The Rural Immigration Effects on Urban Service Delivery in South Africa (SA)
Keywords:
Service delivery; Rural to urban immigration; Government; Municipalities
Abstract
The current socio-economic and political problems of South Africa are rooted in the colonial apartheid era as scholars and researchers suggest through extensive research. However, there have been high levels of service delivery protests related to the government performance on the issues of service delivery to the local communities’ countrywide. Governments departments appear to be lacking much required knowledge and understanding of external factors associated with rural to urban migration such social-economic factors and other various relevant challenges, hence, local authorities are struggling to meet up with demands caused by the ever-increasing number of urban populations, which affects services delivery performance. The study was quantitative approach and used 5 Likert scale questionnaires which were distributed in the selected areas of eThekwini city. A total of 100 with 25 respondents per area, chosen areas include emhlabeni, emalandeni, ezimeleni and silver city. Whereas, qualitative aspects of the study were secondary data through extensive literature review, the study has found that indeed rural to urban migration has a negative impact on service delivery the study argue that service delivery, rural to urban migration, public participation need to be part of the government agenda holistically to improve service delivery and capacity of local authorities. This study recommends proactive urban planning and community involvement through public participation channels. The generalization of the findings of this study should be done with care.
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References
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Andersson, K. P. & van Laerhoven, F. (2007). From local strongman to facilitator: Institutional incentives for participatory municipal governance in Latin America. Comparative Political Studies, 40(9), 1085–1111.
Antman, F. M. (2012). Gender, educational attainment, and the impact of parental migration on children left behind. Journal of Population Economics, 25(4), 1187-1214.
Azmat, F. (2010). Exploring social responsibility of immigrant entrepreneurs: do home country contextual factors play a role? European Management Journal, 28, 377-386.
Bell, D. & Jayne, M. (2009). Small cities? Towards a research agenda. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 33(3), 683–699.
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Breslau, J., Borges, G., Tancredi, D., Saito, N., Kravitz, R., Hinton, L., Vega, W., Medina-Mora, M. E. & Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. (2011). Migration from Mexico to the United States and Mora, M. E., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. 2011. Migration from Mexico to the United States and subsequent risk for depressive and anxiety disorders: a cross-national study. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 68(4), 428–33.
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Cameron, R. (2010). Redefining political-administrative relationships in SA. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 76(4), 676–701.
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Christensen, R. K., Whiting, S. W., Im, T., Rho, E., Stritch, J. M. & Park, J. (2013). Public Service Motivation, Task, and Non-Task Behaviour: A Performance Appraisal Experiment with Korean MPA and MBA Students, International Public Management Journal, 16(1), 28-52.
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Frenkel, S. (2011). Protests in Israel target high housing costs.
Goebel, A. (2007). Sustainable urban development? Low-cost housing challenges in SA, Habitat International, 31, 291–302.
Graves, N. & Dollery, B. (2009). Local government reform in SA: an analysis of financial management legislative compliance by municipalities. Public Administration and Development, 29, 387–414.
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Hu, F. (2013). Does migration benefit the schooling of children left behind? Evidence from rural northwest China. Demographic Research, (29)1, 33-70.
Jaglin, S. (2008). Differentiating networked services in Cape Town: Echoes of splintering urbanism? Geoforum, 39, 1897-1906.
Joubert, R. (2012). Service delivery tops the agenda at March. Northern Review, 18 May.
Kenyon S. (2011). Senior Economist, Local Government Budget Process—Intergovernmental Relations, National Treasury: Presentation on ‘How can LG fiscal framework be reformed to reflect changes in population trends?’ Migration Policy Roundtable Governing Migration and Urbanisation: Developing approaches to counter poverty and social fragmentation, South African Local Government Association. Pretoria East. 23 November 2011.
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Leibbrandt, M., Woolard, I. & de Villiers, L. (2009). Methodology: report on NIDS wave 1. Cape Town, SA: Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit at University of Cape Town; 2009.
Lekonyane, B. C. & Disoloane, V. P. P. (2013). Determining strategies to manage informal settlements: the case of city Tshwane Municipality. Administration Publication, 21(2), 57-71.
Mahlangu, D. (2012). Our councillors are vulnerable—ANC. The Times, 25 June 2012.
