Happiness Index for Human Resource Management Practitioners Associated with the Professional Body
Keywords:
Affective commitment, employee engagement, job-related wellbeing, distributive justice, positive emotions
Abstract
The study explored the perceptions of human resource management (HRM) practitioners in South Africa, using the following happiness dimensions: positive emotions, job-related wellbeing, affective commitment, employee engagement and distributive justice. The research approach was quantitative, and the research design was descriptive and longitudinal (i.e. over a two-year period). The convenience sampling technique was used to select participants. In 2016, the sample size was 204, and in 2017, the sample size was 76. The data were collected at the conventions hosted by the Institute of People Management (IPM). The major findings were that the majority of the participants were females, were employed on a full-time basis, had degrees, earned R40 000 and above, and were not unionized. Participants rated the positive emotions negatively, suggesting that they were disaffected with their remuneration, and they rated the job-related wellbeing, affective commitment, employee engagement and distributive justice items positively. The implication of this study for policymakers is that they must review their remuneration policy and practices. The implication for managers is that they might struggle to keep HRM practitioners effective, motivated, and having cordial relationships.
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References
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Hechl, C. (2017). Affective commitment to organizations: A comparative study of reverse mentoring versus traditional mentoring among millennials. Binus Business Review, 8(2), 157-165. Joo, B. & Lee, L. (2017). Workplace happiness: Work engagement, career satisfaction, and subjective wellbeing. Evidence-based Human Resource Management: A Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship, 5(2), 206-221. Kalay, F. & Turkey, V. (2016). The Impact of Organizational Justice on Employee Performance: A Survey in Turkey and Turkish Context. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 6(1), 1-20. Keeman, A., Naswall, K., Malinen, S. & Kuntz, J. (2017). Employee well-being: Evaluating a wellbeing intervention in two settings, 4, 505. Kirsten, T. J., Van der Walt, H. L. & Viljoen, J. T. (2009). Health, well-being and wellness: An anthropological eco-systematic approach. Journal of Interdisciplinary Health Science, 14(1), 1-7. Kuppens, P., Realo, A. & Diener, E. (2008). The role of positive and negative emotions in life satisfaction judgement across nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(1), 66-75. Lambert, E. G., Kim, B., Kelly, T. & Hogan, L. N. (2013). The association of affective and continuance commitment with correctional staff line satisfaction. The Social Science Journal, 50(1), 195-203. Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C. & Morgan, G. A. (2015). IBM SPSS for intermediate statistics. Use and interpretation. New York, Routledge Francis and Taylor Group. Leedy, P. D. & Ormrod J. E. (2015). Practical research: Planning and design. (11th ed). Boston: Pearson Education Limited. Lyubomirsky, S., King, L. & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803– 855. McMakin, D. L., Santiago, C. D. & Shirk, S. R. (2009). The time course of positive and negative emotion in Dysphonia. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(2), 182-192. Maleka, M. J. (2016). Narratives of employees visiting Tshwane mall who earn above and below an estimated living wage. GBATA conference proceedings in October 2016. Maleka, M. J., Mmako, M. & Swarts, I. (2017). Antecedents of affective commitment of human resource management practitioners attending a professional body convention, Journal of economics and behavioral sciences, 9(3), 121-132. Maleka, M. J., Schultz, C. M., Van Hoek, L., Dachapalli, L. & Ragadu, S. (2017). Measuring employee engagement of low-income workers either working at or visiting Marabastad Mall in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. Journal of economics and behavioral sciences, 9(5), 74-82. Maleka, M. J. (2018). The biographical and human resource management predictors of union membership engagement of low- and middle-income workers, Journal of economics and behavioral sciences, 10(1), 207-216. Maree, K. (2016). First Steps in Research. (2nd ed). Pretoria: Van Schaik. Melewar, T. C. & Alwi, S. F. S. (2016). Corporate branding: Areas, arenas and approaches. London, United Kingdom: Routledge, Francis & Taylor Group. Mendryk, I. (2017). The impact of procedural and distributive justice upon the organizational commitment of age-diversified employees. Research Results, 108-114. Moradi, J. J. E., Jafari, S. E. & Abedi, M. R. (2005). Happiness and personality: a review study. Advances in cognitive science, 7(2), 60-71. Migacz, S. J. & Petrick, J. F. (2018). Millennials: America’s cash cow is not necessarily a herd. Journal of tourism futures, 4(1), 16-30. Nasurdin, A. Z. & Khuan, S. L. (2011). Organizational justice, age, and performance connection in Malaysia. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 21(3), 273-290. Nienaber, H. & Martins, N. (2016). Employee engagement in a South African context. Randburg: KR Publishing. Ohana, M. & Meyer, M. (2016). Distributive justice and affective commitment in non-profit organizations: which referent matters? Employee Relations, 38(6), 841-858. Page, K. M. & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2009). The ‘what’ ‘why’ and ‘how’ of employee well-being: A new model. Social Indicators Research, 90, 441-458. Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS Survival Manual. A Step-by-step Guide to Data Analysis Using IBM SPSS (6th ed.). Crows’ Nest: Allen & Unwin.
