Impact of Credit Demand on the Productivity of Rice Farmers in South West Nigeria
Keywords:
Credit, Impact, Rice, Productivity, ESRM, Nigeria
Abstract
Employing cross-sectional data from 360 rice farmers selected from three states in South West Nigeria, the study analyzes the impact of credit demand on the productivity of rice farmers. An Endogenous Switching Regression Model (ESRM) that accounts for both heterogeneity and sample selection biases were used to estimate the impact of credit demand on rice productivity in South West Nigeria. In addition, a Tobit regression model was employed to measure the level of participation of rice farmers in the credit market. The result of the first stage (probit model) of the ESRM revealed that household assets, access to service, climate variables, regional variables, and transaction cost are statistically significant in influencing farmers’ credit demand decision. The results of the second stage of the ESRM indicate factors such as household assets and access to service were statistically significant in explaining variations in rice productivity among participants and non-participants in the credit market. Furthermore, the results of the Tobit model showed that the farmers’ location income from rice farming experience, interest rate, and distance to the source of credit are statistically significant determinants of the amount of credit received. These findings suggest that facilitating farmers’ access to credit will improve rice productivity. Therefore, it is imperative for government and development partner to work together in order to improve the conditions for suitable agricultural credit access to rice farmers, especially a review of interest rates. A necessary addition should be developed to the assistance already being provided under Nigeria Incentive-Based Risk Sharing System for Agricultural Lending (NIRSAL) in the form of loan guarantees and other risk-sharing incentives, such as a regulatory environment that supports the modern contractual obligations that are characteristic of well-functioning agricultural financing. This would not only contribute to the intensification of rice production in Nigeria to meet its increasing rice demand, but also improve rice farmers’ productivity and their households’ incomes.
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References
Abdallah, A. H. (2016). Agricultural Credit and Technical Efficiency in Ghana: Is There a Nexus? Agricultural Finance Review, 76(2), 309-324.
Afolami, C. A., Obayelu, A. E., Agbonlahor, M. U. & Lawal-Adebowale, O. A. (2012). Socioeconomic Analysis of Rice Farmers and Effects of Group Formation on Rice Production in Ekiti and Ogun States of South-West Nigeria, Journal of Agricultural Science, 4(4), 233-244.
Akpokodje, G., Lançon, F. & Erenstein, O. (2001). Nigeria’s Rice Economy: State of the Art in NISER/WARDA Nigerian Rice Economy Stakeholders Workshop, Ibadan, 8-9.
Akram, Q. F., Rime, D. & Sarno, L. (2008). Arbitrage in the Foreign Exchange Market: Turning on the Microscope, Journal of International Economics, 76(2), 237-253.
Akinbode, S. O. (2013). Profiles and determinants of poverty among urban households in South-west Nigeria. American Journal of Economics, 3(6), 322-329.
Alene, A. D. & Manyong, V. (2007). The Effects of Education on Agricultural Productivity under Traditional and Improved Technology in Northern Nigeria: An Endogenous Switching Regression Analysis, Empirical Economics, 32(1), 141-159.
Amemiya, T. (1979). The estimation of a simultaneous-equation Tobit model. International Economic Review, 169-181.
Amjad, S. & Hasnu, S. A. F. (2007). Smallholders’ Access to Rural Credit: Evidence from Pakistan, The Lahore Journal of Economics, 12(2), 1-25.
Aravindakshan, S., Rossi, F., Amjath-Babu, T. S., Veettil, P. C. & Krupnik, T. J. (2018). Application of a Bias-Corrected Meta-frontier Approach and an Endogenous Switching Regression to Analyze the Technical Efficiency of Conservation Tillage for Wheat in South Asia, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 49(2-3), 153-171.
Asfaw, S., Mithöfer, D. & Waibel, H. (2010). What Impact Are EU Supermarket Standards Having on Developing Countries’ Export of High-Value Horticultural Products? Evidence from Kenya, Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing, 22(3-4), 252-276.
Awe, O. (2006). Ban on Rice Importation Depresses Global Trade. Punch 2006, May 20.
