Antecedents of Employee Intention to Stay: A Study of Employees in Zimbabwean SMEs
Keywords:
Equity theory, SMEs, Organisational citizenship behaviour, Employee perception of equity, Organisational commitment
Abstract
Most research conducted on the influence of employee perception of equity (EPE), organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB), organisational commitment (OC) and turnover intention (ITS) has been on large organisations and little attention has been paid to SMEs. Studies on EPE and OCB have not filtered down to SMEs in developing countries. The primary objective of the study is to investigate the influence of OCB, EPE and OC on ITS in Zimbabwe’s SME sector. It also sought to ascertain the kind of relationships between OCB and OC, EPE with OC, OCB with ITS, EPE with ITS and finally OC with ITS. Structured questionnaires were distributed to SMEs in five major cities. A quantitative method using Smart PLS was employed to test the relationships among the three hypotheses. The results showed that there is a positive relationship between the three proposed hypotheses. Based on the findings, recommendations will be made to both the government policy makers and SME owners. The proposed study is expected to have practical and theoretical implications to both the policy makers in the government and the owners of small businesses in Zimbabwe. In addition, it will provide added insights and new knowledge to the existing body of literature on human resource management, hitherto not studied extensively in developing countries of Southern Africa and Zimbabwe in particular.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Abrams, D., Hogg, M. A., Hinkle, S. & Otten, S. (2005). The social identity perspective on small groups. In Poole M.S. & Hollingshead A.B., eds. Theories of small groups: interdisciplinary perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. pp. 99-137 Allen, N. J. & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organisation. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18. Almar, M. W. (2005). Equity sensitivity and negotiation behaviors: a look at Mexican exporters. Academy of Management Journal, 4(3), 1-16. Anderson, J. C. & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modelling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423. Andrews, M. C., Witt, L. A. & Kacmar, K. M. (2003). The interactive effects of organisational politics and exchange ideology on manager ratings of retention. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62(2), 357-369. Ashforth, B. E. & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organisation. Academy of Management Review, 14, 20-39. Balsam, S. & Miharjo, S. (2007). The effect of equity compensation on voluntary executive turnover. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 43, 95-119. Bateman, T. S. & Organ, D. W. (1983). Job satisfaction and the good soldier: the relationship between affect and employee ‘citizenship. Academy of Management Journal, 26, 587-595. Becker, T. E. (1992). Foci and bases of commitment: Are they distinctions worth making? Academy of Management Journal, 35, 232-244. Biggs, T. & Shah, M. K. (2006). African SMEs, networks and manufacturing performance. Journal of Banking and Finance, 30(11), 3043-3066. Blunch, N. J. (2008). Introduction to structural equation modeling using SPSS and AMOS. Singapore: McGrawHill. Bolino, M. C. & Turnley, W. H. (2005). The personal costs of citizenship behavior: the relationship between individual initiative and role overload, job stress, and work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 740-748. Brown, J. (2000). Employee turnover costs billions annually. IT Training & Careers. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary 0286-28703700 ITM. Bryman, A. & Bell, E. (2007). Business Research Methods. 2nd ed. Oxford: University Press. Cardy, R. L., Miller, J. S. & Ellis, A. D. (2007). Employee equity: toward a person-based approach to HRM. Human Resource Management Review, 17, 140-151. Carson, D. & Gilmore, A. (2000). Marketing at the interface: Not “What†but “Howâ€. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 30(5), 122-133.
