A Comparative Study of Rural Entrepreneurial Challenges: Towards Rural Economic Development and a Policy Framework
Keywords:
Entrepreneurial activities, SME owners, John Taolo Gaetsewe District, Frances Baard District.
Abstract
The primary purpose of this rural study was to compare the challenges that impede successful operations of entrepreneurial activities and small businesses. Through quantitative design, a seven-point Likert-scale questionnaire was utilized to gather primary data. Two sampling techniques, namely simple random and purposive, were applied to select the research participants. Based on a Likert spectrum, 267 questionnaires were administered to SME owners by the researcher, assisted by two research trainees. These questionnaires were ranked from (1) strongly disagree to (7) strongly agree. Two main questions, which provided guidance to this study, were certified reliable by the Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.768 and 0.976. Data analysis was possible through the descriptive and inferential tools supported by the independent t-test, Pearson’s chi-square test, and cross-tabulation. The final outcomes demonstrate higher levels of challenges in the Frances Baard (FB) District than in the John Taolo Gaetsewe (JTG) District. This implies that owner-managers of small businesses in the FB District experienced more challenges in operating their businesses. The study recommends SME Policy Framework (SPF) training and intensifying the existing processes of monitoring after training to justify the owner-managers’ moral commitments.
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References
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Arasti, Z. (2011). An empirical study on the causes of business failure in Iranian context. African Journal of Business Management, 5(17), 7488-7498.
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Baliyan, S. P. & Baliyan, P. S. (2013). Institutions and organisations contributing to entrepreneurship education and skill development in Botswana. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 15(5), 1-6.
Barnard, S., Kritzinger, B. & Kruger, J. (2011). Location decision strategies for improving SMME business performance. Acta Commercii, 11(1), 111-128.
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Biggs, T. & Shah, M. K. (2006). African small and medium enterprises, networks, and manufacturing performance. The World Bank.
Biyase, L. (2009). DTI to look at how crisis hurts small enterprises. The Star, 23
Bosma, N. & Levie, J. (2010). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2009 Global Report.
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Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies (ISSN: 2220-6140)
Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 58-71, June 2019
69
Bryden, J. & Hart, K. (2005). Why local economies differ: the dynamics of rural areas in Europe: Edwin Mellen Press Celedigion.
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Chiloane, G. & Mayhew, W. (2010). Difficulties encountered by black women entrepreneurs in accessing training from the Small Enterprise Development Agency in South Africa. Gender and Behaviour, 8(1), 2590-2602.
Cooper, R. D. & Schindler, S. P. (2008). Business Research Methods 10th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
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Fatoki, O. (2014). The causes of the failure of new small and medium enterprises in South Africa. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(20), 922.
Fatoki, O. & Garwe, D. (2010). Obstacles to the growth of new SMEs in South Africa: A principal component analysis approach. African Journal of Business Management, 4(5), 729- 738.
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Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E. & Hyun, H. H. (2011). How to design and evaluate research in education. New York: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages.
Frynas, J. G. & Mellahi, K. 2015. Global strategic management. Oxford University Press, USA.
Fumo, N. D. G. & Jabbour, C. J. C. (2011). Barriers faced by MSEs: Evidence from Mozambique. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 111(6), 849-868.
FinScope. (2010). Survey highlights. South Africa 2010.
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Hussain, M. (2003). The impact of economic condition on management accounting performance measures: experience with banks. Managerial Finance, 29(7), 43-61.
Jenkins, A. S., Wiklund, J. & Brundin, E. (2014). Individual responses to firm failure: Appraisals, grief, and the influence of prior failure experience. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(1), 17-33.
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Kennickell, A. B., Kwast, M. L. & Pogach, J. (2015). Small businesses and small business finance during the financial crisis and the great recession: New evidence from the survey of consumer finances. Available at SSRN 2620748,
Klapper, L., Laeven, L. & Rajan, R. (2004). Barriers to entrepreneurship. NBER Working Paper, 10380
Kok, P. & Collinson, M. (2006). Migration and urbanisation in South Africa. Statistics South Africa.
Kothari, K. (2004). Research methodology: method and techniques. 2nd Ed. New Delhi: New Age International.
Lager, P. M. (2015). The route to capitalization: The transcendent registration exemptions for securities offerings as a means to small business capital formation. TEx. L. REv, 94, 567.
Lan, Q. & Wu, S. (2010). An empirical study of entrepreneurial orientation and degree of internationalization of small and medium-sized Chinese manufacturing enterprises. Journal of Chinese Entrepreneurship, 2(1), 53-75.