Awotide, B. A., Abdoulaye, T., Alene, A. & Manyong, V. M. (2015). Impact of Access to Credit on Agricultural Productivity: Evidence from Smallholder Cassava Farmers in Nigeria, paper presented at 2015 International Conference of Agricultural Economists, Milan, Italy, August 9-14.
Awotide, B. A., Karimov, A. A. & Diagne, A. (2016). Agricultural Technology Adoption, Commercialization and Smallholder Rice Farmers’ Welfare in Rural Nigeria, Agricultural and Food Economics, 4(1), 1-24.
Amjad, S. & Hasnu, S. A. F. (2007). Smallholders’ Access to Rural Credit: Evidence from Pakistan, The Lahore Journal of Economics, 12(2), 1-25.
Baiyegunhi, L. J. S., Fraser, G. C. G. & Darroch, M. A. G. (2010). Credit Constraints and Household Welfare in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(16), 2243-2252.
Balogun, O. L. & Yusuf, S. A. (2011). Determinants of Demand for Micro Credit among the Rural Households in South-Western States, Nigeria, Journal of Agriculture and Social Science, (7), 41 - 48.
Benin, S., Smale, M., Pender, J., Gebremedhin, B. & Ehui, S. (2004). The Economic Determinants of Cereal Crop Diversity on Farms in the Ethiopian Highlands, Agricultural Economics, 31(2-3), 197-208.
Binam, J. N., Gockowski, J. & Nkamleu, G. B. (2008). Technical efficiency and productivity potential of cocoa farmers in West African countries. The Developing Economies, 46(3), 242-263.
Chandio, A. A., Magsi, H., Rehman, A. & Sahito, J. G. M. (2017). Types, Sources and Importance of Agricultural Credits in Pakistan, Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 7(3), 144-149.
Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques, 72-74. Danso-Abbeam, G. & Baiyegunhi, L. J. S. (2017). Adoption of Agrochemical Management Practices among Smallholder Cocoa Farmers in Ghana, African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 9(6), 717-728.
De, N. N., Uchiyama, T. & Ohara, K. (2005). Vietnam Agricultural Extension: Its Roles, Problems and Opportunities, Bulletin of the Faculty of Bio resources-Mie University (Japan).
Diagne, A. & Zeller, M. (2001). Access to Credit and Its Impact on Welfare in Malawi, Research Report 116, Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
Enete, A. A. & Igbokwe, E. M. (2009). Cassava Market Participation Decisions of Producing Households in Africa, Tropicultura, 27(3), 129-136.
Feder, G., Lau, L. J., Lin, J. Y. & Xiaopeng, L. (1989). Agricultural Credit and Farm Performance in China, Journal of Comparative Economics, 13(4), 508-526.
Freeman, A. & Durden, S. L. (1998). A three-component scattering model for polarimetric SAR data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 36(3), 963-973.
Fuglie, K. O. & Bosch, D. J. (1995). Economic and Environmental Implications of Soil Nitrogen Testing: A Switching-Regression Analysis, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77(4), 891-900.
Greene, W. H. (2003). Econometric analysis. Pearson Education India.
Guirkinger, C. & Boucher, S. R. (2008). Credit constraints and productivity in Peruvian agriculture. Agricultural Economics, 39(3), 295-308.
Gyinadu, A., Bakang, J. E. A. & Osei, C. K. (2015). Determinants of adoption of yam minisett technology in Ghana: A case study of yam farmers in the Kintampo north district of Ghana. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, 3(7), 293-302.
Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1251-1271.
Hausman, J. A. (1983). Specification and Estimation of Simultaneous Equation Models, Chapter 7 in Handbook of Econometrics, (1), 391-448.
Heckman, J. J. (1979). Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error, Econometrica, (47), 153-161.
Hitayezu, P., Okello, J. J. & Gor, C. O. (2010). Drivers of Household Participation in the Rural Non-Farm Labor Markets in the Post-War Rwanda (No. 320-2016-10088).
Iqbal, M., Ahmad, M. & Abbas, K. (2003). The Impact of Institutional Credit on Agricultural Production in Pakistan, The Pakistan Development Review, 42(4), 469–485.