Carmon, A. F., Miller, A. N., Raile, A. N. W. & Roers, M. M. (2010). Fusing family and firm: employee perceptions of perceived homophily, organisational justice, organisational identification, and organisational commitment in family businesses. Family Business Strategy, 1, 210-223. Cater, B. & Zabkar, V. (2009). Antecedents and consequences of commitment in marketing research services: the client’s perspective. Industrial Marketing Management, 38(7), 785-797. Carmeli, A., Gilat, G. & Waldman, D.A. (2007). The role of perceived organisational performance in organisational identification, adjustment and job performance. Journal of Management Studies, 44, 972-992. Chiang, C. F. & Hsieh, T. S. (2011). The impacts of perceived organisational support and psychological empowerment on job performance: The mediating effects of OCB. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(1), 180-189. Cheney, G. (1983). Organisational identification as process and product: a field study. Unpublished master’s thesis. Indiana: Purdue University Press. Chinomona, R., Lin, J., Wang, M. & Cheng, J. (2010). Soft power and Desirable Relationship Outcomes in Zimbabwe Distribution Channels. Journal of African Business, 11(2), 182-200. Chinomona, R. & Pretorius, M. (2011). SME manufacturers cooperation and Dependency on major dealers. Expert power in Distribution Channels. South African Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 14(2), 170-187. Chinomona, R. (2012). The impact of organizational support on work spirituality, organizational citizenship behavior and job performance: The case of Zimbabwe’s small and medium enterprise (SME) sector. African Journal of Business Management, 6(36), 10003-10014. Chinomona, E. & Dhurup, M. (2016). The effects of organizational commitment and employee perceptions of equity on organizational citizenship behavior in Zimbabwean SMEs. South African Journal of Labor Relations, 40(20), 1-22. Chinomona, E. (2016). Organizational citizenship behavior and employee perception of equity on organizational commitment. Corporate Ownership and Control, 14(1), 230-240. Chinomona, E. & Dhurup, M. (2015). The role of organizational commitment in the organizational citizenship behavior and employee intention to stay relationship: The case of Zimbabwe. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 5(7), 47-58. Chipika, S. & Wilson, G. (2006). Enabling Technology learning among light engineering SMEs in Zimbabwe through networking. Journal of Technovation, 26(8), 969-979. Cho, S. & Johanson, M. M. (2008). Organisational citizenship behavior and employee performance: A moderating effect of work status in restaurant employees. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 32, 307-326. Cohen-Charash, Y. & Spector, P. E. (2001). The role of justice in organisations: A meta-analysis. Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 86, 278-324. Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O. & Ng, K. Y. (2001). Justice at the millennium: A metaanalytic review of 25 years of organisational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 425-445. Cropanzano, R., Howes, J. C., Grandey, A. A. & Toth, P. (1997). The relationship of organisational politics and support to work behaviors, attitudes and stress. Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 18,159-180. Currivan, D. B. (1999). The causal order of job satisfaction and OC in models of employee turnover. Human Resource Management Review, 9(4), 495-524. De Cremer, D., Van Dijke, M. H. & Mayer, D. (2010). Cooperating when “you†and “I†are treated fairly: The moderating role of leader prototypicality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 1121-1133. Dukerich, J. M., Kramer, R. & Parks, J. M. (1998). The dark side of organisational identification. In Whetton D.A. & Godfrey P.C. eds. Identity in organisations: building theory through conversations. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. pp. 245-256. Egan, M. T., Yang, B. & Barlett, R. K. (2004). The effect of organisational learning culture and job satisfaction on motivation to transfer learning and turnover intention. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 15(3), 90-117. Ferris, G. R., Adams, G., Kolodinsky, R. W., Hochwarter, W. A. & Ammeter, A. P. (2002). Peceptions of organisational politics: Theory and research indications. In Miller, Brian, K., Matthew, A. and Kolodinsky, R.W. 2008 (Eds). Perceptions of organisational politics: a meta-analysis of outcomes. (pp.209-222). Journal of Business Psychology, 22, 209-222.
