An Assessment of the Employee Job Satisfaction: Views from Empirical Perspectives
Keywords:
Employee job satisfaction, employee status, employee working experience, job satisfaction, variables.
Abstract
Job satisfaction stresses on the personal feelings within the job environment in relation to job assessment. Various academics and scientists studied in the past, the significant association between personal expectations and job satisfaction of employees. These past studies were based on the model of personality traits and other variables in determination of employee job satisfaction. This study is to assess the relationship and effect between independent and dependent variables. To ensure that the stated objectives are met, a 7 point Likert scale questionnaires were administered to 140 managers and non-manager employees. However, only 128 of the questionnaires were returned without errors and ready to go through the analysis processes. Data analysis was conducted in two phases namely the descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive analysis aided by the mean counts was applied in describing the empirical data; whereas the inferential statistics of Pearson’s chi-square test and ANOVA were utilized to determine the relationship and the effect of independent on the dependent variable. ANOVA was used to assess the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable. This empirical study demonstrates mix results through Pearson’s chi-square and ANOVA tests. WEP and employee status does not differ from EJS whereas employee position differs from EJS. The ANOVA test revealed a significant effect of WEP and EPS on EJS. The study revealed that SME owners in FB district municipality experienced very high entrepreneurial challenges in contrast to their counterparts in JTG district municipality. Given these findings, the author called on policymakers to prepare specific strategies and programs that motivate employees within the establishment.
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References
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Balcı, F. (2011). The effects of education on police officer job satisfaction: a case of Turkish national police. International Journal of Human Science, 8(2), 265-285.
Bates, W. R. (2006). An investigation into the work environment elements on job satisfaction-a case study on a company in the telecommunications industry. University of Johannesburg.
Blumberg, B., Cooper, D. R. & Schindler, P. S. (2011). Business Research Methods. London: McGraw-Hill.
Brief, A. P. (1998). Attitudes in and around organizations. Sage.
Brown, J. D. (2002). The Cronbach alpha reliability estimate. JALT Testing & Evaluation SIG Newsletterrode, 6 (1).
Celik, C. (2008). Relationship of organizational commitment and job satisfaction: A field study of tax office employees.
Chang, S. C. & Lee, M. S. (2006). Relationships among personality traits, job characteristics, job satisfaction and organizational commitment–an empirical study in Taiwan. The Business Review, 6(1), 201-207.
Clark, A. E. (1997). Job satisfaction and gender: Why are women so happy at work? Labour Economics, 4, 341–372.10.1016/S0927-5371(97)00010-9.
Connelly, C. E., Gallagher, D. G. & Gilley, K. M. (2007). Organizational and client commitment among contracted employees: A replication and extension with temporary workers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70 (2), 326-335.
Daft, R. L. & Noel, R. A. (2001). Organisational Behaviour. New York: South-Western Publishing.
Davy, J. A., Kinicki, A. J. & Scheck, C. L. (1997). A test of job security's direct and mediated effects on withdrawal cognitions. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 18(4), 323-349.
De Cuyper, N., De Witte, H. & Isaksson, K. (2005). Temporary employment in Europe: Conclusions. In: De Cuyper, N., Isaksson, K. and De Witte, H. eds. Employment contracts and well-being among European workers. Hampshire, 225-244.
Ercikti, S., Vito, G. F., Walsh, W. F. & Higgins, G. E. (2011). Major Determinants of Job Satisfaction Among Police Managers. Southwest Journal of Criminal Justice, 8(1).
Guest, D. E., Oakley, P., Clinton, M. & Budjanovcanin, A. (2006). Free or precarious? A comparison of the attitudes of workers in flexible and traditional employment contracts. Human Resource Management Review, 16(2), 107-124.
Hancer, M. & George, R. T. (2003). Job satisfaction of restaurant employees: An empirical investigation using the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 27(1), 85-100.
Herzberg, F. (1966). Work and the nature of man, Cleveland World Publishing Co.
Hoppock, R. (1935). Job satisfaction, Harper and Brothers, New York, 47.
Hoy, W. & Musker, C. (1987). Educational administration: theory, research and practice. 3rd. ed. New York: Random House.
Huang, C. C., You, C. S. & Tsai, M. T. (2012). A multidimensional analysis of ethical climate, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Nursing Ethics, 19(4), 513-529.
Hulin, C. L. & Judge, T. A. (2003). Job attitudes. In: Borman, W. C., Liken, D. R. and Klimoski, R. J. eds. Handbook of psychology: industrial and organisational psychology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 255–276.