Karlan, D. S. & Zinman, J. (2008). Credit Elasticities in Less-Developed Economies: Implications for Microfinance, American Economic Review, 98(3), 1040-68.
Kandlikar, M. & Risbey, J. (2000). Agricultural Impacts of Climate Change: If Adaptation Is the Answer, What Is the Question? Climatic Change, 45(3-4), 529-539.
Kassie, M., Teklewold, H., Jaleta, M., Marenya, P. & Erenstein, O. (2015). Understanding the Adoption of a Portfolio of Sustainable Intensification Practices in Eastern and Southern Africa, Land Use Policy, (42), 400-411.
Kumar, C. S., Turvey, C. G. & Kropp, J. D. (2013). The Impact of Credit Constraints on Farm Households: Survey Results from India and China, Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 35(3), 508-527.
Lee, L. F. (1978). Unionism and Wage Rates: A Simultaneous Equations Model with Qualitative and Limited Dependent Variables, International Economic Review, 19(2), 415-433.
Lokshin, M. & Sajaia, Z. (2004). Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Endogenous Switching Regression Models, The Stata Journal, 4(3), 282–289.
Luan, D. X. & Bauer, S. (2016). Does Credit Access Affect Household Income Homogeneously across Different Groups of Credit Recipients? Evidence from Rural Vietnam, Journal of Rural Studies, (47), 186-203.
Maddala, G. S. & Nelson, F. D. (1975). Switching Regression Models with Exogenous and Endogenous Switching, in Proceedings of the American Statistical Association, Business and Economics Section, (5), 423-426.
Maddala, G. S. (1983). Limited-Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics, No. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McDonald, J. F. & Moffitt, R. A. (1980). The Uses of Tobit Analysis, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 6(2), 318-321.
Mishra, A. K., El-Osta, H. S., Morehart, M. J., Johnson, J. D. & Hopkins, J. W. (2002). Income, wealth, and the economic well-being of farm households (No. 1473-2016-120697) USDA.
Mmbando, F. E. & Baiyegunhi, L. J. (2016). Socio-Economic and Institutional Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Maize Varieties in Hai District, Tanzania, Journal of Human Ecology, 53(1), 49-56.
Nouman, M., Siddiqi, M. F., Asim, S. M. & Hussain, Z. (2013). Impact of Socio-economic Characteristics of Farmers on Access to Agricultural Credit, Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 29(3), 469-476.
Nnadi, F. N. & Akwiwu, C. D. (2008). Determinants of youths’ participation in rural agriculture in Imo State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(2), 328-333.
Nyangena, W. & Köhlin, G. (2008). Estimating Returns to Soil and Water Conservation Investments: An Application to Crop Yield in Kenya, Environment for Development Discussion Paper Series, EfD DP 08-32.
Obih, U. & Baiyegunhi, L. J. (2017). A review of factors influencing domestic demand-supply gap and high import bills for rice in Nigeria: implications for development of rice sector. Africa growth Agenda, 2017(Jul/Sep 2017), 18-21.
Okorie, F. C., Okeke, I., Nnaji, A., Chibo, C. & Pat-Mbano, E. (2012). Evidence of Climate Variability in Imo State of Southeastern Nigeria, Journal of Earth Science and Engineering, 2(9), 544-553.
Olomola, A. & Gyimah-Brempong, K. (2014). Loan Demand and Rationing among Small Scale Farmers in Nigeria. Discussion Paper Series 01403. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
Onumah, J. A., Al-Hassan, R. M. & Onumah, E. E. (2013). Productivity and technical efficiency of cocoa production in Eastern Ghana. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4(4), 106-117.
Pal, D. & Laha, A. K. (2015). Sectoral Credit Choice in Rural India, Journal of Choice Modelling, (14), 1-16.
Perloff, J. M., Lynch, L. & Gabbard, S. M. (1998). Migration of seasonal agricultural workers. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 80(1), 154-164.
Rahman, S. (2009). Whether Crop Diversification is a Desired Strategy for Agricultural Growth in Bangladesh? Food Policy, 34(4), 340-349.