Pereira, V. S. & Fontinha, R. (2016). An exploration of the role duality experienced by HR professionals as both implementers and recipients of HR practices: Evidence from Indian Railways. Human Resource Management, 55(1), 127-142. Price, L. L. & Mueller, C. W. (1986). Handbook of Organizational Measurement. Marshfield, MA: Pitman. Pryce-Jones, J. & Lindsay, J. (2014). What happiness at work is and how to use it? Industrial and Commercial Training, 46(3), 130-134. Rainayee, R. A. & Zaffar, S. (2013). Affective commitment: An empirical study of executive and non-executive bank employees. Global Journal of Management and Business Research Interdisciplinary, 13(7), 1.0. Rich, B. L., Lepine, J. A. & Crawford, E. R. (2010). Job engagement; antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 617-635. RodrÃguez, M. A. & Sanz, V. I. (2013). Happiness and well-being at work: A special issue introduction. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29, 95-97. Roehling, M. V., Cavanaugh, M. A., Moynihan, L. M. & Boswell, W. R. (2000). The nature of the new employment relationship: a content analysis of the practitioner and academic literature. Human Resource Management, 39, 305–320. Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: a review of research on hedonic and eudaemonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141–166. Ryff, C. D. & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: a eudemonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 13–39. Schaufeli, W. B. & Bakker, A. B. (2003). Utrecht Work Engagement Scale: Preliminary Manual. Utrecht: Occupational Health Psychology Unit, Utrecht University. Shahrabani, S., Benzion, U., Rosenbiom, M. & Shavit, T. (2012). Does moving from war zone change emotions and risk perceptions? A field study of Israel students. Judgement and Decision Making, 7(5), 609-678. Sharma, P. (2015). Organizational commitment among faculty members in India: A study of public and private technical schools. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, July/August, 30-38. Shuck, B. & Wollard, K. (2010). Employee engagement and human resource development: A seminal review of the foundations. Human Resource Development Review, 9(1), 89-110. Simons, J. & Buitendach, J. (2013). Psychological capital, work engagement and organizational commitment amongst call centre employees in South Africa. Journal of Industrial Psychology, 39(2), 1-12. Stahl, S. (2016). Evoking positive emotions through the use of virtual reality in relation to technique acceptance. The University of Twente. Struwig, F. W. & Stead, G. B. (2013). Research: Planning, Design and Reporting. 2nd ed. Boston: Pearson Education Limited. Toga, R., Qwabe, N. P. & Mjoli, T. Q. (2014). The impact of age and gender diversity on organizational commitment. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(1), 657-671. Tshilongamulenzhe, M. C. & Takawira, N. (2015). Examining gender influence on employees’ work engagement within a South African University. Risk governance & control, financial market & institutions, 5(2), 110-119. Van Katwyk, P. T., Fox, S., Spector, P. E. & Kelloway, E. K. (2000). Using job-related well-being scale (JAWS) to investigate affective responses to work stressor. Journal of occupational health psychology, 5(2), 219230. Vorina, A., Simonic, M. & Vlasova, M. (2017). An analysis of the relationship between job satisfaction and employee engagement. Economic Themes, 55(2), 243-262. Voloshin, G. V. (2017). Differences in organizational commitment between male and female coaches at the high school level. Doctorate of Education in Executive Leadership. St. John Fisher College. Warr, P. & Inceoglu, I. (2017). Work orientations, well-being and job content of self-employed and employed professionals. Work, employment and society, 1-20. Wesarat, P., Yazam, M. S. & Halim, A. M. A. (2014). A conceptual framework of happiness at the workplace. Asian Social Science, 11(2), 78-88. Wilson, K. (2009). A survey of employee engagement. Columbia: University of Missouri. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B. & Fischbach, A. (2013). Work engagement among employees facing emotional demands: the role of personal resources. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 12(2), 74-84. Zarei, M. & Hughgooyan, Z. (2011). Happiness in work and life. Qom Al-Hadi Publications. Zizek, S. S., Mulej, M. & Milfelner, B. (2017). Determinants of subjective emotional well-being and selfdetermination of employees: Slovene Case. Nase gospodarstvo/Our Economy, 63(4), 54-65.
