The Prevalence and Magnitude of Social Loafing, and Biographical Influences, in a Team - Based Organizational Setting
Keywords:
Social loafing, visibility of contribution, group size, group cohesiveness, outcomes and rewards
Abstract
This paper assesses the prevalence and magnitude of social loafing in a team-based organizational setting as social loafing has the potential to threaten and disrupt the effectiveness of teams. The presence of social loafing is evaluated in terms of perceived co -worker loafing, nature of tasks, visibility of contribution, group size, individual outcomes and rewards and, group cohesiveness. Biographical influences on perceptions of the factors having the potential to influence social loafing are also assessed. A consensus sample of 80 employees formed part of the sample. Data was collected using a self- developed, precoded questionnaire whose psychometric properties (validity and reliability) were assessed using Factor Analysis and Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha respectively. The results indicate that social loafing does exist in the organization and is sparked by various factors which in descending level are perceived co -worker loafing, visibility of contribution, nature of tasks, group size, individual outcomes and rewards and, group cohesiveness. Furthermore, social loafing is moderate in magnitude and is not influenced by biographical variables (gender, age, marital status, tenure) except for the influence of age on individual outcomes and rewards. Recommendations are presented, which when implemented, have the potential to reduce the prevalence and magnitude of social loafing in a work environment.
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References
Abraham, J. & Trimutiasari, M. (2015). Sociopsycho technological predictors of individual’s social loafing in virtual team. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 5(6),1500 - 1510. Alnuaimi, O., Robert Jr, L. P. & Maruping, L. M. (2010). Team size, dispersion, and social loafing in technologysupported teams: A perspective on the theory of moral disengagement. Journal of Management Information Systems, 27(1), 203 - 230. Belanger, F., Watson Manheim, M. B. & Jordan, D. H. (2002). Aligning IS reach and practice: A research agenda for virtual work. Information Resources Management Journal,15(3), 48 - 70. Black, G. (2002). Student assessment of virtual teams in an online management course. [Online]Journal of Business Administration, 1(2), Retrieved September, 10, 2010 from the World Wide Web: http://jbao.atu.edu/Fall2002/black.pdf Brooks, C. M. & Ammons, J. L. (2003). Free riding in group projects and the effects of timing, frequency, and specificity of criteria in peer assessments. Journal of Education for Business, 78(5), 268 - 272.
Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies (ISSN: 2220 - 6140) Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 37 - 5 1, June 2018
49
Buss, C., Meinlschmidt, J. & Foerstl, K. (2016). Managing information processing needs in global supply chains: A prerequisite to sustainable supply chain management. Journal of Supply Chain Management, September. Buvik, M. P. & Tvedt, S. D. (2016). The impact of commitment and climate strength on the relationship between trust and performance in cross -functional project teams: A moderated mediation analysis. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 22(3/4),114 - 138. Campion, M. A., Papper, E. M. & Medsker, E. M. (1996). Relations between work team characteristics and effectiveness: A replication and extension. Personnel Psychology, 4, 429 - 452. Charbonnier, E., Huguet, P., Brauer M. & Monteil, J. (1998). Social loafing and self-beliefs: People’s collective effort depends on the extent to which they distinguish themselves as better than others. Social Behavior and Personality, 26(4), 329 - 340. Chidambaram, L. & Tung, L. L. (2005). Is out of sight, out of mind? An empirical study of social loafing in technology- supported groups. Information Systems Research, 16(2),149 - 168. Clark, J. & Baker, T. (2011). It’s not fair! Cultural attitudes to social loafing in ethnically diverse groups. Intercultural Communication Studies , 20(1), 124 - 140. Comer, D. R. (1995). A model of social loafing in real work groups. Human Relations, 48(6),647 - 667. Czyz, S. H., Szmajke, A., Kruger, A. & Kubler, M. (2016). Participation in team sports can eliminate the effect of social loafing. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 123(3),754 - 768. Davoudi, S. M. M., Oraji, S. & Kaur, R. (2012). Social loafing as a latent factor in organizations: Productivity loss in group work. Arth Prabandh: A Journal of Economics and Management, 1(2),1 - 12. De Backer, M. D., Boen, F., De Cuyper, B. D., Hoigaard, R. & Vande Broek, G. (2014). A team fares well with a fair coach: Predictors of social loafing in interactive female sport teams. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 25(6),897 - 908. Dennis, A. R., Wixom, B. H. & Vandenberg, R. J. (2001). Understanding fit and appropriation effects in group support systems via meta-analysis. MIS Quarterly, 25(2),167 - 193 . Erez, M. & Somech, A. (1996). Is group productivity loss – the rule or the exception? Effects of culture and group - based motivation. Academy of Management Journal, 39,1513 - 1537. George, J. M. (1995). Asymmetrical effects of rewards and punishments: The case of social loafing. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 68, 327 - 338. Gilligan, L. & Carter, M. M. (2006). The role of facilitators and staff in supporting collaborative teams. Centre for Effective Public Policy. Silver Spring, MD: State Justice Institute,1 - 6. Goldenberg, S. (2010). Gulf oil disaster: BP admits missing warning signs. [Online] (Updated July 2010). Retrieved September 10, 2010 from the World Wide Web: http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/.../deepwater- horizon - rig-bp - reportGuerin, B. (2003). Social behaviors as determined by different arrangements of social consequences: Diffusion of responsibility effects with competition. The Journal of Social Psychology, 143(3), 313 - 329. Hall, D. & Buzwell, S. (2013). The problem of free- riding in group projects: Looking beyond social loafing as reason for non - contribution. Active Learning in Higher Education, 14(1), 37 - 49. Harley, B. (2001). Team membership and the experience of work in Britain: An analysis of the WERS’98 data. Work, Employment & Society, 15(4),721 - 742. Hart, J., Karau, S., Stasson, M. & Kerr, N. (2004). Achievement motivation, expected co -worker performance, and collective task motivation: Working hard or hardly working? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 984 - 1001. Hildreth, R. (2015). Strategies for leaders to counter social loafing through the use of organizational citizenship behavior: A literature review. The Compass, 1(2),91 - 13. Hindriks, J. & Pancs, R. (2001). Free riding on altruism and group size. Queen Mary University of London, [Online]. Working Paper No. 436, Retrieved July, 2010, from the World Wide Web: http://www.economics.qmul.ac.uk/Papers/docs/wp436.pdf Hinsz, V. (2015). Teams as technology: strengths, weaknesses, and trade- offs in cognitive task performance. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 21(5/6), 218 - 230. Hurley, E. A. & Allen, B. A. (2007). Asking the how questions: Quantifying group processes behaviors. The Journal of General Psychology, 134(1), 5 - 21. Jaikumar, S. & Mendonca, S. (2017). Groups and teams: a review of bad apple behaviour. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 23(5/6), 253 - 259.
Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies (ISSN: 2220 - 6140) Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 37 - 5 1, June 2018
50
Jones, K. (2013). Discouraging social loafing during team- based assessments. Teaching Innovation Projects, 3(1), 13 - 19. Judge, T. A. & Chandler, T. D. (1996). Individual-level determinants of employee shirking. Relations Industrieslles, 51, 468 - 486. Karau, S. J. & Williams, K. D. (2001). Understanding individual motivation in groups: The Collective Effort Model. In M.E. Turner (Ed.) 2001.Groups at work: Theory and research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp,113 - 141. Kerr, N. L. (1989). Illusions of efficacy: The effects of group size on perceived efficacy in social dilemmas. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 287 - 313. Kidwell, R. E. & Bennett, S. E. (1993). Employee propensity to withhold effort: A conceptual model to intersect three avenues of research. Academy of Management Review, 18(3), 429 - 456. Komorita, S. S., Parks, C. D. & Hulbert, L. G. (1992). Reciprocity and the induction of cooperation in social dilemmas. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 607 - 617. Kozlowski, S. W. J. & Ilgens, D. R. (2006). Enhancing the effectiveness of work groups and teams. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 7(3), 77 - 124. Latané, B., Williams, K. & Harkins, S. (1979). Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 822 - 832. Lencioni, P. (2005). Overcoming the five dysfunctions of a team: A field guide for leaders, managers, and facilitators (1 sted). San Francisco, CA: Jossey- Bass. Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Jaworski, R. A. & Bennett, N. (2004). Social loafing: A field investigation. Journal of Management, 30(2), 285 – 304 . Luthans, F. (2005). Organizational Behavior (10thed). New York, NY: McGraw- Hill, IRWIN. Marks, M. (2006). The science of team effectiveness. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 7(3) . McFarlin, D. B. & Sweeney, P. D. (2001). Cross - cultural applications of organizational justice. In R. Cropanzano (Ed.). Justice in the workplace: From theory to practice, Volume 2. Hillsdare, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 67 - 95. Meydan, C. H., Kahraman, C . A. & Basar, U. (2014). Social loafing and impression management in an organizational context. International Review of Management and Marketing, 4(3), 201 - 206. Meyer, B., Schermuly, C. C. & Kauffeld, S. (2015). That’s not my place: The interacting effects of fault lines, subgroup size, and social competence on social loafing behaviour in work groups. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2014.996554 Michaelsen, L. K., Fink, L. D. & Knight, A. (1997). Designing effective group activities: Lessons for classroom teaching and faculty development. In D. DeZure (Ed.) 1997. To improve the academy: Resources for faculty, instructional and organizational development.
