Integration of Information and Communication Technology into Women Entrepreneurship in Uyo, Nigeria
Keywords:
Gender ICT use, Women entrepreneurship, Enterprise development, SMEs, Information Communication Technology
Abstract
Globally, entrepreneurship has steadily become the leading trend associated with growth regionally as well as nationally. It has lent itself to the significant and sustainable development of locally available resources and of human and social capital. More so, the establishment of microenterprises, together with small and medium scale businesses by women, is the most recognizable route to job creation, poverty alleviation, family well-being and women empowerment; apart from the social benefits accrued and direct impact to the community and environment. Unfortunately, despite the substantial resources invested by national and regional governments, international development organizations and other stakeholders for the enhancement of women entrepreneurship, several constraints still prevent women from attaining optimal performance in terms of business growth, annual turnover, and market capitalization. The use of information and communications technologies (ICT) has been suggested as another appropriate medium to assist with some of these challenges. A total number of 50 targeted female entrepreneurs in Uyo metropolis, Nigeria, were purposively sampled to take part in this study. Quantitative research design using semi-structured questionnaires was used to explore the influence of ICT on the entrepreneurial activities of female entrepreneurs. Descriptive and inferential statistics were adopted to interpret the primary data. Binary Logistics Regression resulted in Wald value =1.353 and p=.245, which is >> .05. The Wald chi-square test led to the rejection of the null hypothesis because of the p-value. Therefore, the leveraging of ICT tools did not have a significant effect on entrepreneurial activities among women entrepreneurs in the educational sector.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Adebayo, O. S., Balogun, O. J. & Kareem, T. S. (2013). An investigative study of the factors affecting the adoption of information and communication technology in small and medium scale enterprises in Oyo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 2(9), 13-18. Adebayo, P. O. (2015). Impact of social-cultural values and individual attributes on women entrepreneurship. International Journal Management Science and Business Research, 4(12), 1-12. Adenikinj, A. (2005). Analysis of the cost of infrastructure failures in a developing economy: the case of the electricity sector in Nigeria. Department of Economics and Centre for Economics and Allied Research, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. AERC Research Paper 148 African Economic Research Consortium, Nairobi. Adeyemi, S. L. (2007). Nigerian women entrepreneurs and their personality traits. Center Point. Journal of Intellectual Scientific and Cultural Interests, University of Ilorin, Humanities Edition, 7, 179-188. Afrah, S. H. & Fabiha, S. T. (2017). Empowering women entrepreneurs through information and communication technology (ICT). A case study of Bangladesh. Management, 7 (1), 1-6. Ahmed, M. S., Ibrahim, I. & Oye, N. D. (2011). Role of information communication technology (ICT): Implications on unemployment and Nigerian GDP. Journal of International Academic Research, 11(1), 1-9. Akomolafe, C. O. & Adegun, O. A. (2013). Promoting ICT opportunities for women empowerment in Nigeria: Issues and strategies. Retrieved from .http//www.oasis.col.org/bilstream/…./2013_Akomolafe%26Adegun_PromotingICT.pdf. Alam, S. S., Jani, M. F. M. & Omar, N. A. (2011). An empirical study of success factors of women entrepreneurs in Southern Region in Malaysia. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 3 (2), 1-10. Aldrich, H. (1989). Networking among women entrepreneurs. Hagan, Rivchun, C., & Sexton, D. Eds, Praeger, New York. Aleke, B., Ojiako, U., & Wainwright, D. W. (2011). ICT adoption in developing countries: Perspectives from small-scale Agribusinesses. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 24(1), 68-84. Amit, R. & Zott, C. (2001). Value creation in e-business. Strategic Management Journal, 22, 493-520. Amuichie, A. A. & Asotibe, N. P. (2015). Stimulating women potentials through entrepreneurship for national development in Nigeria. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 8, 89-93. Anamekwe, C. (2001). Micro and small-scale industries in Nigeria: Problems and prospects. Paper; presented at workshop on Grassroots Advocacy and Economic Development. September 11-13. Anna, A. L., Chandler, G. N, Jensen, E., & Mero, N. P. (1999). Women business owners in traditional and nontraditional industries. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(3), 270-303. Apulu, I. & Emmanuel, O. I. (2011). Are Nigerian SMEs effectively utilizing ICT? International Journal of Business and Management, 6 (6), 208 – 210. Asian Development Bank [ADB]. (2014). Information and communication technologies for women entrepreneurs. Prospects and potential in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Uzbekistan. Retrieved fromhttp://www.adb.org. Ayyagari, M., Beck, T. & Demirgue-Kunt, A. (2007). Small and medium enterprises across the globe. Small Business Economics, 29, 415-434.