Fields, D. (2002). Taking the Measure of Work: A Guide to Validated Scales for Organisational Research and Diagnosis. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Fishbein, M. & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research: London:Addison Wesley. Fraering, M. & Minor, M. S. (2006). Sense of Community: An Exploratory Study of US Consumers of Financial Services. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 24(5), 284-306. Gautam, T., Van Dick, R. & Wagner, U. (2004). Organisational identification and organisational commitment: Distinct aspects of two related concepts. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 7, 301-315. Ghapanchi, A. H. & Aurum, A. (2011). Antecedents to IT personnel’s intentions to leave: A systematic literature review. The Journal of Systems and Software, 84, 238-249. Gono, G. (2009). Zimbabwe’s Casino Economy. Extraordinary measures for extraordinary Challenges. Zimbabwe Publishing House, Harare. Greenberg, J. (2009). Everybody talks about organisational justice, but nobody does anything about it. Industrial and Organisational Psychology, 2, 181-195. Griffeth, R. W., Hom, P. W. & Gaertner, S. (2000). A meta–analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management, 26(3), 463-488. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L. & Black, W. C. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis 6th ed. London: Prentice-Hall. Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E. & Tatham, R. L. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. A Global Perspective 7thed. Prentice-Hall, London. Hogg, M. A. & Vaughn, G. M. (2002). Social Psychology. 3rd edition. London: Prentice Hall. Hogg, M. A., Abrams, D., Otten, S. & Hinkle, S. (2004). The social identity perspective: Intergroup relations, self-conception, and small groups. Small Group Research, 35, 246-276. Hom, P. W. & Griffeth, R. W. (1995). Employee Turnover. International Thompson Publishing. Ohio, USA. Hwamiridza, M. 2007. SME bourse remains a dream. [On-line]. Available at: http://www.herald.co.zw/inside.aspx?sectid=29835&cat=8. Date accessed 24/09/2007. Jain, A. K. & Cooper, C. L. (2012). Stress and OCBs in Indian business process outsourcing organisations. IIMB Management Review, 24, 155-163. Janssen, O. (2001). Fairness perceptions as a moderator in the curvilinear relationships between job demands and job performance and job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), 1039-1050. Jones, D. A. & Mcintosh, B. R. (2010). Organisational and occupational commitment in relation to bridge employment and retirement intentions. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 77, 290-303. Joseph, D., Kok-Yee, N., Koh, C. & Ang, S. (2007). Turnover of information technology professionals: a narrative review, meta-analytic structural equation modeling and model development. MIS Quarterly, 31(3), 547-577. Jung, H. S. & Yoon, H. H. (2012). The effects of emotional intelligence on counterproductive work behaviours and organisational citizen behaviors among food and beverage employees in a deluxe hotel. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(2), 369-378. Kanopaske, R. & Werner, S. (2002). Equity in non-North American contexts: adapting equity theory to the new global business environment. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 405-418. Kapoor, K., Mugwara, D. & Chidavaenzi, I. (1997). Empowering Small Enterprises in Zimbabwe. World Bank Discussion Paper No, 379. Washington, D.C: The International Bank for Reconstruction. Kinicki, A. & Kreitner, R. (2008). Organisational Behaviour. Key concepts, skills and best practices. McGraw Hill, New York. Kotabe, M., Dubinsky, A. & Chae, U. L. (1992). Perceptions of organisational fairness: A cross national perspective. International Marketing Review, 9(2), 41-59. Kwon, S. Y. & Jang, S. C. (2012). Effects of compensation for service recovery: From the equity theory perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31, 1235-1243. Laschinger, H. K. S., Shamian, J. & Thomson, D. (2001). Impact of magnet hospital characteristics on nurses' perceptions of trust, burnout, quality of care and work satisfaction. Nursing Economics, 19, 209-219. Lemons, M. A. & Jones, A. (2001). Procedural justice in promotional decisions. Using perceptions of fairness to build employee commitment. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 16(4), 268-281. Li, J., Xin, K. & Pillutla, M. (2002). Multi-cultural leadership teams and organisational identification in international joint ventures. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13, 320-337.
