The Endogeneity Effects of Conservation Agriculture Adoption on Smallholder Farmers' Food Security Status in Osun State, Nigeria

  • Olawuyi Seyi Olalekan Department of Agricultural Economics and Extention, University of Fort Hare, Eastern Cape
  • Balogun Taofeek Ayodeji Cooperative Information Network, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i5(J).1916
Keywords: Endogeneity, conservation agriculture, food security, double hurdle model, 2-SLS

Abstract

Goal two of the Sustainable Development Goals stipulates that, individuals at all strata are food secure. This is a major social problem with far reaching economic and development consequences. Growing population has exacerbated the pressure on land base agriculture to supply energy requirements, and traditional agricultural practices have complicated the topical issue. Thus, efforts to simultaneously improve agricultural productivity and keep the system sustainable calls for appropriate sustainable agricultural practice such as conservation agriculture. This study investigates the links between CA adoption and household food security in Nigeria. Two hundred and twenty-one respondents in the study area were sampled. Multisampling technique was used to select the required sample and a questionnaire was administered. Descriptive statistics result revealed farmers’ and farm-based characteristics while food security index divulged the food security status of the respondents. The Double hurdle model was employed to investigate factors driving the adoption of CA and extent of adoption while two-stage least square (2SLS) estimated bi-causal links between CA adoption and food security status. The age of respondents, gender, education, access to credit, farm size cultivated and access to extension services contributed significantly to the adoption of CA and so to the extent of adoption. The two-stage least square confirms the exogeneity of CA adoption with food security status. By implication, the adoption of CA practices in Nigeria is a viable option to increase food production and by extension to attain sustainable food security status.  