Rejitis, A. N., Tsiboukas, K. & Tsoukalas, S. (2002). Measuring technical efficiency in the Greek agricultural sector. Applied Economics, 34(11), 1345-1357.
Saboor, A., Hussain, M. & Munir, M. (2009). Impact of Micro Credit in Alleviating Poverty: An Insight from Rural Rawalpindi, Pakistan, Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences, 7(1), 90-97.
Saqib, S. E., Kuwornu, J. K. M., Panezia, S. & Ali, U. (2017). Factors Determining Subsistence Farmers’ Access to Agricultural Credit in Flood-Prone Areas of Pakistan, Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, (30), 1-7.
Saqib, S., Ahmad, M. M., Panezai, S. & Ali, U. (2016). Factors Influencing Farmers’ Adoption of Agricultural Credit as a Risk Management Strategy: The Case of Pakistan, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, (17), 67-76.
Sebopetji, T. O. & Belete, A. (2009). An Application of Probit Analysis to Factors Affecting Small-Scale Farmers’ Decision to Take Credit: A Case Study of the Greater Letaba Local Municipality in South Africa, African Journal of Agricultural Research, 4(8), 718-723. Shalmani, A. F., Rabbi, R., Ahamad, S., Ali, S., Chandio, A. S., Ahmad, W., Ilyas, A. & Din, I. U. (2017). Determinants of Commercialization and Its Impact on the Welfare of Smallholder Rice Farmers by Using Heckman’s Two-Stage Approach, Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. Article in press. Siddiqi, M. N. (2004). Riba, bank interest and the rationale of its prohibition. Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Islamic Research and Training Institute.
Tijani, A. A., Alimi, T. & Adesiyan, A. T. (2006). Profit Efficiency among Nigerian Poultry Egg Farmers: A Case Study of Aiyedoto Farm Settlement, Nigeria, Research Journal of Agricultural Biological Sciences, 2(6), 256-261.
Tesfahunegn, G. B., Mekonen, K. & Tekle, A. (2016). Farmers’ perception on causes, indicators and determinants of climate change in northern Ethiopia: implication for developing adaptation strategies. Applied Geography, (73), 1-12.
Tiwasing, W., Tiwasing, P. & Hapeshi, K. (2018). Graphic Design for Local Agricultural Products: A Case Study of Thai Jasmine Rice Leaf Drink “ThaiSuwan†Brand, Roi Et Province, Thailand. In Research for 22nd International Conference. Newcastle University.
Tobin, J. (1958). Estimation of relationships for limited dependent variables. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 24-36.
USDA. (2016). United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Global Agricultural Information Network (GAIN) report. USDA Foreign Agricultural Services (FAS), April 2016.
Yehuala, S. (2008). Determinants of Smallholder Farmers Access to Formal Credit: The Case of Metema Woreda, North Gondar, Ethiopia, M.Sc. Thesis, Haramaya University.
Afolami, C. A., Obayelu, A. E., Agbonlahor, M. U. & Lawal-Adebowale, O. A. (2012). Socioeconomic Analysis of Rice Farmers and Effects of Group Formation on Rice Production in Ekiti and Ogun States of South-West Nigeria, Journal of Agricultural Science, 4(4), 233-244.
Akpokodje, G., Lançon, F. & Erenstein, O. (2001). Nigeria’s Rice Economy: State of the Art in NISER/WARDA Nigerian Rice Economy Stakeholders Workshop, Ibadan, 8-9.
Akram, Q. F., Rime, D. & Sarno, L. (2008). Arbitrage in the Foreign Exchange Market: Turning on the Microscope, Journal of International Economics, 76(2), 237-253.
Akinbode, S. O. (2013). Profiles and determinants of poverty among urban households in South-west Nigeria. American Journal of Economics, 3(6), 322-329.
Alene, A. D. & Manyong, V. (2007). The Effects of Education on Agricultural Productivity under Traditional and Improved Technology in Northern Nigeria: An Endogenous Switching Regression Analysis, Empirical Economics, 32(1), 141-159.
Amemiya, T. (1979). The estimation of a simultaneous-equation Tobit model. International Economic Review, 169-181.