Allen, N. J. & Meyer, J. P. (1990). Affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization: An examination of construct validity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49(3), 252-276. A history of people development. (2013). Mail & Guardian, 8 November. Akar, H. (2018). The relationships between quality of work life, school alienation, burnout, affective commitment and organizational citizenship: a study on teachers. European Journal of Educational Research, 7(2), 169-180. Akram, M., Qamar, A. H., Answer, M., Malik, M. I. & UI Haq, A. (2015). Comparing the organizational justice and commitment in public universities in Pakistan, (4), 71-84. Albrecht, S. L. (2012). The influence of job, team, and organizational level resources on employee well-being, engagement, commitment and extra-role performance: Test of a model. International Journal of Manpower, 33(7), 840-853. Armenta, C. N., Fritz, M. M. & Lyubomirsky, S. (2017). Functions of positive emotions: gratitude as a motivator of self-improvement and positive change. Emotion Review, 9(3), 183-190. Bakhtiar, N. H. A., Bahrami, S., Keyvanara, M. & Kalantari, M. (2009). Studying the happiness level among staff at Isfahan Medical University, Iran, Labor Health, 3, 5-11. Bakker, A. B. & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209-223. Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B. (2014). Employee engagement. In Y. Feeney & P. Flood. (Eds.), Organizational Behavior volume of Blackwell Encyclopedia of Management. Bakker, A. B. & Oerlemans, W. (2011). Subjective wellbeing, in Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship, 178-189. Bayarcelik, E. B. & Afakan Findikli, M. (2016). The mediating effect of job satisfaction on the relationship between organizational justice perception and intention to leave. 12th International Strategic Management Conference, ISMC, Antalya, Turkey. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 235, 403411. Bless, C., Higson-Smith, C. & Sithole, S. L. (2013). Fundamentals of social research methods: An African perspective. Cape Town: Juta & Company Ltd. Brienza, J. P. & Bobocel, D. R. (2017). Employee age alters the effects of justice on emotional exhaustion and organizational deviance. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1-15. Choi, Y. M., Lee, D. & Lee, H. (2014). The effect of self-compassion on emotions when experiencing a sense of inferiority across comparison situations. Counselling and Guidance WCPCG. Procedia –Social and Behavioral Sciences, 114, 949-953. Demir, K. (2016). Relations between teachers: Organizational justice perceptions, organizational commitment, and job behaviour in the school: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Human Sciences, 13(1), 1409-1417. De Neve, J. E., Diener, E., Tay, L. & Xuereb, C. (2013). The objective benefits of subjective well-being. In J. Helliwell, R. Layard, & J. Sachs (Eds.), World happiness report 2013, 54–79. New York, NY: UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network. Evans, S. Pyman, A. & Byford, I. (2016). What are the consequences of a managerial approach to union renewal for union behaviour? A case study of USDAW. Employee Relations, 39(1), 2-18. Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics. London: Sage Publications. Fisher, C. D. (2010). Happiness at work. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12, 384-412. Fors, F. & Kulin, J. (2016). Bringing affect back in: Measuring and comparing subjective well-being across countries. Social Indicators Research, 127(1), 323-339. Frederickson, B. L. & Kurt, L. E. (2011). Cultivating positive emotions to enhance human flourishing. In S.I. Donaldson, Czikszenthmihalyi, M. & Nakamura, J. (Eds.), Applied Positive Psychology: Improving everyday life, health, schools, work, and society (35-47). New York: Routledge. Ghaffaripour, S. (2015). Prediction of affective organizational commitment based on employee characteristics and psychological factors among oil personnel. International Journal of Management Business and Residence, 5(4), 337-350. Ha, J. & Ha, J. (2015). Organizational justice-affective commitment in a team sports setting: The moderating effect of group cohesion. Journal of Management, 21(1), 107-124. Hataman, N., Fardid, M. & Kavosi, Z. (2013). Perceptions of organizational justice among nurses working in university hospitals of Shiraz: A comparison between general and speciality settings. Nurses Midwifery Studies, 2(4), 77-82.
