The Influence of Social Support on Entrepreneurial Inclination among Business Students in Indonesia
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of social support on student’s inclination toward entrepreneurship. It also aims to test whether gender can moderate the relationship between SS and entrepreneurial intention among business students in Indonesia. Quantitative analysis was conducted using SPSS version 22. This study conveniently distributed 1,230 self-administrated questionnaires to the business students at public and private universities in Indonesia. This data collection process yielded back with 381 usable responses that were used in the statistical analysis for assessing the relationship between SS and EI as well asthe difference between male and female students in terms of entrepreneurial intention.This study reveals that, there is a positive relationship between social support system and student’s inclination toward entrepreneurship and there is a difference between male and female students in terms of entrepreneurial intention.Downloads
References
Aaijaz, N. & Ibrahim, M. D. (2013). Are Women Students More Inclined Towards Entrepreneurship? Journal of Business Review, 2(3).
Acs, Z. (2006). How is Entrepreneurship Good for Economic Growth? Retrieved December 20, 2014, from http://egateg.usaidallnet.gov/sites/default/files/How is Entrepreneurship Good for Growth.pdf
Ahmed, I., Nawaz, M. M., Ahmad, Z., Shaukat, M. Z., Usman, A., Rehman, W. U. & Ahmed, N. (2010). Determinants of Students’ Entrepreneurial Career Intentions: Evidence from Business Graduates. European Journal of Social Sciences, 15(2), 14.
Aldrich, H., Reese, P. R. & Dubini, P. (1990). The go-between: Brokers’ roles in entrepreneurial networks. In Paper presented at Babson College Entrepreneurship Conference.
Amalia. (2012). Kendala Berwirausaha Di Kalangan Mahasiswa. Retrieved from http://manajemen.unnes.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/kendala-berwirausaha-dikalangan-mahasiswa.pdf
Amrullah, A. (2012). Mayoritas Lulusan Perguruan Tinggi tak Tertarik Jadi Wirausahawan, Kok Bisa?
Anderson, A. R., Jack, S. L. & Dodd, S. D. (2005). The Role of Family Members In Entrepreneurial Networks: Beyond the Boundaries of the Family Firm. Family Business Review, 18(2), 135–154. doi:10.1111/j.1741-6248.2005.00037.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2005.00037.x
Astuti, D. A. W. (2009). Pengaruh Konteks Keluarga, Kerja, Pendidikan, Hambatan Dalam Memulai Bisnis, Dukungan Sosial, Nilai – Nilai Individualisme dan Kolektivisme Pada Intensi Berwirausaha.
Balea, J. (2015). 12 women entrepreneurs who smashed the glass ceiling in Southeast Asia. Retrieved June 16, 2015, from https://sg.finance.yahoo.com/news/12-women-entrepreneurs-smashed-glass-090054259.html
Baron, R. A. & Shane, S. A. (2008). Entrepreneurship: A Process perspective (2nd ed.). Thomson South-Western.
Baughn, C. C., Cao, J. S. R., Le, L. T. M., Lim, V. A. & Neupert, K. E. (2006). Normative, Social and Cognitive Predictors of Entrepreneurial Interest in China, Vietnam and the Philippines. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 11(1), 57–77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S108494670600026X
Bönte, W., Falck, O. & Heblich, S. (2009). The Impact of Regional Age Structure on Entrepreneurship. Economic Geography, 85(3), 269–287. doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2009.01032.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2009.01032.x
Brislin, R. W. (1980). Translation and content analysis of oral and written materials. (J. . H.C. and Berry, Ed.). Triandis: Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology (Vol. 2) Allyn & Bacon,Boston, MA.
