Leadership’s Thinking Process with Contextual Intelligence in Executing Diversification Strategy
Keywords:
Strategy Management; Leadership; Contextual Intelligence; Complexity Theory; Diversification; Dominant logic; Decision-making; Cognitive Psychology.
Abstract
Abstract: Diversification is a popular strategy for growth in response to a volatile economy. Current research, however, devotes little attention to the leadership required to ensure successful diversification, except for theoretical contributions on leaders’ thinking processes from scholars within the strategy discipline. This study thus conducted fieldwork in South African organisations to explore empirically how senior leaders’ thinking processes, demonstrating contextual intelligence, contributing to successful diversification. A qualitative study was conducted by collecting data through semi-structured interviews from 15 executives with an average of 21 years’ experience in senior management roles, who had been involved in diversification in South Africa. A critical incident interview technique was used, and interviewees offered examples of how they changed their way of thinking in creating an environment for successful diversification. The analysis revealed that continuous change was required to successfully implement a diversification strategy. Leaders demonstrated specific thinking processes, for example: being intently aware of their context, they filtered and compared this information to their schema or preconceived cognitive representations. In case of a mismatch, they changed their way of thinking; and directed contextual information to challenge others’ current way of thinking. Surprising findings included leaders’ sensing other’s emotions and appealing to these through storytelling to elicit support for their diversification. Diversification requires organisations to invest in developing the agility and global perspective of leadership to increase awareness of trends in their context, their own biases and to shift their mindsets as well as purposefully challenging other’s thinking.
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References
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Ansoff, H. I. (1988). New corporate strategy. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Arena, M. J. & Uhl-Bien, M. (2016). Complexity Leadership Theory: Shifting from Human Capital to Social Capital. People and Strategy, 39(2), 22-29.
Azmi, F. (2008). Mapping the learn-unlearn model: Imperatives for strategic management. European Business Review, 20(3), 240-259.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Freeman, New York, NY.
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. Free Press, New York, NY.
Bennet, N. & Lemoine, J. (2014). What VUCA really means for you. Harvard Business Review, 92(1/2), 27.
Bettis, R. A. & Prahalad, C. K. (1995). The Dominant Logic: Retrospective and Extension. Strategic Management Journal, 16(1), 5-14.
Bettis, R. A., Hall, W. K. & Prahalad, C. K. (1978). Diversity and performance in the multibusiness firm. National Proceedings of the American Institute for Decision Sciences, 210-212.
Bettis, R. A. & Hitt, M. (1995). The new competitive landscape. Strategic Management Journal, 16, 7-19.
Bettis, R. & Wong, S. (2003). Dominant Logic, Knowledge Creation and Managerial Choice. In M. Esaterby-Smith, & M. Lyles, Handbook of Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management, 343-355.
Blass, F. R. & Ferris, G. R. (2007). Leader Reputation: The Role of Mentoring, Political Skill, Contextual Learning and Adaptation. Human Resource Management, 46(1), 5-19.
Bowen, H. P., Baker, K. H. & Powell, G. E. (2015). Globalization and diversification strategy: A managerial perspective. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 31(1), 25-39. Brass, D. J. & Krackhardt, D. (1999). The social capital of twenty-first-century leaders in J. Hunt, Dodge, G. R. & Wong, L. Out-of-the-box leadership: Transforming the twenty-first-century army and other top-performing organizations, Stamford, Conn: Jai Press, 179-194.
Brown, S. L. & Eisenhardt, K. M. (1997). The art of continuous change: Linking complexity theory and time-paced evolution in relentlessly shifting organizations, Administrative science quarterly, 1-34.
Brown, C. H., Gould, D. & Foster, S. (2005). A framework for developing contextual intelligence. The Sports Psychologist, 19(1), 51-62.
Burns, J. (2002). Chaos theory and leadership studies: exploring uncharted seas. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 9(2), 42-57.
Carstensen, L. L. & Isaacowitz, D. M. & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A Theory of socioemotional selectivity, American Psychologist, 54(3), 165-181.
Chakravarthy, B. (1997). A new strategy framework for coping with turbulence. Sloan Management Review, Winter, 69-82.
Chandler, A. (1990). Strategy and structure (Vol. 4). MIT Press, Cambridge.
Creswell, J. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach (4th Edition ed.), Sage, Thousand Oaks, California.