Machipisa, L. (1998). Developing the Focused Entrepreneur. [On-line]. Available at: http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:UiMJ1N2HYJ.www.ipsnews.net/domainlogin.Date accessed 6/04/2006. Mael, F. & Ashforth, B. E. (1992). Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organisational identification. Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 13, 103-123. McKnight, D. H., Phillips, B. & Hardgrave, B. C. (2008). Which reduces IT turnover intention the most workplace characteristics or job characteristics? Information & Management, 46(3), 167-174. Meyer, J. P. & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Meyer, J. P. & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organisational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61-68. Meyer, J. P. & Herscovitch, L. (2001). Commitment in the workplace: toward a general model. Human Resource Management Review, 11, 299-326. Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L. & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organisation: a meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 61, 20-52. Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A. J. & Ferguson J. (2003). Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: an exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organisational Management, 16, 426-447. Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprise Development in Zimbabwe. (2002). Small, Micro and Medium Enterprises (SMMEs). The Engine for Growth. Republic of Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe Publishing House. Morrow, P. C., Macelroy, J. C. & Scheibe, K. V. (2012). Influencing organisational commitment through office redesign. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 81, 99-111. Mitchell, T. R., Holtom, B. H., Lee, T. W., Sablynski, C. J. & Erez, M. (2001). Why People Stay: Using Job Embeddedness to Predict Voluntary Turnover. The Academy of Management Journal, 44(6), 11021121. Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W. & Steers, R. M. (1979). The measurement of organisational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 224-227. Moxley, R. (2000). Leadership Spirit. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Mustapha, N., Ahamad, A., Uli, J. & Idris, M. (2010). Job characteristics as antecedents of intention to stay and mediating effects of work family facilitation and family satisfaction among single mothers in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 1(3), 59-74. N’Goala, G. (2007). Customer Switching Resistance (CSR); The effects of perceived equity, trust and relationship commitment. International Journal of Service Industry, 18(5), 510-524. Nicklin, J. M., Greenbaum, R., Mcnall, L. A., Folger, R. & Williams, K. J. (2011). The importance of contextual variables when judging fairness: an examination of counter factual thoughts and fairness theory. Organisational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 11(2), 127-141. Nunnally, J. C. (1998). Psychometric Theory. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Nyoni, S. (2002). Small, Micro & Medium Enterprises (SMMEs). Policy & Strategy Framework. Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House. Organ, D. W. (1988). Organisational citizenship behavior: the good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. Organ, D. W. (1990). The motivational basis of organisational citizenship behavior. In Staw, B.M. & Cummings L.L., eds. Research in Organisational Behaviour. 12th ed. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. pp. 43-72. Park, J., Ellis, G. D., Kim, S. S. & Prideaux, B. (2010). An investigation of perceptions of social equity and price acceptability judgments for campers in the U.S. national forest. Tourism Management, 31, 202-212. Podsakoff, P. M., Ahearne, M. & Mackenzie, S. B. (1997). Organisational citizenship behavior and the quantity and quality of work group performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 262-270. Podsakoff, N. P., Whiting, S. W., Podsakoff, P. M. & Blume, B. D. (2009). Individual- and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 122-141. Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T. & Boulian, P. V. (1974). Organisational commitment, job satisfaction and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 603-609. Powell, D. M. & Meyer, J. P. (2004). Side-Bet theory and three-component model of OC. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 65, 157-177.
Pratt, M. G. (1998). To be or not to be? Central questions in organisational identification. In Whetton, D.A. & Godfrey, P.C., eds. Identity in Organizations: Building Theory Through Conversations. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. pp. 171-207. Price, J. L. (2001). Reflections on the determinants of voluntary turnover. International Journal of Manpower, 22(7), 600-624. Ranida, B. (2005). Perceptions of organisational politics and cooperation as moderators of the relationship between job strains and intent to turnover. Journal of Managerial Issues, 1(1), 1-30. Ravichandran, S. & Gilmore, S. A. (2007). Formation of OCBs in students employed in university Dinging services: impact of manager and co-worker behaviors. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 10(2), 19-50. Razali, M. Z. (2004). Perception of professional engineers towards quality of work life and organisational commitment. Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 6(3), 465-476. Rego, A., Ribeiro, N., Cunha, M. P. & Jesuino, J. C. (2011). How happiness mediates the organisational virtuousness and affective commitment relationship. Journal of Business Research, 64, 524-532. Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R. & Armeli, S. (2001). Affective commitment to the organisation: The contribution of perceived organisational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 825-836. Robbins, S. P. & Judge, T. (2011). Organisational Behavior 14th ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Rosen, C. C., Chang, C. H., Johnson, R. E. & Levy, P. E. (2009). Perceptions of the organisational context and psychological contract breach: Assessing competing perspectives. Organisational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 108(2), 202-217. Rubin, R. S., Bommer, W. H. & Bachrach, G. G. (2010). Operant leadership and employee citizenship: A question of trust? The Leadership Quarterly, 21, 400-408. Ruyter, K. L., Moorman, J. & Lemmink, J. (2001). Antecedents of Commitment and Trust in Customer-Supplier Relationships in High Technology Markets. Industrial Marketing Management, 30(3), 271-286. Scott, C. R. (2007). Communication and Social Identity Theory: Existing and potential connections in organisational identification research. Communication Studies, 58, 123-138. Shelley, P. (2001). Teachers’ perceptions of gender equity in writing assessment. English Quarterly, 33(1), 2233. Sieger, P., Bernhard, F. & Frey, U. (2011), Affective commitment and job satisfaction among non-family employees: Investigating the roles of justice perceptions and psychological ownership. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 2, 78-89. Sin, L. Y. M., Tse, A. C. B., Heung, V. C. S. & Yim, F. H. K. (2005). An analysis of the Relationship between market orientation and business performance in the hotel industry. Hospitality Management, 24, 555-577. Small Enterprise Development Corporation (SEDCO) of Zimbabwe. (2004). National Economic Consultative Forum. Report on the Policy Implementation Workshop For SMEs 25-27 October 2004. Solinger, O. N., Olffen, W. V. & Roe, R. A. (2008). Beyond the three component model of organisational commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 70-83. Stamper, C. L. & Van Dyne L. (2003). Organisational citizenship: A comparison between part-time and fulltime service employees. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 44, 33-42. Steinbeis, N. & Singer, T. (2013). The effects of social comparison on social emotions and – behavior during childhood: The ontogeny of envy and Schadenfreude predicts developmental changes in equityrelated decisions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2012.11.009. Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In Austin W.G. & Worschel, S., Eds. The social psychology of intergroup relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole. pp. 33-47. Terry, D., Hogg, M. & White, K. (1999). The theory of planned behaviour: Self-identity, social identity, and group norms. British Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 225-244. Thatcher, J. B., Stepina, L. P. & Boyle, R. J. (2003). Turnover of information technology workers: examining empirically the influence of attitudes, job characteristics, and external markets. Journal of Management Information Systems, 19(3), 231-261. Thatcher, J. B., Liu, Y., Stepina, L. P., Goodman, J. M. & Treadway, D. C. (2006). IT worker turnover: an empirical examination of intrinsic motivation. The Database for Advances in Information Systems, 37(2/3), 133146. Tufail, M. S., Muneer, S. & Ishtiaq, M. (2016). Job Characteristics with Task and Contextual Performance: Moderating Role of Procedural Justice for Front Line Managers. Journal of Social Sciences, Special Issue, 299-508
Ucho, A., Mkavga, T. & Onyishi, I. E. (2012). Job satisfaction, gender, tenure and turnover intentions among civil servants in Benue State. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(11), 378-387. Van Dick, R., Christ, O., Stellmacher, J., Wagner, U., Ahlswede, O. & Grubba, C. (2004). Should I stay or should I go? Explaining turnover intentions with organisational identification and job satisfaction. British Journal of Management, 15, 351-360. Van Dyne, L. & Lepine, J. A. (1998). Helping and voice extra-role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 108-119. Van Dijke, M., Cremer, D. D., Mayer, D. M. & Quaquebeke, N. Y. (2012). When procedural fairness promote OCB? Integrating empowering leadership types in relational justice models. Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision processes, 117, 235-248. Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M. & Liden, R. C. (1997). Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 82-111. Williams, L. J. & Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job Satisfaction and organisational commitment as predictors of organisational citizenship and in-role behaviours. Journal of Management, 17(3), 601-617. Yamaguchi, I. (2013). A Japan-US cross-cultural study of relationships among team autonomy, organisational social capital, job satisfaction, and OC. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37, 58-71. Yildrim, Y., Uzum, H. & Yildirim, I. (2012). An examination of physical education teachers in terms of their OCBs and organisational loyalty according to some demographic variables. Procedia-Social and behavioural Sciences, 47, 2146-2156. Yoon, M. H. & Suh, J. (2003). OCBs and service quality as external effectiveness of contact employees. Journal of Business Research, 56, 597-611.