Buang, N. A. & Yusof, Y. M. (2006). Motivating Factors that Influence Class F Contractors to Become Entrepreneurs. Jurnal Pendidikan, 31, 107–121. Retrieved from http://journalarticle.ukm.my/186/1/1.pdf
Carr, J. C. & Sequeira, J. M. (2007). Prior family business exposure as intergenerational influence and entrepreneurial intent: A Theory of Planned Behavior approach. Journal of Business Research, 60(10), 1090–1098. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.12.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.12.016
Chen, C. C., Greene, P. G. & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 295–316. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00029-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00029-3
Choo, S. & Wong, M. (2006). Entrepreneurial Intention : Triggers and Barriers to New Venture Creations in Singapore. Singapore Management Review, 28(2), 47–65.
Drennan, J., Kennedy, J. & Renfrow, P. (2005). Impact of childhood experiences on the development of entrepreneurial intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurship & Innovation, 6(4), 231–238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5367/000000005775179801
Dyer, W. G. & Handler, W. (1994). Entrepreneurship and Family Business: Exploring the Connections. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18, 71–83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879401900105
Falck, O., Heblich, S. & Luedemann, E. (2009). Identity and entrepreneurship: do school peers shape entrepreneurial intentions? Small Business Economics, 39(2). doi:10.1007/s11187-010-9292-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-010-9292-5
Fayolle, A., Gailly, B. & Lassas-Clerc, N. (2006). Assessing the impact of entrepreneurship education programmes: a new methodology. Journal of European Industrial Training, 30(9), 701–720. doi:10.1108/03090590610715022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590610715022
Franco, M., Haase, H. & Lautenschläger, A. (2010). Students’ entrepreneurial intentions: an inter-regional comparison. Education + Training, 52(4), 260–275. doi:10.1108/00400911011050945 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911011050945
Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/225469
Greve, A. & Salaff, J. W. (2003). Social Networks and Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(1), 1–22. doi:10.1111/1540-8520.00029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.00029
Guerro, M., Lavin, J. & Alvarez, M. (2009). The Role of Education on Start-up Intentions: A Structural Equation Model of Mexican University Students. In Association for Small Business & Entrepreneurship 35th Annual conference. Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico.
Gupta, V. K., Turban, D. B., Wasti, S. A. & Sikdar, A. (2009). The Role of Gender Stereotypes in Perceptions of Entrepreneurs and Intentions to Become an Entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(2), 397–417. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00296.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00296.x
Gurbuz, G. & Aykol, S. (2008). Entrepreneurial Intention of Young Educated Public in Turkey. Journal of Global Strategic Management, 4, 47–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20460/JGSM.2008218486
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.).
Hartanto, E. F. (2011). Kendala Berwirausaha di Indonesia. Retrieved December 11, 2013, from http://research.amikom.ac.id/index.php/KIM/article/view/3933/2272
Indarti, N. (2004). Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Intentions Among Indonesian Students. Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business, 19(1), 57–70. Retrieved from
http://jieb.feb.ugm.ac.id/catalog/index.php/jieb/article/view/626
Indarti, N. & Rostiani, R. (2008). Intensi Kewirausahaan Mahasiswa : Studi Perbandingan Antara Indonesia , Jepang dan Norwegia Intensi Kewirausahaan Mahasiswa : Studi Perbandingan Antara Indonesia , Jepang dan Norwegia, 23(4), 1–27.
Indonesia-investments. (2014). Youth Unemployment in Indonesia: A Demographic Bonus or Disaster? Retrieved October 10, 2015, from http://www.indonesia-investments.com/id/news/news-columns/youth-unemployment-in-indonesia-a-demographic-bonus-or-disaster/item2005
Indonesia-investments. (2015). Slowing Economy of Indonesia: Rising Youth Unemployment. Retrieved October 10, 2015, from http://www.indonesia-investments.com/news/news-columns/slowing-economy-of-indonesia-rising-youth-unemployment/item5671
Ismail, A., Nor, S. M., Yahya, Z., Zahar, U. A. U., Ismail, Y. & Samah, A. J. A. (2013). Social Support in Job Performance As An Antecedent of Work Intrusion on Family Conflict: Empirical Evidence. Management, 18(2), 37–55.