Marques, E. & Torres, H. G. (eds.) (2005). São Paulo: Segregação, pobreza e desigualdade social. São Paolo.
Mbuyazi, N. (2012). KZN to build homes after fatal protest. IOL News, July 14.
McQuaid, R. W. (1997). Local enterprise companies and rural development. Journal of Rural Studies, 13(2), 197-212.
Missinne, S. & Bracke, P. (2012). Depressive symptoms among immigrants and ethnic minorities: a population based study in 23 European countries. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 47(1), 97–109.
Mpehle, Z. (2012). Are service delivery protests justifiable in the democratic South Africa? Volume 47 number 1.1 journal of Public Administration.
Muzondi, L. (2014). Urban Development Planning for Sustainability: Urbanisation and Informal Settlements in a Democratic SA, 5(14), 641-648.
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Potts, D. (2011). Circular Migration in Zimbabwe and Contemporary Sub-Saharan Africa. University of Cape Town Press: Cape Town.
Rao, M., Tanton, R. & Vidyattama, Y. (2013). A Systems Approach to Analyze the Impacts of Water Policy Reform in the Murray- Darling Basin: A Conceptual and an Analytical Framework. NATSEM Working Articles 2013/22, University of Canberra, Canberra.
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SA Parliament. (2012). Accelerating service delivery and addressing challenges through Effective, cooperative, governance, Summary, Report.
Sahib, S. K. (2012). Social issues and protest politics.
Segatti, A., Landau, L. B. (Eds). (2011). Contemporary Migration to SA: A Regional Development Issue. The World Bank and Agence Française de Development: Washington D.C. and Paris.
Sharp, J., Agnitsch, K., Ryan, V. & Flora, J. (2002). Social infrastructure and community economic development strategies: The case of self-development and industrial recruitment in rural Iowa. Journal of Rural Studies, 18, 405-417.
Spicker, P. (2009). The nature of a public service. International Journal of Public Administration, 32, 970-91.
Stillwell, J. & Dennett, A. (2012). A Comparison of Internal Migration by Ethnic Group in Great Britain Using a District Classification. Journal of Population Research, 29(1), 23-44.
Satterthwhaite, D. (2010). Urban Myths and the Mis-Use of Data that Underpin Them, in J. Beall, B. Guha-Khasnobis and R. Kanbur (Eds), Urbanization and Development: Multidisciplinary perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Veling, W., Hoek, H. W., Selten, J. P. & Susser, E. (2011). Age at migration and future risk of psychotic disorders among immigrants in the Netherlands: a 7-year incidence study. Am J Psychiatry, 168(12), 1278–85.
Wentzel, M., Viljoen, J. & Kok, P. (2006). Contemporary Migration Patterns and Intentions.’ In Migration in South and Southern Africa: Dynamics and Determinants. Kok, P., Gelderblom, D., Oucho, J. and van Zyl, J. (eds.). HSRC Press: Cape Town, 171-204.
Wittenberg, M. (2009). Weights: report on NIDS Wave 1. Cape Town, SA: Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit at University of Cape Town; 2009.
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Aijaz, R. (2010). Water for Indian Cities: Government practices and policy concerns. ORF Issue Brief No. 25. New Delhi: Observer Research Foundation
Akinboade, O. A., Mokwena, M. P. & Kinfack, E. C. (2014). Protesting for Improved Public Service Delivery in SA’s Sedibeng District, July 2014, Springer Science Business Media Dordrecht 2014.
Allan, K. & Heese, K. (2011). Understanding why service delivery protests take place and who is to blame.
Andersson, K. P. & van Laerhoven, F. (2007). From local strongman to facilitator: Institutional incentives for participatory municipal governance in Latin America. Comparative Political Studies, 40(9), 1085–1111.
Antman, F. M. (2012). Gender, educational attainment, and the impact of parental migration on children left behind. Journal of Population Economics, 25(4), 1187-1214.
Azmat, F. (2010). Exploring social responsibility of immigrant entrepreneurs: do home country contextual factors play a role? European Management Journal, 28, 377-386.
Bell, D. & Jayne, M. (2009). Small cities? Towards a research agenda. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 33(3), 683–699.
Benit-Gbaffou, C. (2011). Up close and Personal – How does local democracy help the poor access the state? Stories of accountability and clientelism in Johannesburg, Journal of Asian and African Studies, 46(5), 453–64.
Berry, H. L., Bowen, K. & Kjellstrom, T. (2010). Climate Change and Mental Health: A Causal Pathways Framework International. Journal of Public Health, 55, 123–32.
Bias, T. K. (2010). The politics and policy of small city downtown development (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database (UMI No. 3448177).
Bond, P. (2010). SA’s financial bubble and boiling social protest. Monthly Review, June, 17–28.
Breslau, J., Borges, G., Tancredi, D., Saito, N., Kravitz, R., Hinton, L., Vega, W., Medina-Mora, M. E. & Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. (2011). Migration from Mexico to the United States and Mora, M. E., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. 2011. Migration from Mexico to the United States and subsequent risk for depressive and anxiety disorders: a cross-national study. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 68(4), 428–33.
Cameron, R. & Thornhill, C. (2009). Public Service Reform in SA: 1999–2009. Journal of Public Administration, 44(4), 897–909.
Cameron, R. (2010). Redefining political-administrative relationships in SA. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 76(4), 676–701.
Class, H. (2010). eThekwini Metro Report, Mid-Term Review of Municipal Performance, human sciences research council posted by Tshandu Z 2010.
Ceruti, C. (2012). Unfolding contradictions in the ‘Zuma Movement’: The Alliance in the public sector strikes of 2007 and 2010. In M. Dawson & L. Sinwell (Eds.), Contesting transformation: Popular resistance in twenty first century SA. London: Pluto.
Centre for Development and Enterprise (CDE). (2009). SA’s Public Service: Learning from Success. Acumen Publishing Solutions, Johannesburg.
Collier, D. (2011). Understanding Process Tracing. Political Sci. Politics, 44 (4), 823– 30.
Chiloane-Tsoka, E. & Mmako. N. (2014). Effects of migration and immigration on SMMEs: the case study of Diepsloot informal settlement, (online). SA, Problems and Perspectives in Management, 12, (Accessed 15 March 2017).
Chipkin, I. & Lipietz, B. (2012). Transforming SA’s racial bureaucracy: new public management and public sector reform in contemporary SA. PARI Long Essays, 1. Public Affairs Research Institute: Johannesburg.
Christensen, R. K., Whiting, S. W., Im, T., Rho, E., Stritch, J. M. & Park, J. (2013). Public Service Motivation, Task, and Non-Task Behaviour: A Performance Appraisal Experiment with Korean MPA and MBA Students, International Public Management Journal, 16(1), 28-52.
COJ. (2010). Growth management strategy. Growth trends and development indicators. (online) Available: http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view...> (Accessed 20 June 2016).
Congdon, P. (2010). Randomâ€effects models for migration attractively and retentively: A Bayesian methodology. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 173(4), 755-774.
Coovadia, H., Jewkes, R., Barron, P., Sanders, D. & McIntyre, D. (2009). The health and health system of SA: historical roots of current public health challenges. Lancet, 374(9692), 817–34.
De Haas, H. (2010). Migration and development: a theoretical perspective, International Migration Review, 44(1), 227-64.
Delcarme, L. (2011). To What Extent Does the Existence of Intergovernmental Relations Impede the Provision of Housing in SA: N2 Gateway Project? Honors Research Project. Cape Town: University of Cape Town.
Fannin, J. M., Hughes, D. W., Keithly, W. R., Olatubi, W. O. & Guo, J. (2008). Deep-water energy industry impacts on economic growth and public service provision in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 42, 90-205.
Fauvelle-Aymar, C. & Segatti, A. (2011). People, space and politics: an exploration of factors explaining the 2008 anti-foreigner violence in SA. In Exorcising the Demons Within: Xenophobia, Violence and Statecraft in Contemporary SA, Landau L (ed). Wits University Press and United Nations University Press: Johannesburg and Tokyo.
Frenkel, S. (2011). Protests in Israel target high housing costs.
Goebel, A. (2007). Sustainable urban development? Low-cost housing challenges in SA, Habitat International, 31, 291–302.