Hechl, C. (2017). Affective commitment to organizations: A comparative study of reverse mentoring versus traditional mentoring among millennials. Binus Business Review, 8(2), 157-165. Joo, B. & Lee, L. (2017). Workplace happiness: Work engagement, career satisfaction, and subjective wellbeing. Evidence-based Human Resource Management: A Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship, 5(2), 206-221. Kalay, F. & Turkey, V. (2016). The Impact of Organizational Justice on Employee Performance: A Survey in Turkey and Turkish Context. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 6(1), 1-20. Keeman, A., Naswall, K., Malinen, S. & Kuntz, J. (2017). Employee well-being: Evaluating a wellbeing intervention in two settings, 4, 505. Kirsten, T. J., Van der Walt, H. L. & Viljoen, J. T. (2009). Health, well-being and wellness: An anthropological eco-systematic approach. Journal of Interdisciplinary Health Science, 14(1), 1-7. Kuppens, P., Realo, A. & Diener, E. (2008). The role of positive and negative emotions in life satisfaction judgement across nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(1), 66-75. Lambert, E. G., Kim, B., Kelly, T. & Hogan, L. N. (2013). The association of affective and continuance commitment with correctional staff line satisfaction. The Social Science Journal, 50(1), 195-203. Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C. & Morgan, G. A. (2015). IBM SPSS for intermediate statistics. Use and interpretation. New York, Routledge Francis and Taylor Group. Leedy, P. D. & Ormrod J. E. (2015). Practical research: Planning and design. (11th ed). Boston: Pearson Education Limited. Lyubomirsky, S., King, L. & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803– 855. McMakin, D. L., Santiago, C. D. & Shirk, S. R. (2009). The time course of positive and negative emotion in Dysphonia. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(2), 182-192. Maleka, M. J. (2016). Narratives of employees visiting Tshwane mall who earn above and below an estimated living wage. GBATA conference proceedings in October 2016. Maleka, M. J., Mmako, M. & Swarts, I. (2017). Antecedents of affective commitment of human resource management practitioners attending a professional body convention, Journal of economics and behavioral sciences, 9(3), 121-132. Maleka, M. J., Schultz, C. M., Van Hoek, L., Dachapalli, L. & Ragadu, S. (2017). Measuring employee engagement of low-income workers either working at or visiting Marabastad Mall in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. Journal of economics and behavioral sciences, 9(5), 74-82. Maleka, M. J. (2018). The biographical and human resource management predictors of union membership engagement of low- and middle-income workers, Journal of economics and behavioral sciences, 10(1), 207-216. Maree, K. (2016). First Steps in Research. (2nd ed). Pretoria: Van Schaik. Melewar, T. C. & Alwi, S. F. S. (2016). Corporate branding: Areas, arenas and approaches. London, United Kingdom: Routledge, Francis & Taylor Group. Mendryk, I. (2017). The impact of procedural and distributive justice upon the organizational commitment of age-diversified employees. Research Results, 108-114. Moradi, J. J. E., Jafari, S. E. & Abedi, M. R. (2005). Happiness and personality: a review study. Advances in cognitive science, 7(2), 60-71. Migacz, S. J. & Petrick, J. F. (2018). Millennials: America’s cash cow is not necessarily a herd. Journal of tourism futures, 4(1), 16-30. Nasurdin, A. Z. & Khuan, S. L. (2011). Organizational justice, age, and performance connection in Malaysia. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 21(3), 273-290. Nienaber, H. & Martins, N. (2016). Employee engagement in a South African context. Randburg: KR Publishing. Ohana, M. & Meyer, M. (2016). Distributive justice and affective commitment in non-profit organizations: which referent matters? Employee Relations, 38(6), 841-858. Page, K. M. & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2009). The ‘what’ ‘why’ and ‘how’ of employee well-being: A new model. Social Indicators Research, 90, 441-458. Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS Survival Manual. A Step-by-step Guide to Data Analysis Using IBM SPSS (6th ed.). Crows’ Nest: Allen & Unwin.