Stillwater, OD: New Forums Press. Mullen, B. (1983). Operationalizing the effect of the group on the individual: A self- attention perspective. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 295 - 322. Mulvey, P. W. & Klein, H. J. (1998). The impact of perceived loafing and collective efficacy on group goal processes and group performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 74(1), 62 87. Murphy, S. M., Wayne, S. J., Liden, R. C. & Erdogan, B. (2003). Understanding social loafing: The role of justice perceptions and exchange relationships. Human Relations, 56(1), 61 - 84. Nilsen, T., Haugen, T., Reinboth, M., Peters, D. M. & Hoigaard, R. (2014). Explicitly prior knowledge of social loafing does not reduce social loafing in subsequent team cycle trial performance. Kinesiologia Slovenica, 20(2), 17 - 25. Okuda, K. & Inoue, M. (2002). Acquisition and generalization of discrimination between own and others’ knowledge situations for children and adult with autism. Japanese Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13, 51 - 62. Oodith, D. & Brijball Parumasur, S. (2012). The impact of sick building syndrome on call centre agents’ effectiveness. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 4(9), 532 - 547. Perron, B. E. (2011). Reducing social loafing in group -based projects. College Teaching, 59(4),163 - 164. Piezon, S. L. & Donaldson, R. L. (2005). Online groups and social loafing: Understanding student- group interactions. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, [Online], 8(4), Retrieved July, 2010, from the World Wide Web:http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/winter84/piezon84.htm.
Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies (ISSN: 2220 - 6140) Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 37 - 5 1, June 2018
51
Plaks, J. E. & Higgins, E. T. (2000). Pragmatic use of stereotyping in teamwork: Social loafing and compensation as a function of inferred partner- situation fit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 962 - 974. Prokofieva, M., Jackling, B. & Natoli, R. (2015). A tale of two cohorts: identifying differences in group work perceptions. Asian Review of Accounting, 23(1), 68 - 85. Rich, J. D., Owens, D., Johnson, S., Mines, D. & Capote, K. (2014). Some strategies for reducing social loafing in group projects. Global Journal of Human -Social Science: A Arts & Humanities – Psychology, 14(5), 1 - 4. Robbins, T. L. (1995). Social loafing on cognitive tasks: An examination of the “sucker effectâ€. Journal of Business and Psychology, Spring, 9(3), 337 - 342. Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. A., Odendaal, A. & Roodt, G. (2009). Organisational behaviour: Global and Southern African perspectives (2nded). Cape Town: Pearson Education South Africa. Saavendra, R., Earley, P. C. & Van Dyne, L. (1993). Complex interdependence in task-performing groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 61 - 72. Schippers, M. C. (2014). Social loafing tendencies and team performance: The compensating effect of agreeableness and conscientiousness. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 13(1), 62 - 81. Schnake, M. E. (1991). Equity in effort: the “sucker effect†in co - acting groups. Journal of Management, 17, 41 55. Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (5thed). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Simms, A. & Nichols, T. (2014). Social loafing: A review of the literature. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 15(1), 58 - 67. Soboroff, S. D. (2012). Group size and the trust, cohesion, and commitment of group members. PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) thesis, University of Iowa. Stark, E. M., Shaw, J. D. & Duffy, M. K. (2007). Preference for group work, winning orientation, and social loafing behavior in groups. Group and Organization Management, 32(6), 699 - 723. Tsaw, D., Murphy, S. & Detgen, J. (2011). Social loafing and culture: Does gender matter? International Review of Business Research Papers, 7(3), 1 - 8 . Tufail, M. S., Muneer, S. & Ishtiaq, M. (2016). Job Characteristics with Task and Contextual Performance: Moderating Role of Procedural Justice for Front Line Managers. Journal of Social Sciences, Special Issue, 299 - 508 Thompson, B. & Thornton, B. (2007). Exploring mental- state reasoning as a social -cognitive mechanism for social loafing in children. The Journal of Social Psychology, 147(2), 159 - 174. Ulke, H. E. & Bilgic, R. (2011). Investigating the role of the big five on the social loafing of information technology workers. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 19(3), 301 - 312. Valacich, J. S., Dennis, A. R. & Connolly, T. (1994). Idea generation in computer-based groups: A new ending to an old story. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 57, 448 - 467. Wageman, R. (1997). Critical success factors for creating superb self- managing teams. Organizational Dynamics, Summer, 55, 49 - 61. Weisband, S. P. (2002). Maintaining awareness in distributed team collaboration: Implications for leadership and performance. In P. Hinds & S. Kiesler (Eds.) 2002. Distributed Work. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
pp, 3 11 - 333. Ying, X., Li, H., Jiang, S., Peng, F. & Lin, Z. (2014). Group laziness: The effect of social loafing on group performance. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 42(3), 465 - 472.
Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies (ISSN: 2220 - 6140) Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 37 - 5 1, June 2018
49
Buss, C., Meinlschmidt, J. & Foerstl, K. (2016). Managing information processing needs in global supply chains: A prerequisite to sustainable supply chain management. Journal of Supply Chain Management, September. Buvik, M. P. & Tvedt, S. D. (2016). The impact of commitment and climate strength on the relationship between trust and performance in cross -functional project teams: A moderated mediation analysis. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 22(3/4),114 - 138. Campion, M. A., Papper, E. M. & Medsker, E. M. (1996). Relations between work team characteristics and effectiveness: A replication and extension. Personnel Psychology, 4, 429 - 452. Charbonnier, E., Huguet, P., Brauer M. & Monteil, J. (1998). Social loafing and self-beliefs: People’s collective effort depends on the extent to which they distinguish themselves as better than others. Social Behavior and Personality, 26(4), 329 - 340. Chidambaram, L. & Tung, L. L. (2005). Is out of sight, out of mind? An empirical study of social loafing in technology- supported groups. Information Systems Research, 16(2),149 - 168. Clark, J. & Baker, T. (2011). It’s not fair! Cultural attitudes to social loafing in ethnically diverse groups. Intercultural Communication Studies , 20(1), 124 - 140. Comer, D. R. (1995). A model of social loafing in real work groups. Human Relations, 48(6),647 - 667. Czyz, S. H., Szmajke, A., Kruger, A. & Kubler, M. (2016). Participation in team sports can eliminate the effect of social loafing. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 123(3),754 - 768. Davoudi, S. M. M., Oraji, S. & Kaur, R. (2012). Social loafing as a latent factor in organizations: Productivity loss in group work. Arth Prabandh: A Journal of Economics and Management, 1(2),1 - 12. De Backer, M. D., Boen, F., De Cuyper, B. D., Hoigaard, R. & Vande Broek, G. (2014). A team fares well with a fair coach: Predictors of social loafing in interactive female sport teams. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 25(6),897 - 908. Dennis, A. R., Wixom, B. H. & Vandenberg, R. J. (2001). Understanding fit and appropriation effects in group support systems via meta-analysis. MIS Quarterly, 25(2),167 - 193 . Erez, M. & Somech, A. (1996). Is group productivity loss – the rule or the exception? Effects of culture and group - based motivation. Academy of Management Journal, 39,1513 - 1537. George, J. M. (1995). Asymmetrical effects of rewards and punishments: The case of social loafing. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 68, 327 - 338. Gilligan, L. & Carter, M. M. (2006). The role of facilitators and staff in supporting collaborative teams. Centre for Effective Public Policy. Silver Spring, MD: State Justice Institute,1 - 6. Goldenberg, S. (2010). Gulf oil disaster: BP admits missing warning signs. [Online] (Updated July 2010). Retrieved September 10, 2010 from the World Wide Web: http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/.../deepwater- horizon - rig-bp - reportGuerin, B. (2003). Social behaviors as determined by different arrangements of social consequences: Diffusion of responsibility effects with competition. The Journal of Social Psychology, 143(3), 313 - 329. Hall, D. & Buzwell, S. (2013). The problem of free- riding in group projects: Looking beyond social loafing as reason for non - contribution. Active Learning in Higher Education, 14(1), 37 - 49. Harley, B. (2001). Team membership and the experience of work in Britain: An analysis of the WERS’98 data. Work, Employment & Society, 15(4),721 - 742. Hart, J., Karau, S., Stasson, M. & Kerr, N. (2004). Achievement motivation, expected co -worker performance, and collective task motivation: Working hard or hardly working? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 984 - 1001. Hildreth, R. (2015). Strategies for leaders to counter social loafing through the use of organizational citizenship behavior: A literature review. The Compass, 1(2),91 - 13. Hindriks, J. & Pancs, R. (2001). Free riding on altruism and group size. Queen Mary University of London, [Online]. Working Paper No. 436, Retrieved July, 2010, from the World Wide Web: http://www.economics.qmul.ac.uk/Papers/docs/wp436.pdf Hinsz, V. (2015). Teams as technology: strengths, weaknesses, and trade- offs in cognitive task performance. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 21(5/6), 218 - 230. Hurley, E. A. & Allen, B. A. (2007). Asking the how questions: Quantifying group processes behaviors. The Journal of General Psychology, 134(1), 5 - 21. Jaikumar, S. & Mendonca, S. (2017). Groups and teams: a review of bad apple behaviour. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 23(5/6), 253 - 259.
Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies (ISSN: 2220 - 6140) Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 37 - 5 1, June 2018
50
Jones, K. (2013). Discouraging social loafing during team- based assessments. Teaching Innovation Projects, 3(1), 13 - 19. Judge, T. A. & Chandler, T. D. (1996). Individual-level determinants of employee shirking. Relations Industrieslles, 51, 468 - 486. Karau, S. J. & Williams, K. D. (2001). Understanding individual motivation in groups: The Collective Effort Model. In M.E. Turner (Ed.) 2001.Groups at work: Theory and research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp,113 - 141. Kerr, N. L. (1989). Illusions of efficacy: The effects of group size on perceived efficacy in social dilemmas. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 287 - 313. Kidwell, R. E. & Bennett, S. E. (1993). Employee propensity to withhold effort: A conceptual model to intersect three avenues of research. Academy of Management Review, 18(3), 429 - 456. Komorita, S. S., Parks, C. D. & Hulbert, L. G. (1992). Reciprocity and the induction of cooperation in social dilemmas. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 607 - 617. Kozlowski, S. W. J. & Ilgens, D. R. (2006). Enhancing the effectiveness of work groups and teams. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 7(3), 77 - 124. Latané, B., Williams, K. & Harkins, S. (1979). Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 822 - 832. Lencioni, P. (2005). Overcoming the five dysfunctions of a team: A field guide for leaders, managers, and facilitators (1 sted). San Francisco, CA: Jossey- Bass. Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Jaworski, R. A. & Bennett, N. (2004). Social loafing: A field investigation. Journal of Management, 30(2), 285 – 304 . Luthans, F. (2005). Organizational Behavior (10thed). New York, NY: McGraw- Hill, IRWIN. Marks, M. (2006). The science of team effectiveness. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 7(3) . McFarlin, D. B. & Sweeney, P. D. (2001). Cross - cultural applications of organizational justice. In R. Cropanzano (Ed.). Justice in the workplace: From theory to practice, Volume 2. Hillsdare, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 67 - 95. Meydan, C. H., Kahraman, C . A. & Basar, U. (2014). Social loafing and impression management in an organizational context. International Review of Management and Marketing, 4(3), 201 - 206. Meyer, B., Schermuly, C. C. & Kauffeld, S. (2015). That’s not my place: The interacting effects of fault lines, subgroup size, and social competence on social loafing behaviour in work groups. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2014.996554 Michaelsen, L. K., Fink, L. D. & Knight, A. (1997). Designing effective group activities: Lessons for classroom teaching and faculty development. In D. DeZure (Ed.) 1997. To improve the academy: Resources for faculty, instructional and organizational development.