Carmon, A. F., Miller, A. N., Raile, A. N. W. & Roers, M. M. (2010). Fusing family and firm: employee perceptions of perceived homophily, organisational justice, organisational identification, and organisational commitment in family businesses. Family Business Strategy, 1, 210-223. Cater, B. & Zabkar, V. (2009). Antecedents and consequences of commitment in marketing research services: the client’s perspective. Industrial Marketing Management, 38(7), 785-797. Carmeli, A., Gilat, G. & Waldman, D.A. (2007). The role of perceived organisational performance in organisational identification, adjustment and job performance. Journal of Management Studies, 44, 972-992. Chiang, C. F. & Hsieh, T. S. (2011). The impacts of perceived organisational support and psychological empowerment on job performance: The mediating effects of OCB. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(1), 180-189. Cheney, G. (1983). Organisational identification as process and product: a field study. Unpublished master’s thesis. Indiana: Purdue University Press. Chinomona, R., Lin, J., Wang, M. & Cheng, J. (2010). Soft power and Desirable Relationship Outcomes in Zimbabwe Distribution Channels. Journal of African Business, 11(2), 182-200. Chinomona, R. & Pretorius, M. (2011). SME manufacturers cooperation and Dependency on major dealers. Expert power in Distribution Channels. South African Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 14(2), 170-187. Chinomona, R. (2012). The impact of organizational support on work spirituality, organizational citizenship behavior and job performance: The case of Zimbabwe’s small and medium enterprise (SME) sector. African Journal of Business Management, 6(36), 10003-10014. Chinomona, E. & Dhurup, M. (2016). The effects of organizational commitment and employee perceptions of equity on organizational citizenship behavior in Zimbabwean SMEs. South African Journal of Labor Relations, 40(20), 1-22. Chinomona, E. (2016). Organizational citizenship behavior and employee perception of equity on organizational commitment. Corporate Ownership and Control, 14(1), 230-240. Chinomona, E. & Dhurup, M. (2015). The role of organizational commitment in the organizational citizenship behavior and employee intention to stay relationship: The case of Zimbabwe. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 5(7), 47-58. Chipika, S. & Wilson, G. (2006). Enabling Technology learning among light engineering SMEs in Zimbabwe through networking. Journal of Technovation, 26(8), 969-979. Cho, S. & Johanson, M. M. (2008). Organisational citizenship behavior and employee performance: A moderating effect of work status in restaurant employees. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 32, 307-326. Cohen-Charash, Y. & Spector, P. E. (2001). The role of justice in organisations: A meta-analysis. Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 86, 278-324. Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O. & Ng, K. Y. (2001). Justice at the millennium: A metaanalytic review of 25 years of organisational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 425-445. Cropanzano, R., Howes, J. C., Grandey, A. A. & Toth, P. (1997). The relationship of organisational politics and support to work behaviors, attitudes and stress. Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 18,159-180. Currivan, D. B. (1999). The causal order of job satisfaction and OC in models of employee turnover. Human Resource Management Review, 9(4), 495-524. De Cremer, D., Van Dijke, M. H. & Mayer, D. (2010). Cooperating when “you†and “I†are treated fairly: The moderating role of leader prototypicality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 1121-1133. Dukerich, J. M., Kramer, R. & Parks, J. M. (1998). The dark side of organisational identification. In Whetton D.A. & Godfrey P.C. eds. Identity in organisations: building theory through conversations. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. pp. 245-256. Egan, M. T., Yang, B. & Barlett, R. K. (2004). The effect of organisational learning culture and job satisfaction on motivation to transfer learning and turnover intention. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 15(3), 90-117. Ferris, G. R., Adams, G., Kolodinsky, R. W., Hochwarter, W. A. & Ammeter, A. P. (2002). Peceptions of organisational politics: Theory and research indications. In Miller, Brian, K., Matthew, A. and Kolodinsky, R.W. 2008 (Eds). Perceptions of organisational politics: a meta-analysis of outcomes. (pp.209-222). Journal of Business Psychology, 22, 209-222.