Pereira, V. S. & Fontinha, R. (2016). An exploration of the role duality experienced by HR professionals as both implementers and recipients of HR practices: Evidence from Indian Railways. Human Resource Management, 55(1), 127-142. Price, L. L. & Mueller, C. W. (1986). Handbook of Organizational Measurement. Marshfield, MA: Pitman. Pryce-Jones, J. & Lindsay, J. (2014). What happiness at work is and how to use it? Industrial and Commercial Training, 46(3), 130-134. Rainayee, R. A. & Zaffar, S. (2013). Affective commitment: An empirical study of executive and non-executive bank employees. Global Journal of Management and Business Research Interdisciplinary, 13(7), 1.0. Rich, B. L., Lepine, J. A. & Crawford, E. R. (2010). Job engagement; antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 617-635. RodrÃguez, M. A. & Sanz, V. I. (2013). Happiness and well-being at work: A special issue introduction. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29, 95-97. Roehling, M. V., Cavanaugh, M. A., Moynihan, L. M. & Boswell, W. R. (2000). The nature of the new employment relationship: a content analysis of the practitioner and academic literature. Human Resource Management, 39, 305–320. Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: a review of research on hedonic and eudaemonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141–166. Ryff, C. D. & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: a eudemonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 13–39. Schaufeli, W. B. & Bakker, A. B. (2003). Utrecht Work Engagement Scale: Preliminary Manual. Utrecht: Occupational Health Psychology Unit, Utrecht University. Shahrabani, S., Benzion, U., Rosenbiom, M. & Shavit, T. (2012). Does moving from war zone change emotions and risk perceptions? A field study of Israel students. Judgement and Decision Making, 7(5), 609-678. Sharma, P. (2015). Organizational commitment among faculty members in India: A study of public and private technical schools. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, July/August, 30-38. Shuck, B. & Wollard, K. (2010). Employee engagement and human resource development: A seminal review of the foundations. Human Resource Development Review, 9(1), 89-110. Simons, J. & Buitendach, J. (2013). Psychological capital, work engagement and organizational commitment amongst call centre employees in South Africa. Journal of Industrial Psychology, 39(2), 1-12. Stahl, S. (2016). Evoking positive emotions through the use of virtual reality in relation to technique acceptance. The University of Twente. Struwig, F. W. & Stead, G. B. (2013). Research: Planning, Design and Reporting. 2nd ed. Boston: Pearson Education Limited. Toga, R., Qwabe, N. P. & Mjoli, T. Q. (2014). The impact of age and gender diversity on organizational commitment. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(1), 657-671. Tshilongamulenzhe, M. C. & Takawira, N. (2015). Examining gender influence on employees’ work engagement within a South African University. Risk governance & control, financial market & institutions, 5(2), 110-119. Van Katwyk, P. T., Fox, S., Spector, P. E. & Kelloway, E. K. (2000). Using job-related well-being scale (JAWS) to investigate affective responses to work stressor. Journal of occupational health psychology, 5(2), 219230. Vorina, A., Simonic, M. & Vlasova, M. (2017). An analysis of the relationship between job satisfaction and employee engagement. Economic Themes, 55(2), 243-262. Voloshin, G. V. (2017). Differences in organizational commitment between male and female coaches at the high school level. Doctorate of Education in Executive Leadership. St. John Fisher College. Warr, P. & Inceoglu, I. (2017). Work orientations, well-being and job content of self-employed and employed professionals. Work, employment and society, 1-20. Wesarat, P., Yazam, M. S. & Halim, A. M. A. (2014). A conceptual framework of happiness at the workplace. Asian Social Science, 11(2), 78-88. Wilson, K. (2009). A survey of employee engagement. Columbia: University of Missouri. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B. & Fischbach, A. (2013). Work engagement among employees facing emotional demands: the role of personal resources. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 12(2), 74-84. Zarei, M. & Hughgooyan, Z. (2011). Happiness in work and life. Qom Al-Hadi Publications. Zizek, S. S., Mulej, M. & Milfelner, B. (2017). Determinants of subjective emotional well-being and selfdetermination of employees: Slovene Case. Nase gospodarstvo/Our Economy, 63(4), 54-65.
Published
2018-11-03
How to Cite
Maleka, M. J., Swarts, I., & Mmako, M. (2018). Happiness Index for Human Resource Management Practitioners Associated with the Professional Body. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 10(5(J), 297-305. https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i5(J).2518
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Research Paper
Copyright (c) 2018 Molefe Jonathan Maleka, Ilze Swarts, Magdeline Mmako
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