Amjad, S. & Hasnu, S. A. F. (2007). Smallholders’ Access to Rural Credit: Evidence from Pakistan, The Lahore Journal of Economics, 12(2), 1-25.
Aravindakshan, S., Rossi, F., Amjath-Babu, T. S., Veettil, P. C. & Krupnik, T. J. (2018). Application of a Bias-Corrected Meta-frontier Approach and an Endogenous Switching Regression to Analyze the Technical Efficiency of Conservation Tillage for Wheat in South Asia, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 49(2-3), 153-171.
Asfaw, S., Mithöfer, D. & Waibel, H. (2010). What Impact Are EU Supermarket Standards Having on Developing Countries’ Export of High-Value Horticultural Products? Evidence from Kenya, Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing, 22(3-4), 252-276.
Awe, O. (2006). Ban on Rice Importation Depresses Global Trade. Punch 2006, May 20.
Awotide, B. A., Abdoulaye, T., Alene, A. & Manyong, V. M. (2015). Impact of Access to Credit on Agricultural Productivity: Evidence from Smallholder Cassava Farmers in Nigeria, paper presented at 2015 International Conference of Agricultural Economists, Milan, Italy, August 9-14.
Awotide, B. A., Karimov, A. A. & Diagne, A. (2016). Agricultural Technology Adoption, Commercialization and Smallholder Rice Farmers’ Welfare in Rural Nigeria, Agricultural and Food Economics, 4(1), 1-24.
Amjad, S. & Hasnu, S. A. F. (2007). Smallholders’ Access to Rural Credit: Evidence from Pakistan, The Lahore Journal of Economics, 12(2), 1-25.
Baiyegunhi, L. J. S., Fraser, G. C. G. & Darroch, M. A. G. (2010). Credit Constraints and Household Welfare in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(16), 2243-2252.
Balogun, O. L. & Yusuf, S. A. (2011). Determinants of Demand for Micro Credit among the Rural Households in South-Western States, Nigeria, Journal of Agriculture and Social Science, (7), 41 - 48.
Benin, S., Smale, M., Pender, J., Gebremedhin, B. & Ehui, S. (2004). The Economic Determinants of Cereal Crop Diversity on Farms in the Ethiopian Highlands, Agricultural Economics, 31(2-3), 197-208.
Binam, J. N., Gockowski, J. & Nkamleu, G. B. (2008). Technical efficiency and productivity potential of cocoa farmers in West African countries. The Developing Economies, 46(3), 242-263.
Chandio, A. A., Magsi, H., Rehman, A. & Sahito, J. G. M. (2017). Types, Sources and Importance of Agricultural Credits in Pakistan, Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 7(3), 144-149.
Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques, 72-74. Danso-Abbeam, G. & Baiyegunhi, L. J. S. (2017). Adoption of Agrochemical Management Practices among Smallholder Cocoa Farmers in Ghana, African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 9(6), 717-728.
De, N. N., Uchiyama, T. & Ohara, K. (2005). Vietnam Agricultural Extension: Its Roles, Problems and Opportunities, Bulletin of the Faculty of Bio resources-Mie University (Japan).
Diagne, A. & Zeller, M. (2001). Access to Credit and Its Impact on Welfare in Malawi, Research Report 116, Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
Enete, A. A. & Igbokwe, E. M. (2009). Cassava Market Participation Decisions of Producing Households in Africa, Tropicultura, 27(3), 129-136.
Feder, G., Lau, L. J., Lin, J. Y. & Xiaopeng, L. (1989). Agricultural Credit and Farm Performance in China, Journal of Comparative Economics, 13(4), 508-526.
Freeman, A. & Durden, S. L. (1998). A three-component scattering model for polarimetric SAR data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 36(3), 963-973.
Fuglie, K. O. & Bosch, D. J. (1995). Economic and Environmental Implications of Soil Nitrogen Testing: A Switching-Regression Analysis, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77(4), 891-900.
Greene, W. H. (2003). Econometric analysis. Pearson Education India.
Guirkinger, C. & Boucher, S. R. (2008). Credit constraints and productivity in Peruvian agriculture. Agricultural Economics, 39(3), 295-308.
