The Impact of Income on Gender-Based Violence: A Case of Matabeleland South

  • Mable Chimhore Economist, Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9026-6448
  • Makochekanwa Albert University of Zimbabwe
  • Moyo Stanzia University of Zimbabwe
  • Muhloyi Marvellous University of Zimbabwe
Keywords: Income, Matjinge, Malansazwi, Employment status and Gender-based violence.

Abstract

The study assessed the effects of income on gender-based violence using a multinomial logistic regression and an ANOVA test to model the cross-sectional data collected from a survey of 305 respondents in Bulilima district, Matabeleland South province, Zimbabwe. The study is significant as understanding the role of income on gender-based violence guides policymakers in eradicating gender-based violence since it entails more economic costs such as lost wages, productivity and it also drains resources from justice, health and social service which slackens the effectiveness of poverty reduction programs. The results showed that more women than men experienced gender-based violence. Also, an increase in the proportion of women engaged in any economic activity was associated with the risk of encountering sexual and emotional violence. In addition, the likelihood of experiencing emotional violence increased with every Rand in income for a woman. The study recommends the government to prioritize employment creation and financial empowerment through promoting and supporting agricultural operations so that men retain their social role of providing for the family. Furthermore, monetary policies that benefit both men and women in small and medium-sized businesses should be implemented to increase household incomes.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abramsky, T. Devries, K.M. Michau, L. Nakuti, J. Musuya, T. Kyegombe, N. and Watts, C. (2016) The impact of SASA: A community mobilisation intervention, on women's experiences of intimate partner violence: secondary findings from a cluster randomized trial in Kampala, Uganda. J Epidemiol Community Health, 70(8), pp.818-825.
Aizer, A. (2007) Wages, Violence and Health in the Household, National Bureau of Economic Study (NBER), Working Paper 13494.
Bates, L.M. Schuler, S.R. Islam, F., and Islam, K. (2004) Socioeconomic factors and processes associated with do-mestic violence in rural Bangladesh. International Fam Plan Perspective.
Cameron, A. and Tedds, L. M. (2021) Gender-based Violence, Economic Security, and the potential of basic in-come: A Discussion paper, SSRN.
Conway, J.F. (2001) The Canadian Family in Crisis 4th Edition, Toronto, Lorimer.
DeKeseredy, W. S and Schwartz, M.D. (2008) The Role of Masculinities in Violence Against Women). In Dina An-selmi and Anne Law, Questions of Gender: Perspectives and Paradoxes. New York, Blackwell.
Dutton, D. G. (1988a) The domestic assault of women: Psychological and criminal justice perspectives, Allyn & Bacon, Boston.
Duvvury, N. Scriver, S. and Schwenke, C. (2018) The health-related impacts and costs of violence against women and girls on survivors, households and communities in Ghana. Journal of public health in Africa, 9(2).
Farmer, A. and Tiefenthaler, J. (1997) An economic analysis of domestic violence. Review of Social Economy, 55, 335– 358.
Gelles, R. J. (1997) Intimate Partner Violence in families, 3rd edition, Sage Publications, Inc.
Goodrum, S. Umberson, D. and Anderson, K. A. (2001) The Batterer’s View of self and others in Domestic vio-lence, Sociological Inquiry, Vol 71(2), pp 221-240.
Jewkes, R. K. Dunkle, K. Nduna, M., and Shai N. (2010) Intimate partner violence, relationship power inequity, and incidence of HIV infection in young women in South Africa: a cohort study, Lancet.
Macmillan, R. and Gartner, R. (1999) When She Brings Home the Bacon: Labor-Force Participation and the Risk of Spousal Violence against Women. Journal of Marriage and Family, 61, pp 947-958.
Mayoux, L. and Hartl, M. (2009) Gender and rural microfinance: Reaching and empowering women. International Fund for agricultural Development (IFAD), Powerguda, India.
Nations Secretary General (2006) Report of the Independent Expert for the United Nations Study on Violence Against Children, New York, United Nations, p. 12.
Rashad, A. S. and Mesbah, F.S. (2016) Income inequality and intimate partner violence against women, Frankfurt School of Finance and Management, India, ECONSTOR, working paper 222.
Sanz-Barbero, B. Vives-Cases, C. Otero-Garcia, L. Muntaner, C. Torrubiano-Domínguez, J. and O'Campo, P. (2015) Intimate partner violence among women in Spain: the impact of regional-level male unemployment and income inequality, European Journal of Public Health, Volume 25, Issue 6.
SAFAIDS (2009) Changing the river flows series: Zimbabwean Stories of 'Best Practice' in mitigating the HIV cri-sis through a cultural and gender perspective. Challenging gender dynamics in a cultural context to address HIV.
Stockl, H. Hassan, A. Ranganathan, M. and Hatcher, M. (2021) Economic empowerment and intimate partner vio-lence: a secondary data analysis of the cross-sectional Demographic Health Surveys in Sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Women's Health Vol 21 (241).
The General Recommendation Number 19 of the Committee on the Eradication of all forms of Discrimination against Women (1992).
Tauchen, V.H. Witte A.D. and Long, K.S. (1991) Domestic Violence: A Nonrandom Affair, International Economic Review, 32(2), pp 491-511.
Usdin, S. Goldstein, S. Scheepers, E. and Japhet, G. (2005) Achieving social change on gender-based violence: A report on the impact evaluation of Soul city’s fourth series, ELSEVIER, Social Science and Medicine 61, pp 2434-2445.
Zhang, Y. and Breunig, R. V. (2021) Gender norms and domestic abuse: evidence from Australia, IZA Discussion Paper No. 14225.
Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT) (2010-2021)
World Health Organization (2013) responding to intimate partner violence and sexual violence against women, World Health Organization.
World Health Organization (2010). Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: Taking action and generating evidence, World Health Organization.
Published
2023-09-21
How to Cite
Chimhore, M., Albert, M., Stanzia, M., & Marvellous, M. (2023). The Impact of Income on Gender-Based Violence: A Case of Matabeleland South. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 15(2(J), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v15i2(J).3375
Section
Research Paper