Berranger, P. D. & Windrum, P. (2002). Factors affecting the adoption of intranets and extranets by SMEs a UK study. (1st. Ed.) Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, ISBN: 1478-8209. Beverly, M. K. & Atsese, W. (2004). Female entrepreneurs in transitional economies: A comparative study of businesswomen in Nigeria and China, in Proceedings of Hawaii International Conference on Business, 21-24 June, Honolulu, Hawaii, (pp. 4-26). Carter, S. L. & Shaw, E. (2006). Women business ownership: recent research and policy development [Report] Retrieved from http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/8962. Chandler, D. & Munday, R. (2011). A dictionary of media and communication (1st Ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN-13 9750199568758. Online Version (2016) eISBN: 9780191727979. Chau, S. B. & Turner P. (2001). A Framework for analyzing factors influencing small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) ability to derive benefit from the conduct of web-based’ electronic commerce (EC)- 34 Australian case studies, (pp. 623-639). ECIS 2002, June 6-8 Gdansk, Poland. Cooper, L. (2013). Canadian women grabbing the baton.’ Royal Bank of Canada Research. Retrieved from http://www.rbc.com/newsroom/_assets-custom/pdf/women-and-sme-10-2013.pdf. Du Rietz, A. & Henrekson, M. (2000). Testing the female underperformance hypothesis. Small Business Economics, 14(1), 1-10. Dutta, S., & Bibao-Osorio, B. (2012). The global information technology Report 2012: Living in a hyperconnected world. World Economic Forum. Retrieved from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/Global_IT_Report_2012.pdf. Ekpenyong, S. N. (2014). Women entrepreneurship in micro, small and medium scale enterprises in AkwaIbom State. Journal of Business and Management, 16 (3), 08-13. Etim, E. S. & Iwu, C. G. (2018). A descriptive review of the continued marginalization of female entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa. (in press). Galloway, L. & Mochrie, R. (2005). The use of ICT in rural firms: A policy-orientated review. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 7(3), 33-46. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2012). Global Report (2012) Retrieved from http://www.gemconsortium.org/report. Global Entrepreneurship Women’s Report. (2014). Women’s entrepreneurship and innovation surge globally cited by Pofeldt Elaine in Forbes, 2015. Retrieved from https:www.forbes.com/sites/elainepofeldt/2015/11/27/womens-entrepreneurship-andinnovation-surge-globally/#6734d7e70e7a. Goswami, A. & Dutta, S. (2015). ICT in women entrepreneurial firms. A literature review. Journal of Business and Management, 17(2), 38-41. Handzic, M. (2004). Knowledge management: Through the technology looking glass. World Scientific, Singapore, 2004. Harjula, H. (2008). Scoping study on the inclusion of release and transfers from small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in PRTRs, environment and directorate. OECD, Paris, France. Hisrich, R. D. & O’Brien, M. (1981). The woman entrepreneur from a business and sociological perspective. Proceedings of the Conference on Entrepreneurship, Babson College, Wellesley, MA. 1981 ILO/UNCTAD Report. (2014). Empowering women entrepreneurs through information and communications technologies A practical guide. ISME Report. (2015). Irish Small and Medium Enterprises Association: Women entrepreneurs, women in technology, skills need and balanced regional development. ISME Presentation to Joint committee on Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation. Retrieved from: https://www.isme.ie/assets/15041-jocPresentation-Women-ent-etc-pdf. Kapurubandara, M. & Lawson, R. (2006). Barriers to adopting ICT and e-commerce with SMEs in developing countries: An exploratory study in Sri Lanka. Proceedings of the 2006 Collector. Knol, W. H. C. & Stroeken, J. H. M. (2001). The diffusion and adoption of information technology in small- and medium-sized enterprises through IT Scenarios. Journal Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 13(2), 227-246. Lal, K. (2007). Globalization and adoption of ICTs in Nigerian SMEs, Science, Technology Society, 12(2), 217244. Lucchetti, R. & Sterlacchini, A. (2004). The adoption of ICT among SMEs. Evidence from an Italian survey. Small Business Economics, 23(2), 151-168.