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Adepoju, A. A. & Salman, K. K. (2011). Social Capital and Urban Household Welfare in Eti-osa Local Government Area, Ikoyi, Lagos State, Nigeria. Science Focus, 16(2), 126-132. Adepoju, A. A. (2013). Effect of Social Capital on Rural Household Welfare in South-western Nigeria. Unpublished PhD Thesis Submitted to the Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Affholder, F., Jourdain, D., Quang, D. D., Tuong, T. P., Morize, M. & Ricome, A. (2009). Constraints to farmers’ adoption of direct-seeding mulch-based cropping systems: A farm scale modeling approach applied to the mountainous slopes of Vietnam. Agricultural Systems, 103, 51–62. African Conservation Tillage (ACT). (2005). Conservation Agriculture Principles. Borrowdale, Harare, Zimbabwe. African Conservation Tillage (ACT). (2008). Linking Production, Livelihoods and Conservation. Proceedings of the Third World Congress on Conservation Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya. Aina, P. O. (2011). Conservation Tillage for Sustainable Agricultural Productivity. Soil Tillage Res, 20, 165 186. Ajani, S. R., Adebukola, B. C. & Oyindamola, Y. B. (2006). Measuring household food insecurity in selected Local Government Areas of Lagos and Ibadan, Nigeria. Pak. J. Nutr, 5, 62-67. Aliber, M. (2009). Exploring Statistics South Africa’s national household surveys as sources of information about food security and subsistence agriculture. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council. Arene, C. J. & Anyaeji, R. C. (2010). Determinants of food security among households in Nsukka Metropolis of Enugu State, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 30(1), 9–16. Ashley, R. A. & Parmeter, C. F. (2015). When is it justifiable to ignore explanatory variable endogeneity in a regression model? Babatunde, E. & Setiloane, K. (2006). Mobilizing Social Capital for Food Security and Poverty Reduction to overcome Religious and Ethnic Hostility: A Preliminary Community based Approach. Published by the Forum on Public Policy: 8. Bolliger, A., Magid, J., Amado, T. J. C., Neto, F. S., Ribeiro, M. F. S., Calegari, A., Ralisch, R. & De Neergaard, A. (2006). Taking stock of the Brazilian ‘zero-till revolution’: A review of landmark research and farmers’ practice. Advances in Agronomy, 91, 47-110. Cook, J. T. & Frank, D. A. (2008). Food security, poverty, and human development in the United States. Ann NY Acad Sci., 1136(1), 193–209. Cragg, T. C. (1971). Some Statistical Models for Limited Dependent Variables with Application to the Demand for Durable Goods. Econometrica, 39, 829-844 Derpsch, R. & Friedrich, T. (2009). Global Overview of Conservation Agriculture Adoption. In Indian Council of Agricultural Research (Eds). Proceedings of the Fourth World Congress on Conservation Agriculture, 4–7 February, New Delhi, India, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, 429–438. Erenstein, O. (2003). Smallholder conservation farming in the tropics and sub-tropics: A guide to the development and dissemination of mulching with crop residues and cover crops. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 100, 17–37. FAO, WFP, IFAD, (2012). The state of food insecurity in the World. In: Economic growth is necessary but not sufficient to accelerate reduction of hunger and malnutrition. Rome: FAO 2012. Google Scholar Farooq, S. & Azam, F. (2002). Food security in the new millennium-1: The role of agricultural biodiversity. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 5, 1345-1351. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2008). Investing in Sustainable Agricultural Intensification: The role of Conservation Agriculture (A Framework for Action). The United Nations, Rome, Italy. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2011). The Economics of Conservation Agriculture. Rome, Italy. Giller, K. E., Witter, E., Corbeels, M. & Tittonell, P. (2009). Conservation agriculture and smallholder farming in Africa: ‘The heretics’ view’. Field Crops Research, 114(1), 23–34. He, S., Fletcher, S., Chinnan, M. S. & Shi, Z. (2009). Factors Affecting School Students’ Consumption of Peanut Butter Sandwiches. Journal of Food Distribution Research, 35(1), 113. Humphreys, B. R. (2013). Dealing with Zeros in Economic Data. Department of Economics, University of Alberta, Canada. April 4, 2013, 10-15. Kassam, A., Friedrich, T. Shaxson, F. & Pretty, J. (2009). The spread of conservation agriculture: justification, sustainability and uptake. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 7, 292-320.
Kassam, A., Friedrich, T., Derpsch, R. & Kienzle, J. (2015). Overview of the worldwide spread of Conservation Agriculture. The Journal of Field Actions (Field Actions Science Reports), 8. URL: http://factsreports.revues.org/3966 Kuku, O. & Liverpool, L.S. (2010). Food Insecurity, Family Structure and Agricultural Productivity: The role of Social Capital in Nigeria. A selected presented at the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, AAEA, CAES and WAEA Joint Annual Meeting, July 25-27, Denver, Colorado, USA. Langyintuo, A. S. (2005). Maize Production Systems in Malawi: Setting indicators for impact assessment and targeting. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center. CIMMYT, Harare. Low External Input and Sustainable Agriculture (LEISA). (2009). Magazine on Low External Input and Sustainable Agriculture. Women Food Sovereignty, 25, 5-7. Mazvimavi, K., Ndlovu, P. V., Nyathi, P. & Minde, J. I. (2010). Conservation Agriculture Practices and Adoption by Smallholder Farmers in Zimbabwe. Poster presented at the Joint 3rd African Association of Agricultural Economists (AAAE) and 48th Agricultural Economists Association of South Africa (AEASA) Conference, September 19-23, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa. Ojo, E. O. & Adebayo, P. F. (2012). Food Security in Nigeria: An Overview. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 1(2), 199-222. Olagunju, F. I., Oke, J. T. O., Babatunde, R. O. & Ajiboye, A. (2012). Determinants of Food Insecurity in Ogbomoso Metropolis of Oyo State, Nigeria. Production Agriculture and Technology, 8(1), 111-124 Olwande, J. & Mathenge, M. (2012). Market Participation among Poor Rural Households in Kenya. Being a paper prepared for presentation at the International Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE) Triennial Conference, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil; August 18-24, 2012. Omonona, B. T. & Agoi, G. A. (2007). An Analysis of Food Security Situation among Nigerian Urban Households: Evidence from Lagos State, Nigeria. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 8(3), 397- 406. Omotesho, O. A. & Muhammad-Lawal, A. (2010). Optimal food plan for rural households’ food security in Kwara State, Nigeria: The goal programming approach. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Sustainable Development, 2(1), 007-014. Romer-Lovendal, C. & Knowles, M. (2006). Tomorrow’s hunger: a framework for analyzing vulnerability to food security. WIDER Research Paper 2006/119. Helsinki: United Nations University-World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER): 65 Roslan, A., Nor-Azam, A. & Russayani, I. (2010). Does Social Capital Reduce Poverty? A Case Study of Rural Households in Terengganu, Malaysia. European Journal of Social Sciences, 14(4), 556-566. Shetto, R. & Owenya, M. (2007). Conservation agriculture as practiced in Tanzania: Three case studies. Nairobi. African Conservation Tillage Network, Centre de Cooperation International de Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Shrestha, A. & Clements, D.R. (2003). Emerging trends in cropping systems. Research Journal of Crop Prod., 8, 1-32. Stock, J., Wright, J. & Yogo, M. (2002). A survey of weak instruments and weak identification in Generalized Method of Moments. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 20(4), 518–29. Talukder, M. (2012). Factors affecting the adoption of technological innovation by individual employees: An Australian study. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 40, 52-57. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). (2015). Sustainable development knowledge platform.
Published
2017-10-20
How to Cite
Olalekan, O. S., & Ayodeji, B. T. (2017). The Endogeneity Effects of Conservation Agriculture Adoption on Smallholder Farmers’ Food Security Status in Osun State, Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 9(5(J), 144-156. https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i5(J).1916
Issue
Vol 9 No 5(J) (2017)
Section
Research Paper

Copyright (c) 2017 Olawuyi Seyi Olalekan, Balogun Taofeek Ayodeji

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Author (s) should affirm that the material has not been published previously. It has not been submitted and it is not under consideration by any other journal. At the same time author (s) need to execute a publication permission agreement to assume the responsibility of the submitted content and any omissions and errors therein. After submission of a revised paper in the light of suggestions of the reviewers, editorial team edits and formats manuscripts to bring uniformity and standardization in published material.

This work will be licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) and under condition of the license, users are free to read, copy, remix, transform, redistribute, download, print, search or link to the full texts of articles and even build upon their work as long as they credit the author for the original work. Moreover, as per journal policy author (s) hold and retain copyrights without any restrictions.