Kasmir. (2006). Kewirausahaan. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada. Retrieved from http://library.um.ac.id
Katz, J. & Gartner, W. B. (1988). Properties of Emerging Organizations, 13(3), 429–441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1988.4306967
Keat, O. Y., Selvarajah, C. & Meyer, D. (2011). Inclination towards entrepreneurship among university students: An empirical study of Malaysian university students. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(4), 206–220.
Koe, W. L., Sa’ari, J. R., Majid, I. A. & Ismail, K. (2012). Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intention Among Millennial Generation. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 40, 197–208. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.181 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.181
Krueger, N. (1993). The Impact of Prior Entrepreneurial Exposure on Perceptions of New Venture Feasibility and Desirability. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(1), 5–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879301800101
Krueger, N., Reilly, M. D. & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5-6), 411–432. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0
Kuswara, H. (2012). Strategi Perguruan Tinggi Mewujudkan Entrepreneurial Campus. Retrieved from http://www.dikti.go.id/?p=1328&lang=id
Lee, L., Wong, P. K., Foo, M. Der, K. & Leung, A. (2011). Entrepreneurial intentions: The influence of organizational and individual factors. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(1), 124–136. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.04.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.04.003
Lee, S. H. & Wong, P. K. (2004). An exploratory study of technopreneurial intentions: a career anchor perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(1), 7–28. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00112-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00112-X
León, J. A. M., Descals, F. J. P. & DomÃnguez, J. F. M. (2007). The Psychosocial Profile Of The University Entrepreneur. Psychology in Spain, 11(1), 72–84. Retrieved from http://www.psychologyinspain.com/content/full/2007/11007.pdf
Liñán, F. (2008). Skill and value perceptions: how do they affect entrepreneurial intentions? International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(3), 257–272. doi:10.1007/s11365-008-0093-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-008-0093-0
Liñán, F. & Chen, Y. (2006). Testing The Entrepreneurial Intention Model on a Two- Country Sample. Retrieved November 11, 2014, from http://www.recercat.net/bitstream/handle/2072/2213/ UABDT06-7.pdf Accessed: 28 August 2007.;jsessionid=BFCCCF40E951DE58F24F2BE90ED209D8.recercat1?sequence=1
Liñán, F. & Chen, Y. (2009). Development and Cross-Cultural Application of a Specific Instrument to Measure Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593–617. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x
Lucas, W. A. & Cooper, S. Y. (2012). Theories of Entrepreneurial Intention and the Role of Necessity. Retrieved November 23, 2014, from www.isbe.org.uk/content/assets/3.WilliamLucas.pdf
Mahmoud, A. B. (2013). Syrian Consumers: Beliefs, Attitudes, and Behavioral Responses to Internet Advertising. Business: Theory and Practice, 14(4), 297–307. doi:10.3846/btp.2013.31 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2013.31
Mahmoud, A. B. & D Reisel, W. (2014). Relating patient satisfaction to nurses’ job satisfaction, job security, and obedience OCBs. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing, 8(1), 47–61. doi:10.1108/IJPHM-01-2013-0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPHM-01-2013-0001
Malach-Pines, A., Lerner, M. & Schwartz, D. (2010). Gender differences in entrepreneurship. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 29(2), 186–198. doi:10.1108/02610151011024493 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02610151011024493
Malebana, M. J. & Swanepoel, E. (2011). The Relationship Between Exposure to Entrepreneurship Education And Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy. Retrieved November 11, 2014, from http://www.unisa.ac.za/contents/faculties/service_dept/docs/Sabview_18_1_Chap 1.pdf
Masykur, A. M. (2007). Kewirausahaan Pada Mahasiswa Ditinjau Dari Adversity Quotient. Jurnal Psikologi Proyeksi, 2(2), 37–45.