Fields, D. (2002). Taking the Measure of Work: A Guide to Validated Scales for Organisational Research and Diagnosis. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Fishbein, M. & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research: London:Addison Wesley. Fraering, M. & Minor, M. S. (2006). Sense of Community: An Exploratory Study of US Consumers of Financial Services. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 24(5), 284-306. Gautam, T., Van Dick, R. & Wagner, U. (2004). Organisational identification and organisational commitment: Distinct aspects of two related concepts. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 7, 301-315. Ghapanchi, A. H. & Aurum, A. (2011). Antecedents to IT personnel’s intentions to leave: A systematic literature review. The Journal of Systems and Software, 84, 238-249. Gono, G. (2009). Zimbabwe’s Casino Economy. Extraordinary measures for extraordinary Challenges. Zimbabwe Publishing House, Harare. Greenberg, J. (2009). Everybody talks about organisational justice, but nobody does anything about it. Industrial and Organisational Psychology, 2, 181-195. Griffeth, R. W., Hom, P. W. & Gaertner, S. (2000). A meta–analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management, 26(3), 463-488. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L. & Black, W. C. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis 6th ed. London: Prentice-Hall. Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E. & Tatham, R. L. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. A Global Perspective 7thed. Prentice-Hall, London. Hogg, M. A. & Vaughn, G. M. (2002). Social Psychology. 3rd edition. London: Prentice Hall. Hogg, M. A., Abrams, D., Otten, S. & Hinkle, S. (2004). The social identity perspective: Intergroup relations, self-conception, and small groups. Small Group Research, 35, 246-276. Hom, P. W. & Griffeth, R. W. (1995). Employee Turnover. International Thompson Publishing. Ohio, USA. Hwamiridza, M. 2007. SME bourse remains a dream. [On-line]. Available at: http://www.herald.co.zw/inside.aspx?sectid=29835&cat=8. Date accessed 24/09/2007. Jain, A. K. & Cooper, C. L. (2012). Stress and OCBs in Indian business process outsourcing organisations. IIMB Management Review, 24, 155-163. Janssen, O. (2001). Fairness perceptions as a moderator in the curvilinear relationships between job demands and job performance and job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), 1039-1050. Jones, D. A. & Mcintosh, B. R. (2010). Organisational and occupational commitment in relation to bridge employment and retirement intentions. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 77, 290-303. Joseph, D., Kok-Yee, N., Koh, C. & Ang, S. (2007). Turnover of information technology professionals: a narrative review, meta-analytic structural equation modeling and model development. MIS Quarterly, 31(3), 547-577. Jung, H. S. & Yoon, H. H. (2012). The effects of emotional intelligence on counterproductive work behaviours and organisational citizen behaviors among food and beverage employees in a deluxe hotel. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(2), 369-378. Kanopaske, R. & Werner, S. (2002). Equity in non-North American contexts: adapting equity theory to the new global business environment. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 405-418. Kapoor, K., Mugwara, D. & Chidavaenzi, I. (1997). Empowering Small Enterprises in Zimbabwe. World Bank Discussion Paper No, 379. Washington, D.C: The International Bank for Reconstruction. Kinicki, A. & Kreitner, R. (2008). Organisational Behaviour. Key concepts, skills and best practices. McGraw Hill, New York. Kotabe, M., Dubinsky, A. & Chae, U. L. (1992). Perceptions of organisational fairness: A cross national perspective. International Marketing Review, 9(2), 41-59. Kwon, S. Y. & Jang, S. C. (2012). Effects of compensation for service recovery: From the equity theory perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31, 1235-1243. Laschinger, H. K. S., Shamian, J. & Thomson, D. (2001). Impact of magnet hospital characteristics on nurses' perceptions of trust, burnout, quality of care and work satisfaction. Nursing Economics, 19, 209-219. Lemons, M. A. & Jones, A. (2001). Procedural justice in promotional decisions. Using perceptions of fairness to build employee commitment. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 16(4), 268-281. Li, J., Xin, K. & Pillutla, M. (2002). Multi-cultural leadership teams and organisational identification in international joint ventures. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13, 320-337.
Machipisa, L. (1998). Developing the Focused Entrepreneur. [On-line]. Available at: http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:UiMJ1N2HYJ.www.ipsnews.net/domainlogin.Date accessed 6/04/2006. Mael, F. & Ashforth, B. E. (1992). Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organisational identification. Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 13, 103-123. McKnight, D. H., Phillips, B. & Hardgrave, B. C. (2008). Which reduces IT turnover intention the most workplace characteristics or job characteristics? Information & Management, 46(3), 167-174. Meyer, J. P. & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Meyer, J. P. & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organisational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61-68. Meyer, J. P. & Herscovitch, L. (2001). Commitment in the workplace: toward a general model. Human Resource Management Review, 11, 299-326. Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L. & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organisation: a meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 61, 20-52. Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A. J. & Ferguson J. (2003). Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: an exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organisational Management, 16, 426-447. Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprise Development in Zimbabwe. (2002). Small, Micro and Medium Enterprises (SMMEs). The Engine for Growth. