The Biographical and Human Resource Management Predictors of Union Membership Engagement of Low- and Middle-Income Workers
Keywords:
Biographical, human resource management, low and middle-income workers, South Africa, union membership
Abstract
In this study, the researcher investigated the biographical and human resource management (HRM) predictors of union membership. The literature reviewed revealed that there is little research on this topic in the South African context. The literature reviewed also showed that males, permanent employees, employees who are less committed, who have a level of quality of work-life (QWL) and engagement, and those who are satisfied are more likely to be unionized. A cross-sectional survey design was used to address the research questions. One thousand questionnaires were distributed and 874 were completed by the respondents at Marabastad Mall in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (CTMM) in South Africa. The study results showed that employment status was the highest predictor ( -1.782, p<0.05) of union membership, and gender and job satisfaction were not predictors of union members. This study had managerial implications, in the sense that when hiring employees on a part-time basis, having employees who are committed and offering employees QWL (i.e. excellent fringe benefits) will impact negatively on union membership. In terms of policymakers, the study revealed that developing remuneration policies that are pro-employee (i.e. offering excellent working conditions and fringe benefits) would make them satisfied, possibly be productive, and they would engage less in counterproductive industrial actions like strikes, which in South Africa are the amongst highest in the world.
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References
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Tufail, M. S., Muneer, S. & Ishtiaq, M. (2016). Job Characteristics with Task and Contextual Performance: Moderating Role of Procedural Justice for Front Line Managers. Journal of Social Sciences, Special Issue, 299-508 Turner, T., Cross, C. & O’Sullivan, M. (2014). Does Union Membership Benefit Immigrant Workers in ‘HardTimes’? Journal of Industrial Relations,56(5),611-630. Venter, R. & Levy, A. (2015). (Eds.). Labor Relations in South Africa (5th ed), Cape Town: Oxford University Press. Waddoups, C. J. (2014). Union Membership and Job-related Training: Incidence, Transferability, and Efficacy. British Journal of Industrial Relations,52(4), 753-778. Western, B. & Rosenfeld, J. (2011). Unions, Norms and the Rise of Union Inequality. American Sociological Review,76(4), 513-517.
Colley, L. (2017). Union Recognition and Union Security: Steps to the Left and Jumps to the Right in an Australian State. Journal of Management History, 23(1), 95-110. Compte, O. & Jehiel, P. (2010). Bargaining and Majority Rules. Journal of Political Economy, 118(2), 189-221. Drexler Jr., J. A. & Lawler III, E. D. (1977). A Union-management Cooperative Project to Improve Quality of Work-life. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science,13(3), 373. Du Plooy-Cilliers, F., Davis, C. & Bezuidenhout, R. (2014). (Eds.). Research Matters. Claremont: Juta. Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics (4th ed), London: Sage Publications. Fields, M. W. & Thacker, J. W. (1987). Union Involvement in Quality of Work-Life Efforts: A Longitudinal Investigation. Personnel Psychology, 40,99-111. Finnemore, M. (2009). Introduction to Labour Relations in South Africa (10th ed), Durban: LexisNexis. Finnemore, M. (2013). Introduction to Labour Relations in South Africa (11th ed), Durban: LexisNexis. Fitzenberger, B., Kohn, K. & Lembck, A. C. (2008). Union Density and Varieties of Coverage: The Anatomy of Union Wage Effects in Germany. London, United Kingdom: Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science. Flavin, P. & Shufeldt, G. (2016). Labor Union Membership and Life Satisfaction in the United States. Labor Studies Journal,41(2), 171-184. Freeman, R. B. (1978). Job Satisfaction as an Economic Variable. American Economic Review,62(8), 135-141. Garcia-Serrano, C. (2009). Job Satisfaction, Union Membership and Collective Bargaining. Journal of Industrial Relations, 29(1), 49-65. Godfrey, S., Maree, J., Du Toit, D. & Theron, J. (2014). Collective Bargaining in South Africa: Past, Present and Future. Claremont: Juta. Gollbach, J. & Schulten, T. (2000). Cross-border Collective Bargaining Networks in Europe. European Journal of Industrial Relations, 6(2), 161-179. Gordon, M. E. & Denisi, A. (1995). A Re-examination of the Relationship between Union Membership and Job Satisfaction. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 48(2), 222-236. Gumbrell-MacCormick, J. & Hyman, R. H. (2010). Managing Employee Relations (5th ed), London: Chartered Institution of Personnel and Development. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis. Harlow: Pearson. Hammer, T. H. & Avgar, A. (2005). The Impact of Unions on Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Turnover. Journal of Labour Relations, 26(2), 241-266. Hipp, R. K. & Givan, R. K. (2015). What do Unions do? A Cross National Re-examination of the Relationship between Unionization and Job Satisfaction. Social Forces, 94(1), 349-377. Holley, W. H., Field, H. S. & Crowley, J. C. (1981). Negotiating Quality of Work-life, Productivity and Traditional Issues: Union Members’ Preferred Roles of their Members. Personnel Psychology,34, 309-328. Hosmer, D. V., Lemeshow, S. & Sturdivant, R. X. (2013). Applied Logistic Regression (3rded), New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Khan, L. M. (2000). Inequality, Collective Bargaining, and Relative Employment from 1985 to 1994: Evidence from Fifteen OECD Countries. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 82(4), 564-579. Kim, C. (2014). Employee Determinants of Employee State Union of Union Density in the United States. International Journal of Public Sector Management,27(1), 53-65. Kleinbaum, D. G. & Klein, M. (2010). Logistic Regression: A Self-Learning Text. New York: Springer. Laroche, P. (2016). A Meta-analysis of the Union-job Satisfaction Relationship. British Journal of Labor Relations, 54(4), 709-741. Maiorescu, R. D. (2016). Using Online Platform to Engage Employees’ Unionism: The Case of IBM.Public Relations Review, 1-6. Maleka, M. J. (2012). An In-depth Investigation of the Factors Contributing to Employee Dissatisfaction at the Business Application Solution Centre (BASC), Eskom. (Doctorate thesis.) Pretoria: University of South Africa (UNISA). Maleka, M. J., Schultz, C., Van Hoek, L., Dachapalli, L. & Ragadu, S. (2017). Measuring Employee Engagement of Low-income Workers either Working or Visiting Marabastad Mall in the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 9(6),74-82. Markey, R. & Townsend, K. (2013). Contemporary Trends in Employee Involvement and Participation. Journal of Industrial Relations, 55(4), 475-487. Mason, B. & Bain, P. (1993). The Determinants of Trade Union Membership: A Survey of the Literature. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 42(2), 332-351.
Maree, K. (2007). First Steps in Research. Pretoria: Van Schaik. Meyer, J. P. & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the Workplace. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Mmolaeng, M. & Bussin, M. (2012). Drivers of Public Wage Demandsand Union Demands in a Lowrecessionary Environment in South Africa. South African Labour Relations Journal, 36(1), 69-85. Morh, P., Yu, D. & Mollentze, S. (2016). Economic Indicators (5th ed), Hatfield: Van Schaik Publishers. Muneer, S., Iqbal, S. M. J., Khan, S. U. & Long, C. S. (2014). An Incorporated Structure of Perceived Organizational Support, Knowledge-Sharing Behavior, Organizational Trust and Organizational Commitment: A Strategic Knowledge Management Approach. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 8(1), 42- 57 Nel, P. S., Kirsten, M., Swanepoel, B. J., Erasmus, B. J. & Jordaan, B. (2016). South African Employment Relations: Theory and Practice (16th ed), Pretoria: Van Schaik Publishers. Nienaber, H. & Martins, N. (2016). (Eds.).Employee Engagement in a South AfricanContext. Randburg: K.R. Publishing. Neuman, W. L. (2014). Basics of Social Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (3rd ed.), Harlow: Pearson. Newton, L. A. & Shore, L.M. (1992). A Model for Union Membership: Instrumentality, Commitment and Opposition. Academy of Management Review, 17(2), 275-298. Nthani, G. (2017). Daybreak Farms Employee Perceptions of the Benefits of Trade Union Membership. (Master’s thesis.) Pretoria: Tshwane University of Technology. Ntuli, M. & Kwenda, P. (2014). LabourUnions and Wage Inequality among African Men in South Africa. Development Southern Africa, 31(2),322-346. Oliver, D. (2010). Union Membership among Young Graduate Workers in Australia: Using the Experience Good Model to Explain the Role of Student Employment. Industrial Relations Journal, 41(5), 505-519. Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step-by-step Guide to Data Analysis using IBM SPSS (6th ed), Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin. Sarkar, S. (2012). Determinants of Employees’ Attitude toward Union Membership. Journal of World Business, 47, 240-250. Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V.& Bakker, A. B. (2002). The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout: A Two-sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 7192. Seibert, S. E., Wang, G. & Courtright, S. H. (2011). Antecedents and Consequences of Psychological and Team Empowerment in Organizations: A Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(5), 9811003. Slabbert, J. A., Parker, A. J. & Farrel, D. V. (2015). Employment Relations Management. Back to Basics: A South African Perspective. Durban: LexisNexis. Smith, N. W. H., De Beer, L. T. & Pienaar, J. (2016). Work Stressors, Job Insecurity, Union Support, Job Satisfaction andSafety Outcomes within the Iron Ore Mining Environment: Original Research. South African Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(1), 1-13. Spector, P. (1985). Measurement of Human Service Staff Satisfaction: Development of Job Satisfaction Survey. American Journal of Community Psychology,13, 693-713. Statistics South Africa (Stats SA). (2014). Quarterly Labour Force Survey. Available at: http://beta2.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0211/P02111stQuarter2014.pdf. Stephens, R. D., Dawley, D. D. & Stephens, D. B. (2004). Commitment on the Board: A Model of Volunteer Directors' Levels of Organization. Journal of Managerial Issues, 16(4), 483-504. Struwig, F. W. & Stead, G. B. (2013). Research: Planning, Designing and Reporting (2nd ed), Cape Town: Pearson. Sullivan, R. (2010). Labor Market and Labor Movement? The Union Density Bias as a Barrier to LabourRenewal. Work, Employment and Society, 24(1), 145-156. Timossi, L. D., Pedroso, B., De Fransico, A. C. & Pilatti, L. A. (2008). Evaluation of Quality of Work Life: An Adaptation from the Walton’s QWL Model. Paper presented at the XIV International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (ICIEOM). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 13-16 October 2008. Tshwane Research Unit. (2013). City of Tshwane General and Regional Overview. Available at: http://www.parliament.gov.za/content/Tshwane_General_and_Regions_Report_2013.pdf.
Tufail, M. S., Muneer, S. & Ishtiaq, M. (2016). Job Characteristics with Task and Contextual Performance: Moderating Role of Procedural Justice for Front Line Managers. Journal of Social Sciences, Special Issue, 299-508 Turner, T., Cross, C. & O’Sullivan, M. (2014). Does Union Membership Benefit Immigrant Workers in ‘HardTimes’? Journal of Industrial Relations,56(5),611-630. Venter, R. & Levy, A. (2015). (Eds.). Labor Relations in South Africa (5th ed), Cape Town: Oxford University Press. Waddoups, C. J. (2014). Union Membership and Job-related Training: Incidence, Transferability, and Efficacy. British Journal of Industrial Relations,52(4), 753-778. Western, B. & Rosenfeld, J. (2011). Unions, Norms and the Rise of Union Inequality. American Sociological Review,76(4), 513-517.
Published
2018-03-15
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Maleka, M. J. (2018). The Biographical and Human Resource Management Predictors of Union Membership Engagement of Low- and Middle-Income Workers. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 10(1(J), 207-216. https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i1(J).2103
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