Stillwater, OD: New Forums Press. Mullen, B. (1983). Operationalizing the effect of the group on the individual: A self- attention perspective. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 295 - 322. Mulvey, P. W. & Klein, H. J. (1998). The impact of perceived loafing and collective efficacy on group goal processes and group performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 74(1), 62 87. Murphy, S. M., Wayne, S. J., Liden, R. C. & Erdogan, B. (2003). Understanding social loafing: The role of justice perceptions and exchange relationships. Human Relations, 56(1), 61 - 84. Nilsen, T., Haugen, T., Reinboth, M., Peters, D. M. & Hoigaard, R. (2014). Explicitly prior knowledge of social loafing does not reduce social loafing in subsequent team cycle trial performance. Kinesiologia Slovenica, 20(2), 17 - 25. Okuda, K. & Inoue, M. (2002). Acquisition and generalization of discrimination between own and others’ knowledge situations for children and adult with autism. Japanese Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13, 51 - 62. Oodith, D. & Brijball Parumasur, S. (2012). The impact of sick building syndrome on call centre agents’ effectiveness. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 4(9), 532 - 547. Perron, B. E. (2011). Reducing social loafing in group -based projects. College Teaching, 59(4),163 - 164. Piezon, S. L. & Donaldson, R. L. (2005). Online groups and social loafing: Understanding student- group interactions. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, [Online], 8(4), Retrieved July, 2010, from the World Wide Web:http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/winter84/piezon84.htm.
Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies (ISSN: 2220 - 6140) Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 37 - 5 1, June 2018
51
Plaks, J. E. & Higgins, E. T. (2000). Pragmatic use of stereotyping in teamwork: Social loafing and compensation as a function of inferred partner- situation fit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 962 - 974. Prokofieva, M., Jackling, B. & Natoli, R. (2015). A tale of two cohorts: identifying differences in group work perceptions. Asian Review of Accounting, 23(1), 68 - 85. Rich, J. D., Owens, D., Johnson, S., Mines, D. & Capote, K. (2014). Some strategies for reducing social loafing in group projects. Global Journal of Human -Social Science: A Arts & Humanities – Psychology, 14(5), 1 - 4. Robbins, T. L. (1995). Social loafing on cognitive tasks: An examination of the “sucker effectâ€. Journal of Business and Psychology, Spring, 9(3), 337 - 342. Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. A., Odendaal, A. & Roodt, G. (2009). Organisational behaviour: Global and Southern African perspectives (2nded). Cape Town: Pearson Education South Africa. Saavendra, R., Earley, P. C. & Van Dyne, L. (1993). Complex interdependence in task-performing groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 61 - 72. Schippers, M. C. (2014). Social loafing tendencies and team performance: The compensating effect of agreeableness and conscientiousness. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 13(1), 62 - 81. Schnake, M. E. (1991). Equity in effort: the “sucker effect†in co - acting groups. Journal of Management, 17, 41 55. Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (5thed). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Simms, A. & Nichols, T. (2014). Social loafing: A review of the literature. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 15(1), 58 - 67. Soboroff, S. D. (2012). Group size and the trust, cohesion, and commitment of group members. PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) thesis, University of Iowa. Stark, E. M., Shaw, J. D. & Duffy, M. K. (2007). Preference for group work, winning orientation, and social loafing behavior in groups. Group and Organization Management, 32(6), 699 - 723. Tsaw, D., Murphy, S. & Detgen, J. (2011). Social loafing and culture: Does gender matter? International Review of Business Research Papers, 7(3), 1 - 8 . Tufail, M. S., Muneer, S. & Ishtiaq, M. (2016). Job Characteristics with Task and Contextual Performance: Moderating Role of Procedural Justice for Front Line Managers. Journal of Social Sciences, Special Issue, 299 - 508 Thompson, B. & Thornton, B. (2007). Exploring mental- state reasoning as a social -cognitive mechanism for social loafing in children. The Journal of Social Psychology, 147(2), 159 - 174. Ulke, H. E. & Bilgic, R. (2011). Investigating the role of the big five on the social loafing of information technology workers. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 19(3), 301 - 312. Valacich, J. S., Dennis, A. R. & Connolly, T. (1994). Idea generation in computer-based groups: A new ending to an old story. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 57, 448 - 467. Wageman, R. (1997). Critical success factors for creating superb self- managing teams. Organizational Dynamics, Summer, 55, 49 - 61. Weisband, S. P. (2002). Maintaining awareness in distributed team collaboration: Implications for leadership and performance. In P. Hinds & S. Kiesler (Eds.) 2002. Distributed Work. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
pp, 3 11 - 333. Ying, X., Li, H., Jiang, S., Peng, F. & Lin, Z. (2014). Group laziness: The effect of social loafing on group performance. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 42(3), 465 - 472.
Published
2018-07-19
How to Cite
Naicker, D., & Parumasur, S. B. (2018). The Prevalence and Magnitude of Social Loafing, and Biographical Influences, in a Team - Based Organizational Setting. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 10(3(J), 37-51. https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i3.2314
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Copyright (c) 2018 Dhashendra Naicker, Sanjana Brijball Parumasur
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