D'Aveni, R. A. (1994). Hyper-competition - Managing the dynamics of strategic manoeuvring. Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
D'Aveni, R. A., Dagnino, G. B. & Smith, K. G. (2010). The age of temporary advantage, Strategic Management Journal, 31(13), 1371-1385.
Day, D. V. (2001). Leadership development: A review in context. Leadership Quarterly, 11(4), 581-613.
Drejer, A. (2004). Back to basics and beyond: Strategic management - an area where practice and theory are poorly related. Management Decision, 42(3/4), 508-520.
Ericsson, K., Prietula, M. & Cokely, E. (2007). The Making of an Expert. Harvard Business Review, 85(7/8), 114-121.
Flanagan, J. C. (1954). The critical incident technique. Psychological Bulletin, 51(4), 327-357.
Frisinia, M. & Frisinia, R. (2011). Correcting your leadership "Zero": Aligning your behaviour with your mission, vision, and values. Employment Relations Today, 38(1), 27-33.
Goleman, D. (1996). Emotional Intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. Bloomsbury, London.
Grant, R. M. (1988). On 'dominant logic. Relatedness and the link between diversity and performance. Strategic Management Journal, 9(6), 639-642.
Guest, G., Bruce, A. & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59-82.
Harrington, R. & Loffredo, D. A. (2011). Insight, Rumination, and Self-Reflection as Predictors of Well-Being, The Journal of Psychology, 145(1), 39-57.
Hastsopoulos, N. & Hastsopoulos, G. (1999). The role of tacit knowledge in management. In R. Sternberg, & J. Horvath, Tacit Knowledge in Professional Practice: Researcher and Practitioner Perspectives (pp. 141-152). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Heifetz, R. A. (1998). Leadership Without Easy Answers. USA: Harvard University Press.
Heyler, R. (2015). Learning through reflection: the critical role of reflection in work-based learning (WBL). Journal of Work-Applied Management, 7(1), 15-27.
HSBC. (2016). What are emerging markets? https://investorfunds.us.hsbc.com/investing-in-emerging-markets/map-at-night/default.fs (accessed 29 Sep 2017).
Hunt, J. G., Osborn, R. N. & Martin, H. J. (1983). A multiple influence model of leadership. Alexandria, VA: Army Research Institute.
Hutzschenreuter, T. & Horstkotte, J. (2013). Performance effects of top management team demographic fault lines in the process of product diversification, Strategic Management Journal, 34, 704-726.
Ireland, D. & Hitt, M. (2005). Achieving and maintaining strategic competitiveness in the 21st century: The role of strategic leadership. Academy of Management Executive, 19(4), 63–77.
Jarzabkowski, P. (2001). Dominant Logic: An aid to strategic action or a predisposition to inertia. Aston Business School Research Institute.
Joireman, J., Sprott, D. E. & Spangenberg, E. R. (2005). Fiscal responsibilities and the consideration of future consequences, Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1159-1168.
Kellerman, B. (2013). Leading questions: The end of leadership - redux. Leadership, 9(1), 135-139.
Kenny, G. (2012). Diversification: best practices of the leading companies. Journal of Business Strategy, 33(1), 12-20.
Kofman, F. & Senge, P. (1993). Communities of commitment: The heart of learning organizations. Organizational Dynamics, 22(2), 4-23.
Kor, Y. Y. & Leblebici, H. (2005). How do interdependencies among human-capital deployment, development, and diversification strategies affect firms financial performance? Strategic Management Journal, 26(10), 967-985.
Kutz, M. (2008). Toward a conceptual model of contextual intelligence: a transferable leadership construct. Kravis Leadership Institute Leadership Review, 8, 18-31.
Kutz, M. & Bamford-Wade, A. (2013). Understanding Contextual Intelligence: A Critical Competency For Today's Leaders. Emergence: Complexity and Organization, 15(3), 55-80.
Lampel, J. & Shamsie, J. (2000). Probing the unobtrusive link: Dominant logic and the design of Joint Ventures at General Electric. Strategic Management Journal, 21, 593-602.
Lau, C. M. (1993). Diversify with care: Diversification strategies and organization development. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 1(1), 55-72.
Levy, M. (2007, July-August). Look to Your Front Line for the future. Harvard Business Review, 55.