Lavrakas, P. J. (2008). Encyclopedia of survey research methods. Sage Publications.
Le Fleur, H., Koor, J., Chetty, V., Ntshangase, S., Mackenzie, R. & Rawoot, F. (2018). Informal Small Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMME) retailers in South Africa.
Lebakeng, M. A. (2008). An exploration of women entrepreneurship in Lesotho. North-West University.
Love, J. H. & Roper, S. (2015). SME innovation, exporting and growth: A review of existing evidence. International Small Business Journal, 33(1), 28-48.
Mantere, S., Aula, P., Schildt, H. & Vaara, E. (2013). Narrative attributions of entrepreneurial failure. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(4), 459-473.
Marshall, M. I. & Samal, A. (2006). The effect of human and financial capital on the entrepreneurial process: an urban-rural comparison of entrepreneurs in Indiana.
Martinsons, M. G. (2008). Relationshipâ€based eâ€commerce: theory and evidence from China. Information Systems Journal, 18(4), 331-356.
Mbonyane, B. & Ladzani, W. (2011). Factors that hinder the growth of small businesses in South African townships. European Business Review, 23(6), 550-560.
McDaniel, C. & Gates, R. (2013). Marketing research: Student version, 9th ed. Hoboken, N: Wiley,
Nawaser, K., Khaksar, S. M. S., Shakhsian, F. & Jahanshahi, A. A. (2011). Motivational and legal barriers of entrepreneurship development. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(11), 112.
Ocloo, C. E., Akaba, S. & Worwui-Brown, D. K. (2014). Globalization and competitiveness: Challenges of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Accra, Ghana. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5 (4).
Okpara, J. O. (2011). Factors constraining the growth and survival of SMEs in Nigeria: Implications for poverty alleviation. Management Research Review, 34(2), 156-171.
Omerzel, D. G. & Antoncic, B. (2008). Critical entrepreneur knowledge dimensions for the SME performance Industrial Management & Data Systems, 108(9), 1182-1199.
Ooghe, H. & De Prijcker, S. (2008). Failure processes and causes of company bankruptcy: a typology. Management Decision, 46(2), 223-242.
Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS survival manual. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Petuskiene, E. & Glinskiene, R. (2011). Entrepreneurship as the basic element for the successful employment of benchmarking and business innovations. Engineering Economics, 22(1), 69-77.
Roundy, P. T., Bradshaw, M. & Brockman, B. K. (2018). The emergence of entrepreneurial ecosystems: A complex adaptive systems approach. Journal of Business Research, 86, 1-10.
Salleh, M. & Sidek, N. (2011). Rural entrepreneurship: a challenges and opportunities of rural micro enterprise (RME) in Malaysia. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 2(11), 573-585.
Saxena, S. (2012). Problems faced by rural entrepreneurs and remedies to solve it. Journal of Business and Management, 3(1), 23-29.
Schwab, D. P. (2013). Research methods for organizational studies. Psychology Press.
Schwartz, M. & Hornych, C. (2010). Cooperation patterns of incubator firms and the impact of incubator specialization: Empirical evidence from Germany. Technovation, 30(9-10), 485-495.
Singh Sandhu, M., Fahmi Sidique, S. & Riaz, S. (2011). Entrepreneurship barriers and entrepreneurial inclination among Malaysian postgraduate students. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 17(4), 428-449.
Stathopoulou, S., Psaltopoulos, D. & Skuras, D. (2004). Rural entrepreneurship in Europe: a research framework and agenda. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 10(6), 404-425.
Sternberg, R. (2009). Regional Dimensions of Entrepreneurship. Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 5(4), 211-340.
Stevenson, H. H., Roberts, M. J. & Grousbeck, H. I. (1989). Business Ventures and the Entrepreneur. Irwin: Homewood.
Storey, D. J. (1994). New firm growth and bank financing. Small Business Economics, 6(2), 139-150.
Stroyan, J. & Brown, N. (2012). Using Standards to Support Growth, Competitiveness and Innovation: a smart guide on promoting and facilitating SME competitiveness through the development and use of standards with the help of EU structural funds. European Union.
Tahir, P. R., Mohamad, M. R. & Hasan, D. (2011). A short review of factors leading to success of small medium enterprises. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 2(11), 519-529.
Timm, S. (2011). How South Africa can boost support to small businesses: Lessons from Brazil and India. Pretoria, Trade and Industrial Policy Secretariat,
Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., Wright, M. & Flores, M. (2010). The nature of entrepreneurial experience, business failure and comparative optimism. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(6), 541-555.
Van Wyk, H. M. (2010). The impact of BBBEE on small and medium–sized businesses in the Sedibeng region. North-West University.
Venter, R., Urban, B. & Rwigema, H. (2008). Entrepreneurship: theory in practice. 2nd ed. Cape Town: OUP.
Wennekers, S. & Thurik, R. (1999). Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth. Small Business Economics, 13(1), 27-56.
Wiklund, J. & Shepherd, D. (2005). Entrepreneurial orientation and small business performance: a configurational approach. Journal of business venturing, 20(1), 71-91.
WorldBank. (2006). World Bank indicators. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Yew Wong, K. 2005. Critical success factors for implementing knowledge management in small and medium enterprises. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 105(3), 261-279.
Zamberi Ahmad, S. & Xavier, S. R. (2012). Entrepreneurial environments and growth: evidence from Malaysia GEM data. Journal of Chinese Entrepreneurship, 4(1), 50-69.
Adeniran, T. & Johnston, K. (2011). Investigating the level of internet capabilities of South African small and medium enterprises in changing environments. In: Proceedings of 2011 Conference.
Agbenyegah, A. T. (2013). Challenges facing rural entrepreneurship in selected areas in South Africa. Potchefstroom: North-West University, Unpublished thesis for the award of Doctor in Business Administration, 1-521.
Agyapong, D., Agyapong, G. K. & Darfor, K. N. (2011). Criteria for assessing small and medium enterprises 'borrowers in Ghana. International Business Research, 4(4), 132.
Amra, R., Hlatshwayo, A. & McMillan, L. (2013). SMME employment in South Africa. In: Proceedings of biennial Conference of the Economic Society of South Africa, Bloemfontein.
April, W. I. (2005). Critical factors that influence the success and failure of SMEs in Namibia in the Khomas Region. Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch.
Arasti, Z. (2011). An empirical study on the causes of business failure in Iranian context. African Journal of Business Management, 5(17), 7488-7498.
Audretsch, D. B. & Belitski, M. (2017). Entrepreneurial ecosystems in cities: establishing the framework conditions. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 42(5), 1030-1051.
Baliyan, S. P. & Baliyan, P. S. (2013). Institutions and organisations contributing to entrepreneurship education and skill development in Botswana. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 15(5), 1-6.
Barnard, S., Kritzinger, B. & Kruger, J. (2011). Location decision strategies for improving SMME business performance. Acta Commercii, 11(1), 111-128.
Baron, R. & Shane, S. (2007). Entrepreneurship: A process perspective. Nelson Education.
Barringer, B. R. & Ireland, D. (2010). Entrepreneurship: Successfully launching new ventures, global ed: New Jersey: Pearson Higher Education.
Barth, J. R., Yago, G. & Zeidman, B. (2006). Barriers to entrepreneurship in emerging domestic markets: Analysis and recommendations. Santa Monica, CA: The Milken Institute,
Bear, S., Rahman, N. & Post, C. (2010). The impact of board diversity and gender composition on corporate social responsibility and firm reputation. Journal of Business Ethics, 97(2), 207-221.
Biggs, T. & Shah, M. K. (2006). African small and medium enterprises, networks, and manufacturing performance. The World Bank.
Biyase, L. (2009). DTI to look at how crisis hurts small enterprises. The Star, 23
Bosma, N. & Levie, J. (2010). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2009 Global Report.
Bretschger, L. & Smulders, S. (2007). Introduction to sustainable resource use and economic dynamics. In: Sustainable resource use and economic dynamics. Springer, 1-16.
Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies (ISSN: 2220-6140)
Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 58-71, June 2019
69
Bryden, J. & Hart, K. (2005). Why local economies differ: the dynamics of rural areas in Europe: Edwin Mellen Press Celedigion.
Cassar, G. (2004). The financing of business start-ups. Journal of business venturing, 19(2), 261-283.
Cherry, K. (2017). What is a cross-sectional study? Available: https://www.verywell.com/social-psychology-research-methods-2795902. (Accessed, 5th March 2019)
Chiloane, G. & Mayhew, W. (2010). Difficulties encountered by black women entrepreneurs in accessing training from the Small Enterprise Development Agency in South Africa. Gender and Behaviour, 8(1), 2590-2602.
Cooper, R. D. & Schindler, S. P. (2008). Business Research Methods 10th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
Cope, J. (2011). Entrepreneurial learning from failure: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of business venturing, 26(6), 604-623.
Cronje, G., Du Toit, G., Marais, A. & Motlatta, M. (2000). Introduction to business management. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
Dabson, B. (2001). Supporting rural entrepreneurship. Exploring Policy Options for a New Rural America, 35-48.
Denscombe, M. (2007). The good research guide for small-scale social projects. Maidenhead, England: McGraw Hill,
Easterby-Smith, M. T. & Thorpe, R. (2002). R. & Lowe, A. (2002). Management research: An introduction, 2, 342.
Emery, M., Fey, S. & Flora, C. (2006). Using community capitals to develop assets for positive community change. CD Practice, 13, 1-19.
Everett, J. & Watson, J. (1998). Small business failure and external risk factors. Small Business Economics, 11(4), 371-390.
Fatoki, O. (2014). The causes of the failure of new small and medium enterprises in South Africa. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(20), 922.
Fatoki, O. & Garwe, D. (2010). Obstacles to the growth of new SMEs in South Africa: A principal component analysis approach. African Journal of Business Management, 4(5), 729- 738.
Fatoki, O. O. & Smit, A. V. A. (2011). Constraints to credit access by new SMEs in South Africa: A supply-side analysis. African Journal of Business Management, 5(4), 1413-1425.
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E. & Hyun, H. H. (2011). How to design and evaluate research in education. New York: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages.
Frynas, J. G. & Mellahi, K. 2015. Global strategic management. Oxford University Press, USA.
Fumo, N. D. G. & Jabbour, C. J. C. (2011). Barriers faced by MSEs: Evidence from Mozambique. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 111(6), 849-868.
FinScope. (2010). Survey highlights. South Africa 2010.
Haron, H., Said, S. B., Jayaraman, K. & Ismail, I. (2013). Factors influencing small medium enterprises (SMES) in obtaining loan. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(15).
Herrington, M., Kew, J. & Kew, P. (2009). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. South Africa Report. Available: Available: http://www.gbs.nct.ac.za/gbswebb/userfiles/gemsouthafrica2000pdf. (17 Nov 2018)
Holt, G. D. (2013). Construction business failure: conceptual synthesis of causal agents. Construction Innovation, 13(1), 50-76.
Hussain, M. (2003). The impact of economic condition on management accounting performance measures: experience with banks. Managerial Finance, 29(7), 43-61.
Jenkins, A. S., Wiklund, J. & Brundin, E. (2014). Individual responses to firm failure: Appraisals, grief, and the influence of prior failure experience. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(1), 17-33.
Jones, G. R. (1999). Organizational theory. MA: Addison-Wesley
Kelly, D., Singer, S. & Herrington, M. (2016). GEM 2015/2016 Global Report. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Retrieved April,
Kennickell, A. B., Kwast, M. L. & Pogach, J. (2015). Small businesses and small business finance during the financial crisis and the great recession: New evidence from the survey of consumer finances. Available at SSRN 2620748,
Klapper, L., Laeven, L. & Rajan, R. (2004). Barriers to entrepreneurship. NBER Working Paper, 10380
Kok, P. & Collinson, M. (2006). Migration and urbanisation in South Africa. Statistics South Africa.
Kothari, K. (2004). Research methodology: method and techniques. 2nd Ed. New Delhi: New Age International.
Lager, P. M. (2015). The route to capitalization: The transcendent registration exemptions for securities offerings as a means to small business capital formation. TEx. L. REv, 94, 567.
Lan, Q. & Wu, S. (2010). An empirical study of entrepreneurial orientation and degree of internationalization of small and medium-sized Chinese manufacturing enterprises. Journal of Chinese Entrepreneurship, 2(1), 53-75.
Lavrakas, P. J. (2008). Encyclopedia of survey research methods. Sage Publications.
Le Fleur, H., Koor, J., Chetty, V., Ntshangase, S., Mackenzie, R. & Rawoot, F. (2018). Informal Small Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMME) retailers in South Africa.
Lebakeng, M. A. (2008). An exploration of women entrepreneurship in Lesotho. North-West University.
Love, J. H. & Roper, S. (2015). SME innovation, exporting and growth: A review of existing evidence. International Small Business Journal, 33(1), 28-48.
Mantere, S., Aula, P., Schildt, H. & Vaara, E. (2013). Narrative attributions of entrepreneurial failure. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(4), 459-473.
Marshall, M. I. & Samal, A. (2006). The effect of human and financial capital on the entrepreneurial process: an urban-rural comparison of entrepreneurs in Indiana.
Martinsons, M. G. (2008). Relationshipâ€based eâ€commerce: theory and evidence from China. Information Systems Journal, 18(4), 331-356.
Mbonyane, B. & Ladzani, W. (2011). Factors that hinder the growth of small businesses in South African townships. European Business Review, 23(6), 550-560.
McDaniel, C. & Gates, R. (2013). Marketing research: Student version, 9th ed. Hoboken, N: Wiley,
Nawaser, K., Khaksar, S. M. S., Shakhsian, F. & Jahanshahi, A. A. (2011). Motivational and legal barriers of entrepreneurship development. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(11), 112.
Ocloo, C. E., Akaba, S. & Worwui-Brown, D. K. (2014). Globalization and competitiveness: Challenges of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Accra, Ghana. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5 (4).
Okpara, J. O. (2011). Factors constraining the growth and survival of SMEs in Nigeria: Implications for poverty alleviation. Management Research Review, 34(2), 156-171.
Omerzel, D. G. & Antoncic, B. (2008). Critical entrepreneur knowledge dimensions for the SME performance Industrial Management & Data Systems, 108(9), 1182-1199.
Ooghe, H. & De Prijcker, S. (2008). Failure processes and causes of company bankruptcy: a typology. Management Decision, 46(2), 223-242.
Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS survival manual. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Petuskiene, E. & Glinskiene, R. (2011). Entrepreneurship as the basic element for the successful employment of benchmarking and business innovations. Engineering Economics, 22(1), 69-77.
Roundy, P. T., Bradshaw, M. & Brockman, B. K. (2018). The emergence of entrepreneurial ecosystems: A complex adaptive systems approach. Journal of Business Research, 86, 1-10.
Salleh, M. & Sidek, N. (2011). Rural entrepreneurship: a challenges and opportunities of rural micro enterprise (RME) in Malaysia. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 2(11), 573-585.
Saxena, S. (2012). Problems faced by rural entrepreneurs and remedies to solve it. Journal of Business and Management, 3(1), 23-29.
Schwab, D. P. (2013). Research methods for organizational studies. Psychology Press.
Schwartz, M. & Hornych, C. (2010). Cooperation patterns of incubator firms and the impact of incubator specialization: Empirical evidence from Germany. Technovation, 30(9-10), 485-495.
Singh Sandhu, M., Fahmi Sidique, S. & Riaz, S. (2011). Entrepreneurship barriers and entrepreneurial inclination among Malaysian postgraduate students. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 17(4), 428-449.
Stathopoulou, S., Psaltopoulos, D. & Skuras, D. (2004). Rural entrepreneurship in Europe: a research framework and agenda. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 10(6), 404-425.
Sternberg, R. (2009). Regional Dimensions of Entrepreneurship. Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 5(4), 211-340.
Stevenson, H. H., Roberts, M. J. & Grousbeck, H. I. (1989). Business Ventures and the Entrepreneur. Irwin: Homewood.
Storey, D. J. (1994). New firm growth and bank financing. Small Business Economics, 6(2), 139-150.
Stroyan, J. & Brown, N. (2012). Using Standards to Support Growth, Competitiveness and Innovation: a smart guide on promoting and facilitating SME competitiveness through the development and use of standards with the help of EU structural funds. European Union.
Tahir, P. R., Mohamad, M. R. & Hasan, D. (2011). A short review of factors leading to success of small medium enterprises. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 2(11), 519-529.
Timm, S. (2011). How South Africa can boost support to small businesses: Lessons from Brazil and India. Pretoria, Trade and Industrial Policy Secretariat,
Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., Wright, M. & Flores, M. (2010). The nature of entrepreneurial experience, business failure and comparative optimism. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(6), 541-555.
Van Wyk, H. M. (2010). The impact of BBBEE on small and medium–sized businesses in the Sedibeng region. North-West University.
Venter, R., Urban, B. & Rwigema, H. (2008). Entrepreneurship: theory in practice. 2nd ed. Cape Town: OUP.
Wennekers, S. & Thurik, R. (1999). Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth. Small Business Economics, 13(1), 27-56.
Wiklund, J. & Shepherd, D. (2005). Entrepreneurial orientation and small business performance: a configurational approach. Journal of business venturing, 20(1), 71-91.
WorldBank. (2006). World Bank indicators. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Yew Wong, K. 2005. Critical success factors for implementing knowledge management in small and medium enterprises. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 105(3), 261-279.
Zamberi Ahmad, S. & Xavier, S. R. (2012). Entrepreneurial environments and growth: evidence from Malaysia GEM data. Journal of Chinese Entrepreneurship, 4(1), 50-69.
Published
2019-07-18
How to Cite
Agbenyegah, A. T. (2019). A Comparative Study of Rural Entrepreneurial Challenges: Towards Rural Economic Development and a Policy Framework. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 11(3(J), 58-71. https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v11i3(J).2869
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Research Paper
Copyright (c) 2019 Albert Tchey Agbenyegah
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