Maier, S. & Reichert, U. N. (2008). Empowering women through ICT-based business initiatives: An overview of best practices in e-commerce/e-retailing projects. MIT Press, 4(2), 43-60. Mandipaka, F. (2014). An investigation of the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in developing countries: A case of King Williams’ Town, South Africa. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(27), 1187-1193. Martin, L. M. & Matlay, H. (2001). '"Blanket" Approaches to promoting ICT in small firms: Some lessons from the DTI Ladder Adoption Model in the UK,' Internet Research: Electronic Networking Application and Policy, 11(5), 399-410. Martinez, C. A. & Williams, C. (2010). National institutions. Entrepreneurship and global ICT adoption: A cross-country test of competing theories. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 11(1), 73-91. Matsoso, M. L. & Iwu, C. G. (2016). Women and small-scale entrepreneurship: Perspective from the SADEC region. eBook, Sense Publications, 197-213. Modinogale, L. & Kroeze, J. H. (2011). The role of ICT within small and medium enterprises in Gauteng Communications of the IBIMA Vol. 2011 Article ID 369288, pp. 12 Retrieved from http://www.ibimapublishing.com/journals/CIBIMA/cibima.html. Mordi, C. & Okafor, C. (2010). Women Entrepreneurship Development in Nigeria: the effect of environmental factors. The Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, (4), 43-52. Mutula, S, & Van Brakel, P. (2006). Readiness of SMEs in the ICT sector in Botswana with respect to information access. Emerald. Retrieved from https//www.emeraldinsight.com/.../published/ emeraldfulltextarticle/pdf/2630240310_ref.html Motilewa, B. D., Onakoya, A. O. & Oke, A. O. (2015). ICT and gender-specific challenges faced by female entrepreneurs in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 6(3), 97-105. Ndubisi, N. O. & Kahraman, C. (2005). Malaysian women entrepreneurs: understanding the ICT usage behaviors and drivers. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 18(6), 721-739. Nsegimana, S. (2017). Challenges to women entrepreneurship in Kigali, Rwanda. MTech Thesis. Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa. Oke, D. F. (2013). The effect of social network on women entrepreneurs in Nigeria: A case study of Ado-Ekiti Small Scale Enterprise. International Journal of Education and Research, 1(11), 1-14. Olasanmi, O. O., Ayoola, T. & Kareem-Ojo, M. J. (2012). Evaluation of ICT use among women entrepreneurs in the Nigerian Garment Industry. International Journal of Management & Business Studies, 2(1), 7-12. Papastathopoulos, A. & Beneki C. (2010). Does entrepreneurial experience and strategy really matter for ICT performance? A Greek cross-border empirical study, The Electronic Journal Information Systems Evaluation, 13(2), 177-186. Pofeldt, E. (2015). Women’s entrepreneurship and innovation surge globally in Forbes. Available at; https://www.forbes.com/sites/elainepofeldt/2015/11/27/women-entrepreneurship-andinnovation-surge-globsslly/#76bfda4c70e7. Richardson, P., Howarth, R. & Finnegan, G. (2004). SEED Working Paper No 47. The challenges of growing small businesses: Insights from women entrepreneurs in Africa, International Labor Office, Geneva. Rouse, M. (2005). ICT definition. Retrieved from https://collegeassignments.wordpress.com. RBC Economics. (2013). Canadian women grabbing the baton. Retrieved from https://www.rbc.com/economics/economicreports/pdf/otherreports/canadianwomengrabbingthe baton.pdf. Restore, (n. d.). Using statistical regression methods in education research. Retrieved from www.restore.ac.uk/srme/www/fac/soc/wie/research-new/srme/modules/mod4/12/index.html Sajuyigbe, A. S. & Alabi, E. (2012). Impact of information and communication technology in selected small and medium enterprises in Osogbo metropolis, Nigeria. Journal of School of Communication and Information Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Offa, Osun State, 3(1). Sebarwal, S. & Terreli, K. (2008). Does gender matter for firm performance? Evidence from Eastern Europe and Central Asia, IZA Discussion Paper No 3758. SMEDAN/NBS. (2013). Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria and National Bureau of Statistics, in Nigeria’s National Policy on MSMES 2015-2025. Southern, A. & Tilley, F. (2000). Small firms and information and communication technologies (ICTs): Toward a typology of ICTs usage, New Technology, Work and Employment, 15(2), 138-154. Statistics Laerd. Available at: www statisticslaerd.com. Statistics Solution. Available at www.statisticssolution.com/spss
Taylor, M. & Murphy, A. (2004). SMEs and e-business. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 11(3), 280-289. The University of Queensland, Australia. (2012). Available at: http://www.uq.edu.au/ICT/what-is-ICT. Tonetti, B. R. (2001). ICT for women entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific. Expert Group Meeting on ICT policy from a gender perspective. December 18th -19th, Asian Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT). Toronto-Dominion (TD) Bank, Canada. (2015). Canadian women leading the charge into entrepreneurship. TD Special Report, 2015. Retrieved from https://www.td.com/document/PDF/economics/special/WomenEntrepreneurs.pdf Uluma, N. B. (2012). Extent of ICT utilization among women in Mumias Division, Kenya, International Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 1(1), 22-25. UNCTAD, (2010). World Investment/Trade and Development Report, New York, and Geneva. UNDP-APDIP, (2005). United Nations Development Program-Asia Pacific Development Information Program. Initiated jointly by UNDP's Asia-Pacific Development Information Program (APDIP) and Asia-Pacific Regional Human Development Reports Initiative (APRI), the Report makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the potential and challenges of using ICTs to achieve human development United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2011). Information Economy Report 2011: ICTs as an enabler for private sector development, 2011. Geneva. Available at http://unctad.org/en/ Publications Library/ier2011_en.pdf. UNCTAD, 2014. Empowering women entrepreneurs through information and communications technologies. A practical guide. UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2013/2/Rev.1. 2014 Retrieved at unctad.org/en/Publications Library/dtlstict2013d2_en.pdf. UN-Division for the Advancement of Women [On line Discussion]. (2002). Information and communication technologies and their impact on and use as an instrument for the advancement and empowerment of women. Available at https//www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/ict2002/report/weel1.html USAID Knowledge Services Center [KSC]. (2010). Constraints to Female Entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa, June 17, 2010. Vossenberg, S. (2013). Women Entrepreneurship Promotion in Developing Countries: What explains the gender gap in entrepreneurship and how to close it? Maastricht School of Management, PO Box 1203, 6201 BE Maastricht, Nederland. Ward, S. (2018). What are SMEs? Available at: https://www.thebalance.com/sme-small-to-mediumenterprise-definition-2947962.
Berranger, P. D. & Windrum, P. (2002). Factors affecting the adoption of intranets and extranets by SMEs a UK study. (1st. Ed.) Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, ISBN: 1478-8209. Beverly, M. K. & Atsese, W. (2004). Female entrepreneurs in transitional economies: A comparative study of businesswomen in Nigeria and China, in Proceedings of Hawaii International Conference on Business, 21-24 June, Honolulu, Hawaii, (pp. 4-26). Carter, S. L. & Shaw, E. (2006). Women business ownership: recent research and policy development [Report] Retrieved from http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/8962. Chandler, D. & Munday, R. (2011). A dictionary of media and communication (1st Ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN-13 9750199568758. Online Version (2016) eISBN: 9780191727979. Chau, S. B. & Turner P. (2001). A Framework for analyzing factors influencing small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) ability to derive benefit from the conduct of web-based’ electronic commerce (EC)- 34 Australian case studies, (pp. 623-639). ECIS 2002, June 6-8 Gdansk, Poland. Cooper, L. (2013). Canadian women grabbing the baton.’ Royal Bank of Canada Research. Retrieved from http://www.rbc.com/newsroom/_assets-custom/pdf/women-and-sme-10-2013.pdf. Du Rietz, A. & Henrekson, M. (2000). Testing the female underperformance hypothesis. Small Business Economics, 14(1), 1-10. Dutta, S., & Bibao-Osorio, B. (2012). The global information technology Report 2012: Living in a hyperconnected world. World Economic Forum. Retrieved from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/Global_IT_Report_2012.pdf. Ekpenyong, S. N. (2014). Women entrepreneurship in micro, small and medium scale enterprises in AkwaIbom State. Journal of Business and Management, 16 (3), 08-13. Etim, E. S. & Iwu, C. G. (2018). A descriptive review of the continued marginalization of female entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa. (in press). Galloway, L. & Mochrie, R. (2005). The use of ICT in rural firms: A policy-orientated review. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 7(3), 33-46. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2012). Global Report (2012) Retrieved from http://www.gemconsortium.org/report. Global Entrepreneurship Women’s Report. (2014). Women’s entrepreneurship and innovation surge globally cited by Pofeldt Elaine in Forbes, 2015. Retrieved from https:www.forbes.com/sites/elainepofeldt/2015/11/27/womens-entrepreneurship-andinnovation-surge-globally/#6734d7e70e7a. Goswami, A. & Dutta, S. (2015). ICT in women entrepreneurial firms. A literature review. Journal of Business and Management, 17(2), 38-41. Handzic, M. (2004). Knowledge management: Through the technology looking glass. World Scientific, Singapore, 2004. Harjula, H. (2008). Scoping study on the inclusion of release and transfers from small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in PRTRs, environment and directorate. OECD, Paris, France. Hisrich, R. D. & O’Brien, M. (1981). The woman entrepreneur from a business and sociological perspective. Proceedings of the Conference on Entrepreneurship, Babson College, Wellesley, MA. 1981 ILO/UNCTAD Report. (2014). Empowering women entrepreneurs through information and communications technologies A practical guide. ISME Report. (2015). Irish Small and Medium Enterprises Association: Women entrepreneurs, women in technology, skills need and balanced regional development. ISME Presentation to Joint committee on Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation. Retrieved from: https://www.isme.ie/assets/15041-jocPresentation-Women-ent-etc-pdf. Kapurubandara, M. & Lawson, R. (2006). Barriers to adopting ICT and e-commerce with SMEs in developing countries: An exploratory study in Sri Lanka. Proceedings of the 2006 Collector. Knol, W. H. C. & Stroeken, J. H. M. (2001). The diffusion and adoption of information technology in small- and medium-sized enterprises through IT Scenarios. Journal Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 13(2), 227-246. Lal, K. (2007). Globalization and adoption of ICTs in Nigerian SMEs, Science, Technology Society, 12(2), 217244. Lucchetti, R. & Sterlacchini, A. (2004). The adoption of ICT among SMEs. Evidence from an Italian survey. Small Business Economics, 23(2), 151-168.
