & C. Brewster, (2009) ‘Capital Gains: Expatriate Adjustment and the Psychological Contract in International Careers’, Human Resource Management, 48 (3) pp.379-397
Hijry, H., & A. Haleem, (2017) 'Study the Factors That Influence Employees Performance in the Steel Factory', Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, SaudiArabia:Tabuk University of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, pp. 899-916
ILO, (2016) 'Work Place Stress: A Collective Challenge', International Labour Organisation
Jedin, M., & N. I. Z. Abidin, (2013) 'Work Stress Among Expatriate Managers in Malaysia’s Government-linked Companies',In: The International Conference on Social Science Research, Malaysia: Penang, pp. 665-682
Juhl, B., & S. C. S. Fuglsig, (2009) A study on motivational factors influencing the expatriate through the expatriation cycle, B.scB (IM): Aarhus University
Kang, M., (2014) 'Understanding Public Engagement: Conceptualizing and Measuring its Influence on Supportive Behavioral Intentions', Journal of Public Relations Research, 26 (5) pp.399-416.
Khalid I.H, K., B. Naeem, & S. Khalid, (2016) 'A Study of Factors Affecting Organizational Commitment Among Bank Officers in Pakistan', Journal of Business & Financial Affairs, 6 (1)
Koteswari, V. B., & M. S. Bhattacharya, (2007) Managing Expatriate Stress, Delhi Business Review, 8 (1) pp.89-98
Krishnaveni, R., & R. Arthi, (2015) 'An Overview of Multidimensional Factors Influencing Effective Performance of Expatriates, Journal of Contemporary Management, 20 (2) pp. 135-147
Levinson, E., (2007b) Authentic CSR Creates Higher Employee Engagement, available at: www.interactionassociates.com/ideas/2007/08/authentic_csr_creates_higher_employee_engagement_php
Lewchuk, W., A. de Wolff, A. King, , & M. Polyani, (2003) From Job Strain to Precarious Employment: Health Effects of Precarious, Employment. Just Labour, 3 pp. 23-35
Li-Yueh, L., & Q. Alfiyatul, (2015) 'The Effects of Work-Role Demands on Cross-cultural Adjustment and Expatriate Effectiveness': A Meta-analysis, Anthropologist, 22 (3) pp. 636-649
Li, Y., (2016) 'Expatriate Manager’s Adaption and Knowledge Acquisition. Personal Development in Multi-National Companies in China', Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie, 60 (4)
Mawritz, M., S. Dust, & C. Resick, (2014) ‘Hostile Climate, Abusive Supervision, and Employee Coping: Does Conscientiousness Matter’? Journal of Applied Psychology, 99 (4) pp.737-747
McNulty, Y., (2015) 'Till stress do us part: the causes and consequences of expatriate divorce', Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research, 3 (2) pp.106-136.