McElwee, G. & Alâ€Riyami, R. (2003). Women entrepreneurs in Oman: some barriers to success. Career Development International, 8(7), 339–346. doi:10.1108/13620430310505296 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430310505296
Mead, S., Hilton, D. & Curtis, L. (2001). Peer support: a theoretical perspective. Psychiatric rehabilitation journal, 25(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0095032
Meredith, G. (2002). Kewirausahaan (Teori dan Praktek) Seri Manajemen Strategis. Jakarta: LPPM.
Morrison, A., Breen, J. & Ali, S. (2003). Small Business Growth: Intention, Ability, and Opportunity. Journal of Small Business Management, 41(4), 417–425. doi:10.1111/1540-627X.00092 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-627X.00092
Mueller, P. (2006). Entrepreneurship in the Region: Breeding Ground for Nascent Entrepreneurs? Small Business Economics, 27(1), 41–58. doi:10.1007/s11187-006-6951-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-6951-7
Musa, B. M. & Semasinghe, D. M. (2013). Entrepreneurship And Unemployment: A Literature Review. In International Conference on Business & Information 2013 (p. 2). Nigeria.
Mustikawati, I. & Bachtiar, M. (2008). Hubungan Antar Dukungan Sosial (Orang Tua) Dengan Minat Berwirausaha Pada Siswa Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan. Fakultas Psikologi dan Ilmu Sosial Budaya, Universitas Islam Indonesia. Yogyakarta.
Nastiti, T., Indarti, N. & Rostiani, R. (2010). Minat Berwirausaha Mahasiswa Indonesia dan Cina. Manajemen & Bisnis, 9(2), 188–189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24123/jmb.v9i2.164
Nunally, J. (1978). Psychometric Theory. McGraw-Hill: New York, NY.
Nunnally, J. C. & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Olomi, D. R. & Sinyamule, R. S. (2009). Entrepreneurial Inclinations of Vocational Education Students: Comparative Study of Male and Female Trainees in Iringa Region, Tanzania. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 17(01), 103–125. doi:10.1142/S0218495809000242 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495809000242
Procidano, M. E. & Heller, K. (1983). Measures of perceived social support from friends and from family: Three validation studies. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11(1), 1–24. doi:10.1007/BF00898416 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00898416
Rani, S. H. B. A. (2012). A Study of Relationship Between Family Support, Role Model and Financial Support Towards Entrepreneurial Inclination Among UUM Non-Business Student. Universiti Utara Malaysia.
Revenga, A. & Shetty, S. (2012). Empowering Women Is Smart Economics. Finance and Development, 49(1). Retrieved from http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2012/03/revenga.htm
Rosenblatt, P. C., de Mik, L., Anderson, R. & Johnson, P. (1988). The Family in business. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Sahban, M. A., Kumar M, D. & Sri Ramalu, S. (2014). Model Confirmation through Qualitative Research: Social Support System toward Entrepreneurial Desire. Asian Social Science, 10(22), 17–28. doi:10.5539/ass.v10n22p17 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n22p17
Sahban, M. A., Kumar, D. & Ramalu, S. S. (2015). Instrument Development: Entrepreneurial Social Support Assessment Instrument (IESSA). Research Journal of Economic & Business Studies, 4(3), 21–36.