Maier, S. & Reichert, U. N. (2008). Empowering women through ICT-based business initiatives: An overview of best practices in e-commerce/e-retailing projects. MIT Press, 4(2), 43-60. Mandipaka, F. (2014). An investigation of the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in developing countries: A case of King Williams’ Town, South Africa. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(27), 1187-1193. Martin, L. M. & Matlay, H. (2001). '"Blanket" Approaches to promoting ICT in small firms: Some lessons from the DTI Ladder Adoption Model in the UK,' Internet Research: Electronic Networking Application and Policy, 11(5), 399-410. Martinez, C. A. & Williams, C. (2010). National institutions. Entrepreneurship and global ICT adoption: A cross-country test of competing theories. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 11(1), 73-91. Matsoso, M. L. & Iwu, C. G. (2016). Women and small-scale entrepreneurship: Perspective from the SADEC region. eBook, Sense Publications, 197-213. Modinogale, L. & Kroeze, J. H. (2011). The role of ICT within small and medium enterprises in Gauteng Communications of the IBIMA Vol. 2011 Article ID 369288, pp. 12 Retrieved from http://www.ibimapublishing.com/journals/CIBIMA/cibima.html. Mordi, C. & Okafor, C. (2010). Women Entrepreneurship Development in Nigeria: the effect of environmental factors. The Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, (4), 43-52. Mutula, S, & Van Brakel, P. (2006). Readiness of SMEs in the ICT sector in Botswana with respect to information access. Emerald. Retrieved from https//www.emeraldinsight.com/.../published/ emeraldfulltextarticle/pdf/2630240310_ref.html Motilewa, B. D., Onakoya, A. O. & Oke, A. O. (2015). ICT and gender-specific challenges faced by female entrepreneurs in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 6(3), 97-105. Ndubisi, N. O. & Kahraman, C. (2005). Malaysian women entrepreneurs: understanding the ICT usage behaviors and drivers. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 18(6), 721-739. Nsegimana, S. (2017). Challenges to women entrepreneurship in Kigali, Rwanda. MTech Thesis. Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa. Oke, D. F. (2013). The effect of social network on women entrepreneurs in Nigeria: A case study of Ado-Ekiti Small Scale Enterprise. International Journal of Education and Research, 1(11), 1-14. Olasanmi, O. O., Ayoola, T. & Kareem-Ojo, M. J. (2012). Evaluation of ICT use among women entrepreneurs in the Nigerian Garment Industry. International Journal of Management & Business Studies, 2(1), 7-12. Papastathopoulos, A. & Beneki C. (2010). Does entrepreneurial experience and strategy really matter for ICT performance? A Greek cross-border empirical study, The Electronic Journal Information Systems Evaluation, 13(2), 177-186. Pofeldt, E. (2015). Women’s entrepreneurship and innovation surge globally in Forbes. Available at; https://www.forbes.com/sites/elainepofeldt/2015/11/27/women-entrepreneurship-andinnovation-surge-globsslly/#76bfda4c70e7. Richardson, P., Howarth, R. & Finnegan, G. (2004). SEED Working Paper No 47. The challenges of growing small businesses: Insights from women entrepreneurs in Africa, International Labor Office, Geneva. Rouse, M. (2005). ICT definition. Retrieved from https://collegeassignments.wordpress.com. RBC Economics. (2013). Canadian women grabbing the baton. Retrieved from https://www.rbc.com/economics/economicreports/pdf/otherreports/canadianwomengrabbingthe baton.pdf. Restore, (n. d.). Using statistical regression methods in education research. Retrieved from www.restore.ac.uk/srme/www/fac/soc/wie/research-new/srme/modules/mod4/12/index.html Sajuyigbe, A. S. & Alabi, E. (2012). Impact of information and communication technology in selected small and medium enterprises in Osogbo metropolis, Nigeria. Journal of School of Communication and Information Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Offa, Osun State, 3(1). Sebarwal, S. & Terreli, K. (2008). Does gender matter for firm performance? Evidence from Eastern Europe and Central Asia, IZA Discussion Paper No 3758. SMEDAN/NBS. (2013). Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria and National Bureau of Statistics, in Nigeria’s National Policy on MSMES 2015-2025. Southern, A. & Tilley, F. (2000). Small firms and information and communication technologies (ICTs): Toward a typology of ICTs usage, New Technology, Work and Employment, 15(2), 138-154. Statistics Laerd. Available at: www statisticslaerd.com. Statistics Solution. Available at www.statisticssolution.com/spss