Merry, J., (2013) ‘Aon Hewitt's 2013 Trends in Global Engagement: Where do Organizations Need to Focus Attention? Strategic HR Review, 13 (1) pp. 24 – 31
Meyer, J., (2017) ‘Has Engagement Had its Day’, Organizational Dynamic’, 46 (2) pp.87-95
Mokaya, S. O., & J. Kipyegon, (2014) 'Determinants of Employee Engagement in the Banking Industry in Kenya; Case of Cooperative Bank', Journal of Human Resources Management and Labor Studies, 2 (2) pp.187-200
Njenga, G., C. Kamau, & S. Njenga, (2015) 'Factors Affecting Employees’ Commitment to an Organization: A Case Study of Jodan College of Technology (JCT)', Thika. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 5 (10)
Nunes, I., B. Felix, & L. Prates, (2016) 'Cultural Intelligence, Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Expatriate Performance: A Study with Expatriates Living in Brazil', Revista de Administração, 52 (3) pp.219-232
Okpara, J. O., & J. D. Kabongo, (2011) ‘Cross-Cultural Training and Expatriate Adjustment: A Study of Western Expatriates in Nigeria’, Journal of World Business, 46 (1) pp. 22-30
Rajasekar, J., & F. Renand, (2013) 'Culture Shock in a Global World: Factors Affecting Culture Shock Experienced by Expatriates in Oman and Omani Expatriates Abroad', International Journal of Business and Management, 8 (13)
Ray Moulik, S., & S. Mazumdar, (2012) 'Expatriate Satisfaction in International Assignments: Perspectives from Indian IT Professionals Working in the US', International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 2 (3) pp.59
Rajasekar, J., & F. Renand, (2013) 'Culture Shock in a Global World: Factors Affecting Culture Shock Experienced by Expatriates in Oman and Omani Expatriates Abroad', International Journal of Business and Management, 8 (13) pp. 144-160
Rashid, H. A., A. Asad, & M. M. Ashraf, (2011) 'Factors Persuading Employee Engagement and Linkage of EE to Personal and Organizational Performance', Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3 (5) PP. 98-108
Ray Moulik, S., & S. Mazumdar, (2012) 'Expatriate Satisfaction in International Assignments: Perspectives from Indian IT Professionals Working in the US', International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 2 (3) pp.59-79
Razak, M. I. M., Z. Ibrahim, A. R. Ridzuan, A. H. Talib, & N. A. Kedin, (2014) 'The Dimensions Of Work Stress Among Expatriates In Government Link Corporation – An Overview', Journal of Economics andSustainable Development, 5 (12) pp.23-28
Robertson-Smith, G., & C. Markwick, (2009) Employee Engagement: A review of current thinking. Mantell Building, University of Sussex Campus, Brighton BN1 9RF, UK: Institute for Employment Studies.
Rose, R., S. Sri Ramalu, J. Uli, & N. Kumar, (2010) 'Expatriate Performance in International Assignments: The Role of Cultural Intelligence as Dynamic Intercultural Competency', International Journal of Business and Management, 5 (8) pp.76-85
Shah, M. G. H., & M. Muraduzaman, (2013) 'How Expatriate Stress Can Be Released Through Stratagies'? International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 4 (6) pp. 2001-2006
Shea, T., T. Pettit, & H. De Cieri, (2011) 'Work environment stress: The impact of the physical work environment on psychological health', A Snapshot Review:Australian Centre for Research in Employment and Work (ACREW)
Siegrist, J., (1996) 'Adverse Health Effects of High-effort/Low-reward Conditions, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1 (1) pp. 27-41
Soldati, P., (2007) Employee engagement: what exactly is it? Management Issues. Available at: http://www.managementissues.com/2007/3/8/opinion/employee?engagement?what?exactly?is?it.asp (accessed: 14/01/18)
Subramaniam, K. G., (2017) Strategies for Reducing Employee Stress and Increasing Employee Engagement, Doctorate, Walden University
Tahir, M., I. K. Yousafzai, S. Jan, & M. Hashim, (2014) 'The Impact of Training and Development on Employees Performance and Productivity', International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4 (4) pp. 86-98
UNOPS, (2016) Non-Family Duty Stations (NFDS) and Related Entitlements
Wanjau, K. N., B. W. Muiruri, & E. Ayodo, (2012) 'Factors Affecting Provision of Service Quality in the Public Health Sector: A Case of Kenyatta National Hospital', International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2 (13) pp. 114-126.
Zainol, H., A. M. A. Wahid, A. C. Ahmad, A. H. A Tharim, & N. Ismail, (2014) 'The Influence of Work Adjustment of Malaysian Expatriate Executives in Malaysian Construction Companies Overseas', E3S Web of Conferences 3 pp.1020
Published
2020-07-26
How to Cite
Blazi , C., & Awolusi, O. D. (2020). Employee Engagement in Multinational Diverse Organization in Difficult Terrain: A Study of Non-Family Station Organization. Information Management and Business Review, 12(1(I), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v12i1(I).3025
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Research Paper
Copyright (c) 2020 Clarisse Blazi , Olawumi D. Awolusi
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