Graves, N. & Dollery, B. (2009). Local government reform in SA: an analysis of financial management legislative compliance by municipalities. Public Administration and Development, 29, 387–414.
Hlongwane, S. (2012). SA: Anatomy of delivery protests and their tragic futility. Daily Maverick, 13 November.
Hollander, A. C., Bruce, D., Burstrom, B. & Ekblad, S. (2013). The association between immigrant subgroup and poor mental health: a population-based register study. J Nerv Ment Dis, 201(8), 645–52.
Hetland, G. & Goodwin, J. (2013). The strange disappearance of capitalism from social-movement studies. In C. Barker, L. Cox, J. Krinsky, & A. G. Nilsen (Eds.), Marxism and social movements (pp. 83–102). Leiden: Brill.
Hu, F. (2013). Does migration benefit the schooling of children left behind? Evidence from rural northwest China. Demographic Research, (29)1, 33-70.
Jaglin, S. (2008). Differentiating networked services in Cape Town: Echoes of splintering urbanism? Geoforum, 39, 1897-1906.
Joubert, R. (2012). Service delivery tops the agenda at March. Northern Review, 18 May.
Kenyon S. (2011). Senior Economist, Local Government Budget Process—Intergovernmental Relations, National Treasury: Presentation on ‘How can LG fiscal framework be reformed to reflect changes in population trends?’ Migration Policy Roundtable Governing Migration and Urbanisation: Developing approaches to counter poverty and social fragmentation, South African Local Government Association. Pretoria East. 23 November 2011.
Landau, L. (2007). Immigration, Urbanisation and Sustainable Livelihoods in Johannesburg. Development Southern Africa, 24(1), 61-76.
Leibbrandt, M., Woolard, I. & de Villiers, L. (2009). Methodology: report on NIDS wave 1. Cape Town, SA: Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit at University of Cape Town; 2009.
Lekonyane, B. C. & Disoloane, V. P. P. (2013). Determining strategies to manage informal settlements: the case of city Tshwane Municipality. Administration Publication, 21(2), 57-71.
Mahlangu, D. (2012). Our councillors are vulnerable—ANC. The Times, 25 June 2012.
Marques, E. & Torres, H. G. (eds.) (2005). São Paulo: Segregação, pobreza e desigualdade social. São Paolo.
Mbuyazi, N. (2012). KZN to build homes after fatal protest. IOL News, July 14.
McQuaid, R. W. (1997). Local enterprise companies and rural development. Journal of Rural Studies, 13(2), 197-212.
Missinne, S. & Bracke, P. (2012). Depressive symptoms among immigrants and ethnic minorities: a population based study in 23 European countries. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 47(1), 97–109.
Mpehle, Z. (2012). Are service delivery protests justifiable in the democratic South Africa? Volume 47 number 1.1 journal of Public Administration.
Muzondi, L. (2014). Urban Development Planning for Sustainability: Urbanisation and Informal Settlements in a Democratic SA, 5(14), 641-648.
Ndebele, N. S. (2012). Liberation betrayed by bloodshed. City Press, 26 August.
Ngwane, T. (2010). Civil society protests in SA: The need for a vision of alternatives. Paper presented at a Centre for Civil Society Seminar, Durban, 9 March.
Patel, U. R. & Bhattacharya, S. (2010). Infrastructure in India: The economics of transition from public to private provision. Journal of Comparative Economics, 38, 52-70.
Posel, D. (2009). Migration: analysis of the NIDS wave 1 dataset. Cape Town, SA: Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit at University of Cape Town; 2009.
Posel, D. & Casale, D. (2006). Internal Labour Migration and Household Poverty in Post-Apartheid SA. In Poverty and Policy in Post-Apartheid SA. HSRC Press: Cape Town.
Potts, D. (2011). Circular Migration in Zimbabwe and Contemporary Sub-Saharan Africa. University of Cape Town Press: Cape Town.
Rao, M., Tanton, R. & Vidyattama, Y. (2013). A Systems Approach to Analyze the Impacts of Water Policy Reform in the Murray- Darling Basin: A Conceptual and an Analytical Framework. NATSEM Working Articles 2013/22, University of Canberra, Canberra.
Republic of SA (RSA) Auditor-General. (2007). Annual Report 2006-07. Pretoria: Government Printer.
Republic of SA (RSA). (1996). Constitution of the Republic of SA (Act 108 of 1996). Pretoria: Government Printer.
Republic of SA (RSA). (1997). White Paper on the Transformation of the Public Service (Batho Pele White Paper). Pretoria: Government Printer.
Rogan, M., Lebani. L. & Nzimande, N. (2009). Internal Migration and Poverty in KwaZulu-Natal: Findings from Censuses, Labour Force Surveys and Panel Data Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, UCT, 7-67.
Roux, N. (2009). Towards a 10-Year Review of the Population Policy Implementation in SA.
SA Parliament. (2012). Accelerating service delivery and addressing challenges through Effective, cooperative, governance, Summary, Report.
Sahib, S. K. (2012). Social issues and protest politics.
Segatti, A., Landau, L. B. (Eds). (2011). Contemporary Migration to SA: A Regional Development Issue. The World Bank and Agence Française de Development: Washington D.C. and Paris.
Sharp, J., Agnitsch, K., Ryan, V. & Flora, J. (2002). Social infrastructure and community economic development strategies: The case of self-development and industrial recruitment in rural Iowa. Journal of Rural Studies, 18, 405-417.
Spicker, P. (2009). The nature of a public service. International Journal of Public Administration, 32, 970-91.
Stillwell, J. & Dennett, A. (2012). A Comparison of Internal Migration by Ethnic Group in Great Britain Using a District Classification. Journal of Population Research, 29(1), 23-44.
Satterthwhaite, D. (2010). Urban Myths and the Mis-Use of Data that Underpin Them, in J. Beall, B. Guha-Khasnobis and R. Kanbur (Eds), Urbanization and Development: Multidisciplinary perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Statistics, SA. (2011a). Census 2011 results. (online) Available: http://www.statssa.gov.za/? paged=3839(Accessed 15 July 2017).
Statistics, SA. (2011b). General Household Survey (online).
Tissington, K. (2011). A Resource Guide to Housing in SA 1994-2010 Legislation, Policy, Programmes and Practice. Socio-Economic Rights Institute of SA (SERI): Johannesburg.
Turok, I. (2012). Urbanisation and development in SA: Economic imperatives, spatial distortions and strategic responses. Urbanisation and emerging population issues. Working Paper 8.
UNDESA. (2015). International migration report 2015.
United Nations (UN). (2011). Population, distribution, urbanisation, internal migration and development: international perspective.
United Nations (UN). (2012). Sustainable Urbanisation: a think piece. United Nations system task team on the post-2015 United Development Agenda. UN Habitat.
Van Hear, N., Bakewell, O. & Long, K. (2012). Migrating out of Poverty. Research Programme Consortium Working Paper 1. University of Oxford, 3-35.
Veling, W., Hoek, H. W., Selten, J. P. & Susser, E. (2011). Age at migration and future risk of psychotic disorders among immigrants in the Netherlands: a 7-year incidence study. Am J Psychiatry, 168(12), 1278–85.
Wentzel, M., Viljoen, J. & Kok, P. (2006). Contemporary Migration Patterns and Intentions.’ In Migration in South and Southern Africa: Dynamics and Determinants. Kok, P., Gelderblom, D., Oucho, J. and van Zyl, J. (eds.). HSRC Press: Cape Town, 171-204.
Wittenberg, M. (2009). Weights: report on NIDS Wave 1. Cape Town, SA: Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit at University of Cape Town; 2009.
World Bank. (2013). Developing countries need to harness urbanisation to achieve the MDGs: IMF World bank report, world bank group. Zubane (2011). Alternative service delivery models for the South African public service for the year 2020 Stellenbosch University.
Published
2018-12-22
How to Cite
Nkabinde, B., Lekhanya, L. M., & Dorasamy, N. (2018). The Rural Immigration Effects on Urban Service Delivery in South Africa (SA). Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 10(6(J), 11-24. https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i6(J).2589
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Research Paper
Copyright (c) 2018 Buyani Nkabinde, Lawrence Mpele Lekhanya, Nirmala Dorasamy
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