Lichtenstein, B. B., Uhl-Bien, M., Marion, R., Seers, A., Orton, J. & Schreiber, C. (2006). Complexity leadership theory: An interactive perspective on leading in complex adaptive systems. Emergence: Complexity and Organization, 8(4), 2-12.
Lord, R. G. & Maher, K. J. (2002). Leadership and information processing: Linking perceptions and performance. Boston, MA: Unwin Hyman.
Marx, T. G. (2013, December 12). Teaching leadership and Strategy. Business Education Innovation Journal, 5(2), 12.
Mayo, A. J. & Nohria, N. (2005). Zeitgeist Leadership. Harvard Business Review, 83(10), 45-60.
Moat, H. S., Olivola, C. Y., Chater, N. & Preis, T. (2014). Searching choices: Quantifying decision-making processes using search engine data, Topics in Cognitive Science, 8, 685-696.
Mumford, M. D., Zaccaro, S. J., Harding, F. D., Jacobs, T. O. & Fleishman, E. A. (2000). Leadership skills for a changing world: Solving complex social problems, The Leadership Quarterly, 11(1), 11-35.
Nye, J. S. (2011, July). Leadership, Power and Contextual Intelligence. Retrieved from The European Financial.
Osborn, R. N. & Marion, R. (2009). Contextual leadership, transformational leadership and the performance of international innovation seeking alliances. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(2), 191-206.
Osborn, R. N., Hunt, J. G. & Jauch, L. R. (2002). Toward a contextual theory of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(6), 797-837.
Pandya, A. M. & Rao, N. V. (1998). Diversification and firm performance: An empirical evaluation. Journal for financial and strategic decisions, 11(2), 67-81.
Penrose, E. T. & Pitelis, C. (2002), The growth of the firm: the legacy of Edith Penrose, Oxford University Press on Demand.
Prahalad, C. K. (2004). The Blinders of Dominant Logic. Long Range Planning, 37(2), 171-179.
Prahalad, C. K. & Bettis, R. (1986). The Dominant Logic: A New Linkage between Diversity and Performance. Strategic Management Journal, 7(6), 485-501.
Punch, K. (2002). Developing Effective Research Proposals. London: Sage.
Qu, S. Q. & Dumay, J. (2011). The qualitative research interview. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, 8(3), 238-264.
Ramanujam, V. & Varadarajan, P. (1989). Research on corporate diversification: a synthesis’, Strategic Management Journal, 10(6), 523-551.
Rautenbach, R., Sutherland, M. & Scheepers, C. B. (2015). The process by which executives unlearn their attachments in order to facilitate change, South African Journal of Labour Relations, 39(2),145-164.
Robinson, O. C. (2014). Sampling in Interview-Based Qualitative Research: A Theoretical and Practical Guide. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 11, 25-41.
Rumelt, R. (1974). Strategy, Structure and Economic Performance, Harvard University, Boston, MA: Division of Research.
Saunders, M. & Lewis, P. (2012). Doing Research in business and management: an essential guide to planning your project. England: Pearson education limited.
Spiggle, S. (1994). Analysis and interpretation of qualitative data in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(3), 491-503.
Stern, I. & Henderson, A. (2004). Within-business diversification in technology-intensive industries. Strategic Management Journal, 25(5), 487-505.
Sternberg, R. (1996). Myths, counter-myths, and truths about intelligence. Educational Researcher, 25(92), 11-16.
Tetenbaum, T. & Laurence, H. (2011). Leading in the chaos of the 21st century. Journal of Leadership Studies, 4(4), 41-44.
Thomas, P. & Greenberger, D. B. (1995). The relationship between leadership and time orientation. Journal of Management Inquiry, 4(4), 272-292.
Tsang, E. & Zahra, S. (2008). Organizational unlearning. Human Relations, 61(10), 1435-1462.
Uhl-Bien, M. (2006). Relational leadership theory: Exploring the social processes of leadership and organizing. The Leadership Quarterly, 6, 654-676.
Uhl-Bien, M. & Marion, R. (2009). Complexity leadership in bureacratic forms of organizing: A meso model. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(4), 631-650.
Uhl-Bien, M., Marion, R. & McKelvey, B. (2007). Complexity leadership theory: Shifting leadership from the industrial age to the knowledge era. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(4), 298-318.
Vera, D. & Rodriguez-Lopez, A. (2004). Strategic virtues: Humility as a source of competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 33(4), 393-408.
Vermeulen, F. & Barkema, H. (2002). Pace, rhythm, and scope: process dependence in building a profitable multi-national corporation. Strategic Management Journal, 23(7), 637-653.
Von Krogh, G. & Roos, J. (1996). A Tale of the Unfinished. Strategic Management Journal, 17, 729-737.
Weeks, R. (2007). Context: The Strategic Management Rosetta Stone. Acta Commercii: Independent Research Journal in the Management Sciences, 7(1), 294-306.
Zimbardo, P. G. & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271-1288.
Ansoff, H. I. (1988). New corporate strategy. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Arena, M. J. & Uhl-Bien, M. (2016). Complexity Leadership Theory: Shifting from Human Capital to Social Capital. People and Strategy, 39(2), 22-29.
Azmi, F. (2008). Mapping the learn-unlearn model: Imperatives for strategic management. European Business Review, 20(3), 240-259.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Freeman, New York, NY.
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. Free Press, New York, NY.
Bennet, N. & Lemoine, J. (2014). What VUCA really means for you. Harvard Business Review, 92(1/2), 27.
Bettis, R. A. & Prahalad, C. K. (1995). The Dominant Logic: Retrospective and Extension. Strategic Management Journal, 16(1), 5-14.
Bettis, R. A., Hall, W. K. & Prahalad, C. K. (1978). Diversity and performance in the multibusiness firm. National Proceedings of the American Institute for Decision Sciences, 210-212.
Bettis, R. A. & Hitt, M. (1995). The new competitive landscape. Strategic Management Journal, 16, 7-19.
Bettis, R. & Wong, S. (2003). Dominant Logic, Knowledge Creation and Managerial Choice. In M. Esaterby-Smith, & M. Lyles, Handbook of Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management, 343-355.
Blass, F. R. & Ferris, G. R. (2007). Leader Reputation: The Role of Mentoring, Political Skill, Contextual Learning and Adaptation. Human Resource Management, 46(1), 5-19.
Bowen, H. P., Baker, K. H. & Powell, G. E. (2015). Globalization and diversification strategy: A managerial perspective. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 31(1), 25-39. Brass, D. J. & Krackhardt, D. (1999). The social capital of twenty-first-century leaders in J. Hunt, Dodge, G. R. & Wong, L. Out-of-the-box leadership: Transforming the twenty-first-century army and other top-performing organizations, Stamford, Conn: Jai Press, 179-194.
Brown, S. L. & Eisenhardt, K. M. (1997). The art of continuous change: Linking complexity theory and time-paced evolution in relentlessly shifting organizations, Administrative science quarterly, 1-34.
Brown, C. H., Gould, D. & Foster, S. (2005). A framework for developing contextual intelligence. The Sports Psychologist, 19(1), 51-62.
Burns, J. (2002). Chaos theory and leadership studies: exploring uncharted seas. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 9(2), 42-57.
Carstensen, L. L. & Isaacowitz, D. M. & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A Theory of socioemotional selectivity, American Psychologist, 54(3), 165-181.
Chakravarthy, B. (1997). A new strategy framework for coping with turbulence. Sloan Management Review, Winter, 69-82.
Chandler, A. (1990). Strategy and structure (Vol. 4). MIT Press, Cambridge.
Creswell, J. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach (4th Edition ed.), Sage, Thousand Oaks, California.
D'Aveni, R. A. (1994). Hyper-competition - Managing the dynamics of strategic manoeuvring. Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
D'Aveni, R. A., Dagnino, G. B. & Smith, K. G. (2010). The age of temporary advantage, Strategic Management Journal, 31(13), 1371-1385.
Day, D. V. (2001). Leadership development: A review in context. Leadership Quarterly, 11(4), 581-613.
Drejer, A. (2004). Back to basics and beyond: Strategic management - an area where practice and theory are poorly related. Management Decision, 42(3/4), 508-520.
Ericsson, K., Prietula, M. & Cokely, E. (2007). The Making of an Expert. Harvard Business Review, 85(7/8), 114-121.
Flanagan, J. C. (1954). The critical incident technique. Psychological Bulletin, 51(4), 327-357.
Frisinia, M. & Frisinia, R. (2011). Correcting your leadership "Zero": Aligning your behaviour with your mission, vision, and values. Employment Relations Today, 38(1), 27-33.