Jeet, V. & Sayeeduzzafar, D. (2014). A study of HRM practices and its impact on employees job satisfaction in private sector banks: A case study of HDFC Bank. International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies, 2(1), 62-68.
Jiang, B., Baker, R. C. & Frazier, G. V. (2009). An analysis of job dissatisfaction and turnover to reduce global supply chain risk: Evidence from China. Journal of operations management, 27(2), 169-184.
Kinzl, J., Knotzer, H., Traweger, C., Lederer, W., Heidegger, T. & Benzer, A. (2005). Influence of working conditions on job satisfaction in anaesthetists. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 94(2), 211-215.
Kord, B. & Tamini, B. K. (2012). A cross-cultural study of job satisfaction and organizational commitment of bank employees in Iran and India. Apeejay Journal of Management and Technology, 7(1), 13-18.
Kumar, P. & Giri, V. N. (2009). Effects of age and experience on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The Icfai University of Organizational Behavior, 8(1), 28-36.
Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies (ISSN: 2220-6140)
Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 45-57, April 2019
56
Kyule, A. K., Katunzi, T. & Arasa, R. (2016). The moderating effect of remuneration on the relationship between work-life policies and employee work outcomes among lecturers in Kenya. Nairobi:
Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L. & Barton, S. M. (2001). The impact of job satisfaction on turnover intent: a test of a structural measurement model using a national sample of workers. The Social Science Journal, 38(2), 233-250.
Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In: Dunnette, M. D. ed. Handbook of Industrial and Organisational Psychology. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
MacKain, S. J., Myers, B., Ostapiej, L. & Newman, R. A. (2010). Job satisfaction among psychologists working in state prisons: The relative impact of facets assessing economics, management, relationships, and perceived organizational support. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37(3), 306-318.
Maher, D. (2008). Interactive whiteboards and web conferencing systems in the primary school. Educational Research at Macquarie, 3, 30-31.
Mahmoud, A. (2008). A study of nurses' job satisfaction: the relationship to organizational commitment, perceived organizational support, transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and level of education. European journal of scientific research, 22(2), 286-295.
Martin, A. & Roodt, G. (2008). Perceptions of organisational commitment, job satisfaction and turnover intentions in a post-merger South African tertiary institution. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 34(1), 23-31.
Mayo, E. (1945). The Social Problems of an Industrial Civilization. Boston: School of Business Administration, Harvard University.
Mehrabani, S. E. & Shajari, M. (2013). Relationship between employee empowerment and employee effectiveness. Service Science and Management Research, 2(4), 60-68.
Meyer, J. P. & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human resource management review, 1(1), 61-89.
Nadiri, H. & Tanova, C. (2010). An investigation of the role of justice in turnover intentions, job satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behavior in hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(1), 33-41.
Nawab, S. & Bhatti, K. K. (2011). Influence of employee compensation on organizational commitment and job satisfaction: A case study of educational sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(8)
Oshagbemi, T. & Hickson, C. (2003). Some aspects of overall job satisfaction: A binomial logit model. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(4), 357-367.
Panghal, S. & Bhambu, S. (2013). Factors influencing job satisfaction of banking sector employees in India. International Journal of New Innovations in Engineering and Technology, 1(3), 41-44.
Parvin, M. M. & Kabir, M. N. (2011). Factors affecting employee job satisfaction of pharmaceutical sector. Australian Journal of business and management research, 1(9), 113.
Robbins, S. & Judge, T. (2013). Organisational behavior 15th ed. Boston.: Pearson.
Rode, J. C. (2004). Job satisfaction and life satisfaction revisited: A longitudinal test of an integrated model. Human relations, 57(9),1205-1230.
Rousseau, D. (1995). Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements. Sage Publications.
Saeed, I., Waseem, M., Sikander, S. & Rizwan, M. (2014). The relationship of turnover intention with job satisfaction, job performance, leader-member exchange, emotional intelligence and organizational commitment. International Journal of Learning and Development, 4(2), 242-256.
Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of managerial psychology, 21(7), 600-619.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. (2012). Research methods for business students. . New York: : Prentice Hall.
Schneider, D. S. & Vaught, B. C. (1993). A comparison of job satisfaction between public and private sector managers. Public Administration Quarterly, 68-83.
Schultz, D. & Schultz, S. E. (2006). Psychology and Work Today. 9th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
Schulz, J. (2013). The impact of role conflict, role ambiguity and organizational climate on the job satisfaction of academic staff in research-intensive universities in the UK. Higher Education Research & Development, 32(3), 464-478.