Gyinadu, A., Bakang, J. E. A. & Osei, C. K. (2015). Determinants of adoption of yam minisett technology in Ghana: A case study of yam farmers in the Kintampo north district of Ghana. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, 3(7), 293-302.
Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1251-1271.
Hausman, J. A. (1983). Specification and Estimation of Simultaneous Equation Models, Chapter 7 in Handbook of Econometrics, (1), 391-448.
Heckman, J. J. (1979). Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error, Econometrica, (47), 153-161.
Hitayezu, P., Okello, J. J. & Gor, C. O. (2010). Drivers of Household Participation in the Rural Non-Farm Labor Markets in the Post-War Rwanda (No. 320-2016-10088).
Iqbal, M., Ahmad, M. & Abbas, K. (2003). The Impact of Institutional Credit on Agricultural Production in Pakistan, The Pakistan Development Review, 42(4), 469–485.
Karlan, D. S. & Zinman, J. (2008). Credit Elasticities in Less-Developed Economies: Implications for Microfinance, American Economic Review, 98(3), 1040-68.
Kandlikar, M. & Risbey, J. (2000). Agricultural Impacts of Climate Change: If Adaptation Is the Answer, What Is the Question? Climatic Change, 45(3-4), 529-539.
Kassie, M., Teklewold, H., Jaleta, M., Marenya, P. & Erenstein, O. (2015). Understanding the Adoption of a Portfolio of Sustainable Intensification Practices in Eastern and Southern Africa, Land Use Policy, (42), 400-411.
Kumar, C. S., Turvey, C. G. & Kropp, J. D. (2013). The Impact of Credit Constraints on Farm Households: Survey Results from India and China, Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 35(3), 508-527.
Lee, L. F. (1978). Unionism and Wage Rates: A Simultaneous Equations Model with Qualitative and Limited Dependent Variables, International Economic Review, 19(2), 415-433.
Lokshin, M. & Sajaia, Z. (2004). Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Endogenous Switching Regression Models, The Stata Journal, 4(3), 282–289.
Luan, D. X. & Bauer, S. (2016). Does Credit Access Affect Household Income Homogeneously across Different Groups of Credit Recipients? Evidence from Rural Vietnam, Journal of Rural Studies, (47), 186-203.
Maddala, G. S. & Nelson, F. D. (1975). Switching Regression Models with Exogenous and Endogenous Switching, in Proceedings of the American Statistical Association, Business and Economics Section, (5), 423-426.
Maddala, G. S. (1983). Limited-Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics, No. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McDonald, J. F. & Moffitt, R. A. (1980). The Uses of Tobit Analysis, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 6(2), 318-321.
Mishra, A. K., El-Osta, H. S., Morehart, M. J., Johnson, J. D. & Hopkins, J. W. (2002). Income, wealth, and the economic well-being of farm households (No. 1473-2016-120697) USDA.
Mmbando, F. E. & Baiyegunhi, L. J. (2016). Socio-Economic and Institutional Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Maize Varieties in Hai District, Tanzania, Journal of Human Ecology, 53(1), 49-56.
Nouman, M., Siddiqi, M. F., Asim, S. M. & Hussain, Z. (2013). Impact of Socio-economic Characteristics of Farmers on Access to Agricultural Credit, Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 29(3), 469-476.
Nnadi, F. N. & Akwiwu, C. D. (2008). Determinants of youths’ participation in rural agriculture in Imo State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(2), 328-333.
Nyangena, W. & Köhlin, G. (2008). Estimating Returns to Soil and Water Conservation Investments: An Application to Crop Yield in Kenya, Environment for Development Discussion Paper Series, EfD DP 08-32.
Obih, U. & Baiyegunhi, L. J. (2017). A review of factors influencing domestic demand-supply gap and high import bills for rice in Nigeria: implications for development of rice sector. Africa growth Agenda, 2017(Jul/Sep 2017), 18-21.
Okorie, F. C., Okeke, I., Nnaji, A., Chibo, C. & Pat-Mbano, E. (2012). Evidence of Climate Variability in Imo State of Southeastern Nigeria, Journal of Earth Science and Engineering, 2(9), 544-553.