Goleman, D. (1996). Emotional Intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. Bloomsbury, London.
Grant, R. M. (1988). On 'dominant logic. Relatedness and the link between diversity and performance. Strategic Management Journal, 9(6), 639-642.
Guest, G., Bruce, A. & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59-82.
Harrington, R. & Loffredo, D. A. (2011). Insight, Rumination, and Self-Reflection as Predictors of Well-Being, The Journal of Psychology, 145(1), 39-57.
Hastsopoulos, N. & Hastsopoulos, G. (1999). The role of tacit knowledge in management. In R. Sternberg, & J. Horvath, Tacit Knowledge in Professional Practice: Researcher and Practitioner Perspectives (pp. 141-152). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Heifetz, R. A. (1998). Leadership Without Easy Answers. USA: Harvard University Press.
Heyler, R. (2015). Learning through reflection: the critical role of reflection in work-based learning (WBL). Journal of Work-Applied Management, 7(1), 15-27.
HSBC. (2016). What are emerging markets? https://investorfunds.us.hsbc.com/investing-in-emerging-markets/map-at-night/default.fs (accessed 29 Sep 2017).
Hunt, J. G., Osborn, R. N. & Martin, H. J. (1983). A multiple influence model of leadership. Alexandria, VA: Army Research Institute.
Hutzschenreuter, T. & Horstkotte, J. (2013). Performance effects of top management team demographic fault lines in the process of product diversification, Strategic Management Journal, 34, 704-726.
Ireland, D. & Hitt, M. (2005). Achieving and maintaining strategic competitiveness in the 21st century: The role of strategic leadership. Academy of Management Executive, 19(4), 63–77.
Jarzabkowski, P. (2001). Dominant Logic: An aid to strategic action or a predisposition to inertia. Aston Business School Research Institute.
Joireman, J., Sprott, D. E. & Spangenberg, E. R. (2005). Fiscal responsibilities and the consideration of future consequences, Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1159-1168.
Kellerman, B. (2013). Leading questions: The end of leadership - redux. Leadership, 9(1), 135-139.
Kenny, G. (2012). Diversification: best practices of the leading companies. Journal of Business Strategy, 33(1), 12-20.
Kofman, F. & Senge, P. (1993). Communities of commitment: The heart of learning organizations. Organizational Dynamics, 22(2), 4-23.
Kor, Y. Y. & Leblebici, H. (2005). How do interdependencies among human-capital deployment, development, and diversification strategies affect firms financial performance? Strategic Management Journal, 26(10), 967-985.
Kutz, M. (2008). Toward a conceptual model of contextual intelligence: a transferable leadership construct. Kravis Leadership Institute Leadership Review, 8, 18-31.
Kutz, M. & Bamford-Wade, A. (2013). Understanding Contextual Intelligence: A Critical Competency For Today's Leaders. Emergence: Complexity and Organization, 15(3), 55-80.
Lampel, J. & Shamsie, J. (2000). Probing the unobtrusive link: Dominant logic and the design of Joint Ventures at General Electric. Strategic Management Journal, 21, 593-602.
Lau, C. M. (1993). Diversify with care: Diversification strategies and organization development. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 1(1), 55-72.
Levy, M. (2007, July-August). Look to Your Front Line for the future. Harvard Business Review, 55.
Lichtenstein, B. B., Uhl-Bien, M., Marion, R., Seers, A., Orton, J. & Schreiber, C. (2006). Complexity leadership theory: An interactive perspective on leading in complex adaptive systems. Emergence: Complexity and Organization, 8(4), 2-12.
Lord, R. G. & Maher, K. J. (2002). Leadership and information processing: Linking perceptions and performance. Boston, MA: Unwin Hyman.
Marx, T. G. (2013, December 12). Teaching leadership and Strategy. Business Education Innovation Journal, 5(2), 12.
Mayo, A. J. & Nohria, N. (2005). Zeitgeist Leadership. Harvard Business Review, 83(10), 45-60.
Moat, H. S., Olivola, C. Y., Chater, N. & Preis, T. (2014). Searching choices: Quantifying decision-making processes using search engine data, Topics in Cognitive Science, 8, 685-696.