Taylor, M. & Murphy, A. (2004). SMEs and e-business. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 11(3), 280-289. The University of Queensland, Australia. (2012). Available at: http://www.uq.edu.au/ICT/what-is-ICT. Tonetti, B. R. (2001). ICT for women entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific. Expert Group Meeting on ICT policy from a gender perspective. December 18th -19th, Asian Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT). Toronto-Dominion (TD) Bank, Canada. (2015). Canadian women leading the charge into entrepreneurship. TD Special Report, 2015. Retrieved from https://www.td.com/document/PDF/economics/special/WomenEntrepreneurs.pdf Uluma, N. B. (2012). Extent of ICT utilization among women in Mumias Division, Kenya, International Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 1(1), 22-25. UNCTAD, (2010). World Investment/Trade and Development Report, New York, and Geneva. UNDP-APDIP, (2005). United Nations Development Program-Asia Pacific Development Information Program. Initiated jointly by UNDP's Asia-Pacific Development Information Program (APDIP) and Asia-Pacific Regional Human Development Reports Initiative (APRI), the Report makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the potential and challenges of using ICTs to achieve human development United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2011). Information Economy Report 2011: ICTs as an enabler for private sector development, 2011. Geneva. Available at http://unctad.org/en/ Publications Library/ier2011_en.pdf. UNCTAD, 2014. Empowering women entrepreneurs through information and communications technologies. A practical guide. UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2013/2/Rev.1. 2014 Retrieved at unctad.org/en/Publications Library/dtlstict2013d2_en.pdf. UN-Division for the Advancement of Women [On line Discussion]. (2002). Information and communication technologies and their impact on and use as an instrument for the advancement and empowerment of women. Available at https//www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/ict2002/report/weel1.html USAID Knowledge Services Center [KSC]. (2010). Constraints to Female Entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa, June 17, 2010. Vossenberg, S. (2013). Women Entrepreneurship Promotion in Developing Countries: What explains the gender gap in entrepreneurship and how to close it? Maastricht School of Management, PO Box 1203, 6201 BE Maastricht, Nederland. Ward, S. (2018). What are SMEs? Available at: https://www.thebalance.com/sme-small-to-mediumenterprise-definition-2947962.
Published
2018-09-14
How to Cite
Etim, E. S., Tengeh, R. K., & Iwu, C. G. (2018). Integration of Information and Communication Technology into Women Entrepreneurship in Uyo, Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 10(4(J), 118-134. https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i4(J).2413
Issue
Section
Research Paper
Copyright (c) 2018 Ernest S. Etim, Robertson K. Tengeh, Chux Gervase Iwu
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Author (s) should affirm that the material has not been published previously. It has not been submitted and it is not under consideration by any other journal. At the same time author (s) need to execute a publication permission agreement to assume the responsibility of the submitted content and any omissions and errors therein. After submission of a revised paper in the light of suggestions of the reviewers, editorial team edits and formats manuscripts to bring uniformity and standardization in published material.
This work will be licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) and under condition of the license, users are free to read, copy, remix, transform, redistribute, download, print, search or link to the full texts of articles and even build upon their work as long as they credit the author for the original work. Moreover, as per journal policy author (s) hold and retain copyrights without any restrictions.