Olomola, A. & Gyimah-Brempong, K. (2014). Loan Demand and Rationing among Small Scale Farmers in Nigeria. Discussion Paper Series 01403. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
Onumah, J. A., Al-Hassan, R. M. & Onumah, E. E. (2013). Productivity and technical efficiency of cocoa production in Eastern Ghana. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4(4), 106-117.
Pal, D. & Laha, A. K. (2015). Sectoral Credit Choice in Rural India, Journal of Choice Modelling, (14), 1-16.
Perloff, J. M., Lynch, L. & Gabbard, S. M. (1998). Migration of seasonal agricultural workers. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 80(1), 154-164.
Rahman, S. (2009). Whether Crop Diversification is a Desired Strategy for Agricultural Growth in Bangladesh? Food Policy, 34(4), 340-349.
Rejitis, A. N., Tsiboukas, K. & Tsoukalas, S. (2002). Measuring technical efficiency in the Greek agricultural sector. Applied Economics, 34(11), 1345-1357.
Saboor, A., Hussain, M. & Munir, M. (2009). Impact of Micro Credit in Alleviating Poverty: An Insight from Rural Rawalpindi, Pakistan, Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences, 7(1), 90-97.
Saqib, S. E., Kuwornu, J. K. M., Panezia, S. & Ali, U. (2017). Factors Determining Subsistence Farmers’ Access to Agricultural Credit in Flood-Prone Areas of Pakistan, Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, (30), 1-7.
Saqib, S., Ahmad, M. M., Panezai, S. & Ali, U. (2016). Factors Influencing Farmers’ Adoption of Agricultural Credit as a Risk Management Strategy: The Case of Pakistan, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, (17), 67-76.
Sebopetji, T. O. & Belete, A. (2009). An Application of Probit Analysis to Factors Affecting Small-Scale Farmers’ Decision to Take Credit: A Case Study of the Greater Letaba Local Municipality in South Africa, African Journal of Agricultural Research, 4(8), 718-723. Shalmani, A. F., Rabbi, R., Ahamad, S., Ali, S., Chandio, A. S., Ahmad, W., Ilyas, A. & Din, I. U. (2017). Determinants of Commercialization and Its Impact on the Welfare of Smallholder Rice Farmers by Using Heckman’s Two-Stage Approach, Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. Article in press. Siddiqi, M. N. (2004). Riba, bank interest and the rationale of its prohibition. Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Islamic Research and Training Institute.
Tijani, A. A., Alimi, T. & Adesiyan, A. T. (2006). Profit Efficiency among Nigerian Poultry Egg Farmers: A Case Study of Aiyedoto Farm Settlement, Nigeria, Research Journal of Agricultural Biological Sciences, 2(6), 256-261.
Tesfahunegn, G. B., Mekonen, K. & Tekle, A. (2016). Farmers’ perception on causes, indicators and determinants of climate change in northern Ethiopia: implication for developing adaptation strategies. Applied Geography, (73), 1-12.
Tiwasing, W., Tiwasing, P. & Hapeshi, K. (2018). Graphic Design for Local Agricultural Products: A Case Study of Thai Jasmine Rice Leaf Drink “ThaiSuwan†Brand, Roi Et Province, Thailand. In Research for 22nd International Conference. Newcastle University.
Tobin, J. (1958). Estimation of relationships for limited dependent variables. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 24-36.
USDA. (2016). United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Global Agricultural Information Network (GAIN) report. USDA Foreign Agricultural Services (FAS), April 2016.
Yehuala, S. (2008). Determinants of Smallholder Farmers Access to Formal Credit: The Case of Metema Woreda, North Gondar, Ethiopia, M.Sc. Thesis, Haramaya University.
Published
2019-03-10
How to Cite
Ojo, T. O., Baiyegunhi, L. S., & Salami, A. O. (2019). Impact of Credit Demand on the Productivity of Rice Farmers in South West Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 11(1(J), 166-180. https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v11i1(J).2757
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Section
Research Paper
Copyright (c) 2019 T. O. Ojo, L.J. S. Baiyegunhi, A. O. Salami
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