Mumford, M. D., Zaccaro, S. J., Harding, F. D., Jacobs, T. O. & Fleishman, E. A. (2000). Leadership skills for a changing world: Solving complex social problems, The Leadership Quarterly, 11(1), 11-35.
Nye, J. S. (2011, July). Leadership, Power and Contextual Intelligence. Retrieved from The European Financial.
Osborn, R. N. & Marion, R. (2009). Contextual leadership, transformational leadership and the performance of international innovation seeking alliances. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(2), 191-206.
Osborn, R. N., Hunt, J. G. & Jauch, L. R. (2002). Toward a contextual theory of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(6), 797-837.
Pandya, A. M. & Rao, N. V. (1998). Diversification and firm performance: An empirical evaluation. Journal for financial and strategic decisions, 11(2), 67-81.
Penrose, E. T. & Pitelis, C. (2002), The growth of the firm: the legacy of Edith Penrose, Oxford University Press on Demand.
Prahalad, C. K. (2004). The Blinders of Dominant Logic. Long Range Planning, 37(2), 171-179.
Prahalad, C. K. & Bettis, R. (1986). The Dominant Logic: A New Linkage between Diversity and Performance. Strategic Management Journal, 7(6), 485-501.
Punch, K. (2002). Developing Effective Research Proposals. London: Sage.
Qu, S. Q. & Dumay, J. (2011). The qualitative research interview. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, 8(3), 238-264.
Ramanujam, V. & Varadarajan, P. (1989). Research on corporate diversification: a synthesis’, Strategic Management Journal, 10(6), 523-551.
Rautenbach, R., Sutherland, M. & Scheepers, C. B. (2015). The process by which executives unlearn their attachments in order to facilitate change, South African Journal of Labour Relations, 39(2),145-164.
Robinson, O. C. (2014). Sampling in Interview-Based Qualitative Research: A Theoretical and Practical Guide. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 11, 25-41.
Rumelt, R. (1974). Strategy, Structure and Economic Performance, Harvard University, Boston, MA: Division of Research.
Saunders, M. & Lewis, P. (2012). Doing Research in business and management: an essential guide to planning your project. England: Pearson education limited.
Spiggle, S. (1994). Analysis and interpretation of qualitative data in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(3), 491-503.
Stern, I. & Henderson, A. (2004). Within-business diversification in technology-intensive industries. Strategic Management Journal, 25(5), 487-505.
Sternberg, R. (1996). Myths, counter-myths, and truths about intelligence. Educational Researcher, 25(92), 11-16.
Tetenbaum, T. & Laurence, H. (2011). Leading in the chaos of the 21st century. Journal of Leadership Studies, 4(4), 41-44.
Thomas, P. & Greenberger, D. B. (1995). The relationship between leadership and time orientation. Journal of Management Inquiry, 4(4), 272-292.
Tsang, E. & Zahra, S. (2008). Organizational unlearning. Human Relations, 61(10), 1435-1462.
Uhl-Bien, M. (2006). Relational leadership theory: Exploring the social processes of leadership and organizing. The Leadership Quarterly, 6, 654-676.
Uhl-Bien, M. & Marion, R. (2009). Complexity leadership in bureacratic forms of organizing: A meso model. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(4), 631-650.
Uhl-Bien, M., Marion, R. & McKelvey, B. (2007). Complexity leadership theory: Shifting leadership from the industrial age to the knowledge era. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(4), 298-318.
Vera, D. & Rodriguez-Lopez, A. (2004). Strategic virtues: Humility as a source of competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 33(4), 393-408.
Vermeulen, F. & Barkema, H. (2002). Pace, rhythm, and scope: process dependence in building a profitable multi-national corporation. Strategic Management Journal, 23(7), 637-653.
Von Krogh, G. & Roos, J. (1996). A Tale of the Unfinished. Strategic Management Journal, 17, 729-737.
Weeks, R. (2007). Context: The Strategic Management Rosetta Stone. Acta Commercii: Independent Research Journal in the Management Sciences, 7(1), 294-306.
Zimbardo, P. G. & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271-1288.
Published
2019-03-10
How to Cite
Scheepers, C. B., & Maher, C. R. (2019). Leadership’s Thinking Process with Contextual Intelligence in Executing Diversification Strategy. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 11(1(J), 73-89. https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v11i1(J).2750
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Research Paper
Copyright (c) 2019 Caren B. Scheepers, Camrin Roberts Maher
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