Sarason, I. G., Sarason, B. R., Shearin, E. N. & Pierce, G. R. (1987). A Brief Measure of Social Support: Practical and Theoretical Implications. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 4(4), 497–510. doi:10.1177/0265407587044007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407587044007
Sarfaraz, L., Faghih, N. & Majd, A. A. (2014). The Relationship Between Women Entrepreneurship and Gender Equality. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 2(6), 2–11. Retrieved from http://www.journal-jger.com/content/pdf/2251-7316-2-6.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2251-7316-2-6
Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry Into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
Schwarz, E. J., Wdowiak, M. A., Almerâ€Jarz, D. A. & Breitenecker, R. J. (2009). The effects of attitudes and perceived environment conditions on students’ entrepreneurial intent. Education + Training, 51(4), 272–291. doi:10.1108/00400910910964566 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910910964566
Segal, G., Borgia, D. & Schoenfeld, J. (2005). The motivation to become an entrepreneur. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 11(1), 42–57. doi:10.1108/13552550510580834 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550510580834
Shane, S., Locke, E. A. & Collins, C. J. (2003). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human Resource Management Review, 13(2), 257–279. doi:10.1016/S1053-4822(03)00017-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(03)00017-2
Stewart, A. (2003). Help One Another, Use One Another: Toward an Anthropology of Family Business. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(4), 383–396. doi:10.1111/1540-8520.00016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.00016
Subachtiar, F. T. (2013). Karakteristik dan Perilaku Wirausaha Mahasiswa Pengusaha di Institut Pertanian Bogor. Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Suharti, L. & Sirine, H. (2011). Faktor-Faktor yang Berpengaruh Terhadap Niat Kewirausahaan ( Entrepreneurial Intention ) ( Studi Terhadap Mahasiswa Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana , Salatiga ). Junal Manajemen Dan Kewirausahaan, 13(2), 124–134.
Supatra, A. A. (2009). Intensi Berwirausaha Pada Mahasiswa Ditinjau Dari Self Efficacy. Universitas Katolik Soegijapranata, Semarang.
Susanti, N. (2012). Hubungan Antara dukungan Sosial Dan Daya Juang Dengan Orientasi Wirausaha Pada Mahasiswa Program Profesi Apoteker Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta. Retrieved from uad-journal.com/index.php/EMPATHY/article/download/1548/886?
Sutarto. (2012). Minat Wirausaha Mahasiswa Masih Rendah. Retrieved December 12, 2013, from http://www.lensaindonesia.com/2012/02/21/minat-wirausaha-mahasiswa-masih-rendah.html
Temonsoejadi.com. (2013). Mengapa Mahasiswa Harus Berwirausaha? Retrieved December 11, 2013, from http://palupimanajemen.lecture.ub.ac.id/2013/02/mengapa-mahasiswa-harus-berwirausaha/
Tharenou, P., Donohue, R. & Cooper, B. (2007). Management Research Methods. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511810527
Yordanova, D. I. & Alexandrova-Boshnakova, M. I. (2011). Gender effects on risk-taking of entrepreneurs: evidence from Bulgaria. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 17(3), 272–295. doi:10.1108/13552551111130718 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551111130718
Yusof, M., Sandhu, M. S. & Jain, K. K. (2008). Entrepreneurial Inclination of University Students: A Case Study of Students At Tun Abdul Razak University (UNITAR), 4(1).
Yusuf, A. T. (2012). Evaluasi Program Mahasiswa Wirausaha Di Universitas Hasanuddin. Retrieved from http://222.124.222.229/bitstream/handle/123456789/2086/AndiTaufiqYusufE21108264.pdf?sequence=1.
Zafar, M., Yasin, G. & Ijaz, M. (2012). Social Networking A Source For Developing Entrepreneurial Intentions Among Entrepreneurs: A Case of Multan. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 2(8), 1072–1084. Retrieved from journal homepage: http://aessweb.com/journal-detail.php?id=5002.
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E. & Hills, G. E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265–72. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1265
Copyright (c) 2016 Information Management and Business Review
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Author (s) should affirm that the material has not been published previously. It has not been submitted and it is not under consideration by any other journal. At the same time author (s) need to execute a publication permission agreement to assume the responsibility of the submitted content and any omissions and errors therein. After submission of revised paper in the light of suggestions of the reviewers, the editorial team edits and formats manuscripts to bring uniformity and standardization in published material.
This work will be licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) and under condition of the license, users are free to read, copy, remix, transform, redistribute, download, print, search or link to the full texts of articles and even build upon their work as long as they credit the author for the original work. Moreover, as per journal policy author (s) hold and retain copyrights without any restrictions.