Sehunoe, N., Mayer, C. H. & Viviers, R. (2015). Job satisfaction, organisational commitment and work engagement in an insurance company. South African Journal of Labour Relations, 39(2), 123-144.
Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Sharma, R. & Jyoti, J. (2009). Job Satisfaction Of University Teachers: An Empirical Study. Journal of Services Research, 9(2).
Shodhganga. (2012). Job Satisfaction.
Spagnoli, P., Caetano, A. & Santos, S. C. (2012). Satisfaction with job aspects: Do patterns change over time? Journal of Business Research, 65(5), 609-616.
Stander, M. W. & Rothmann, S. (2010). The relationship between leadership, job satisfaction and organisational commitment. South African Journal of Human Resource Management, 6(3), 7-13.
Sukriket, P. (2015). The relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention of Thai software programmers in Bangkok. . AU Journal of Management, 12(2), 42-52
Tehseen, S. & UI Hadi, N. (2015). Factors influencing teachers’ performance and retention. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 1, 233-244.
Theodossiou, L. & Zangelidis, A. (2009). Career prospects and tenure job satisfaction proÖles: evidence from panel data. Journal of Socio-Economics, 38(4), 648-657.
Tracey, J. B. & Hinkin, T. R. (2008). Contextual factors and cost profiles associated with employee turnover. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 49, 12-27.
Tufail, M. S., Muneer, S. & Manzoor, M. (2016). How Organizational Rewards And Organizational Justice Affect The Organizational Citizenship Behavior And Counterproductive Work Behavior: Analysis Of Pakistan Service Industries. City University Research Journal, 171-182.
Uduji, J. I. (2013). Hygiene factors: The foundations for heightening the marketing executives motivation in the banking industry in Nigeria. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(15),68-75.
Van Dalen, H. P. & Henkens, K. (2013). Dilemmas of downsizing during the Great Recession: Crisis strategies of European employers. De Economist, 161(3), 307-329.
Vishwakarma, R. K., Shukla, A. & Nougriaya, S. (2015). Job satisfaction and its impact on absenteeism: A case study related to teachers in Private Engineering colleges. International Journal of Engineering Technology & Management Research, 3(1), 10-15.
Waskiewicz, S. P. (1999). Variables That Contribute to Job Satisfaction in Secondary School Assistant Principals. Virginia Tech.
Witte, H. D. (1999). Job insecurity and psychological well-being: Review of the literature and exploration of some unresolved issues. European Journal of work and Organizational psychology, 8(2), 155-177.
Yadav, P. & Aspal, J. (2014). Importance of job satisfaction and talent management. International Journal of Research in IT and Management, 4(7), 55-65.
Zeinabadi, H. (2010). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as antecedents of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) of teachers. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 998-1003.
Balcı, F. (2011). The effects of education on police officer job satisfaction: a case of Turkish national police. International Journal of Human Science, 8(2), 265-285.
Bates, W. R. (2006). An investigation into the work environment elements on job satisfaction-a case study on a company in the telecommunications industry. University of Johannesburg.
Blumberg, B., Cooper, D. R. & Schindler, P. S. (2011). Business Research Methods. London: McGraw-Hill.
Brief, A. P. (1998). Attitudes in and around organizations. Sage.
Brown, J. D. (2002). The Cronbach alpha reliability estimate. JALT Testing & Evaluation SIG Newsletterrode, 6 (1).
Celik, C. (2008). Relationship of organizational commitment and job satisfaction: A field study of tax office employees.
Chang, S. C. & Lee, M. S. (2006). Relationships among personality traits, job characteristics, job satisfaction and organizational commitment–an empirical study in Taiwan. The Business Review, 6(1), 201-207.
Clark, A. E. (1997). Job satisfaction and gender: Why are women so happy at work? Labour Economics, 4, 341–372.10.1016/S0927-5371(97)00010-9.
Connelly, C. E., Gallagher, D. G. & Gilley, K. M. (2007). Organizational and client commitment among contracted employees: A replication and extension with temporary workers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70 (2), 326-335.
Daft, R. L. & Noel, R. A. (2001). Organisational Behaviour. New York: South-Western Publishing.
Davy, J. A., Kinicki, A. J. & Scheck, C. L. (1997). A test of job security's direct and mediated effects on withdrawal cognitions. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 18(4), 323-349.
De Cuyper, N., De Witte, H. & Isaksson, K. (2005). Temporary employment in Europe: Conclusions. In: De Cuyper, N., Isaksson, K. and De Witte, H. eds. Employment contracts and well-being among European workers. Hampshire, 225-244.
Ercikti, S., Vito, G. F., Walsh, W. F. & Higgins, G. E. (2011). Major Determinants of Job Satisfaction Among Police Managers. Southwest Journal of Criminal Justice, 8(1).
Guest, D. E., Oakley, P., Clinton, M. & Budjanovcanin, A. (2006). Free or precarious? A comparison of the attitudes of workers in flexible and traditional employment contracts. Human Resource Management Review, 16(2), 107-124.
Hancer, M. & George, R. T. (2003). Job satisfaction of restaurant employees: An empirical investigation using the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 27(1), 85-100.
Herzberg, F. (1966). Work and the nature of man, Cleveland World Publishing Co.
Hoppock, R. (1935). Job satisfaction, Harper and Brothers, New York, 47.
Hoy, W. & Musker, C. (1987). Educational administration: theory, research and practice. 3rd. ed. New York: Random House.
Huang, C. C., You, C. S. & Tsai, M. T. (2012). A multidimensional analysis of ethical climate, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Nursing Ethics, 19(4), 513-529.
Hulin, C. L. & Judge, T. A. (2003). Job attitudes. In: Borman, W. C., Liken, D. R. and Klimoski, R. J. eds. Handbook of psychology: industrial and organisational psychology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 255–276.
Jeet, V. & Sayeeduzzafar, D. (2014). A study of HRM practices and its impact on employees job satisfaction in private sector banks: A case study of HDFC Bank. International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies, 2(1), 62-68.
Jiang, B., Baker, R. C. & Frazier, G. V. (2009). An analysis of job dissatisfaction and turnover to reduce global supply chain risk: Evidence from China. Journal of operations management, 27(2), 169-184.
Kinzl, J., Knotzer, H., Traweger, C., Lederer, W., Heidegger, T. & Benzer, A. (2005). Influence of working conditions on job satisfaction in anaesthetists. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 94(2), 211-215.
Kord, B. & Tamini, B. K. (2012). A cross-cultural study of job satisfaction and organizational commitment of bank employees in Iran and India. Apeejay Journal of Management and Technology, 7(1), 13-18.
Kumar, P. & Giri, V. N. (2009). Effects of age and experience on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The Icfai University of Organizational Behavior, 8(1), 28-36.
Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies (ISSN: 2220-6140)
Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 45-57, April 2019
56
Kyule, A. K., Katunzi, T. & Arasa, R. (2016). The moderating effect of remuneration on the relationship between work-life policies and employee work outcomes among lecturers in Kenya. Nairobi:
Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L. & Barton, S. M. (2001). The impact of job satisfaction on turnover intent: a test of a structural measurement model using a national sample of workers. The Social Science Journal, 38(2), 233-250.
Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In: Dunnette, M. D. ed. Handbook of Industrial and Organisational Psychology. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
MacKain, S. J., Myers, B., Ostapiej, L. & Newman, R. A. (2010). Job satisfaction among psychologists working in state prisons: The relative impact of facets assessing economics, management, relationships, and perceived organizational support. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37(3), 306-318.
Maher, D. (2008). Interactive whiteboards and web conferencing systems in the primary school. Educational Research at Macquarie, 3, 30-31.
Mahmoud, A. (2008). A study of nurses' job satisfaction: the relationship to organizational commitment, perceived organizational support, transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and level of education. European journal of scientific research, 22(2), 286-295.
Martin, A. & Roodt, G. (2008). Perceptions of organisational commitment, job satisfaction and turnover intentions in a post-merger South African tertiary institution. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 34(1), 23-31.
Mayo, E. (1945). The Social Problems of an Industrial Civilization. Boston: School of Business Administration, Harvard University.
Mehrabani, S. E. & Shajari, M. (2013). Relationship between employee empowerment and employee effectiveness. Service Science and Management Research, 2(4), 60-68.
Meyer, J. P. & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human resource management review, 1(1), 61-89.
Nadiri, H. & Tanova, C. (2010). An investigation of the role of justice in turnover intentions, job satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behavior in hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(1), 33-41.
Nawab, S. & Bhatti, K. K. (2011). Influence of employee compensation on organizational commitment and job satisfaction: A case study of educational sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(8)
Oshagbemi, T. & Hickson, C. (2003). Some aspects of overall job satisfaction: A binomial logit model. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(4), 357-367.
Panghal, S. & Bhambu, S. (2013). Factors influencing job satisfaction of banking sector employees in India. International Journal of New Innovations in Engineering and Technology, 1(3), 41-44.
Parvin, M. M. & Kabir, M. N. (2011). Factors affecting employee job satisfaction of pharmaceutical sector. Australian Journal of business and management research, 1(9), 113.
Robbins, S. & Judge, T. (2013). Organisational behavior 15th ed. Boston.: Pearson.
Rode, J. C. (2004). Job satisfaction and life satisfaction revisited: A longitudinal test of an integrated model. Human relations, 57(9),1205-1230.
Rousseau, D. (1995). Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements. Sage Publications.
Saeed, I., Waseem, M., Sikander, S. & Rizwan, M. (2014). The relationship of turnover intention with job satisfaction, job performance, leader-member exchange, emotional intelligence and organizational commitment. International Journal of Learning and Development, 4(2), 242-256.
Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of managerial psychology, 21(7), 600-619.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. (2012). Research methods for business students. . New York: : Prentice Hall.
Schneider, D. S. & Vaught, B. C. (1993). A comparison of job satisfaction between public and private sector managers. Public Administration Quarterly, 68-83.
Schultz, D. & Schultz, S. E. (2006). Psychology and Work Today. 9th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
Schulz, J. (2013). The impact of role conflict, role ambiguity and organizational climate on the job satisfaction of academic staff in research-intensive universities in the UK. Higher Education Research & Development, 32(3), 464-478.
Sehunoe, N., Mayer, C. H. & Viviers, R. (2015). Job satisfaction, organisational commitment and work engagement in an insurance company. South African Journal of Labour Relations, 39(2), 123-144.
Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Sharma, R. & Jyoti, J. (2009). Job Satisfaction Of University Teachers: An Empirical Study. Journal of Services Research, 9(2).
Shodhganga. (2012). Job Satisfaction.
Spagnoli, P., Caetano, A. & Santos, S. C. (2012). Satisfaction with job aspects: Do patterns change over time? Journal of Business Research, 65(5), 609-616.
Stander, M. W. & Rothmann, S. (2010). The relationship between leadership, job satisfaction and organisational commitment. South African Journal of Human Resource Management, 6(3), 7-13.
Sukriket, P. (2015). The relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention of Thai software programmers in Bangkok. . AU Journal of Management, 12(2), 42-52
Tehseen, S. & UI Hadi, N. (2015). Factors influencing teachers’ performance and retention. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 1, 233-244.
Theodossiou, L. & Zangelidis, A. (2009). Career prospects and tenure job satisfaction proÖles: evidence from panel data. Journal of Socio-Economics, 38(4), 648-657.
Tracey, J. B. & Hinkin, T. R. (2008). Contextual factors and cost profiles associated with employee turnover. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 49, 12-27.
Tufail, M. S., Muneer, S. & Manzoor, M. (2016). How Organizational Rewards And Organizational Justice Affect The Organizational Citizenship Behavior And Counterproductive Work Behavior: Analysis Of Pakistan Service Industries. City University Research Journal, 171-182.
Uduji, J. I. (2013). Hygiene factors: The foundations for heightening the marketing executives motivation in the banking industry in Nigeria. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(15),68-75.
Van Dalen, H. P. & Henkens, K. (2013). Dilemmas of downsizing during the Great Recession: Crisis strategies of European employers. De Economist, 161(3), 307-329.
Vishwakarma, R. K., Shukla, A. & Nougriaya, S. (2015). Job satisfaction and its impact on absenteeism: A case study related to teachers in Private Engineering colleges. International Journal of Engineering Technology & Management Research, 3(1), 10-15.
Waskiewicz, S. P. (1999). Variables That Contribute to Job Satisfaction in Secondary School Assistant Principals. Virginia Tech.
Witte, H. D. (1999). Job insecurity and psychological well-being: Review of the literature and exploration of some unresolved issues. European Journal of work and Organizational psychology, 8(2), 155-177.
Yadav, P. & Aspal, J. (2014). Importance of job satisfaction and talent management. International Journal of Research in IT and Management, 4(7), 55-65.
Zeinabadi, H. (2010). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as antecedents of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) of teachers. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 998-1003.
Published
2019-05-13
How to Cite
Agbenyegah, A. T. (2019). An Assessment of the Employee Job Satisfaction: Views from Empirical Perspectives. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 11(2(J), 45-57. https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v11i2(J).2817
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Copyright (c) 2019 Albert Tchey Agbenyegah
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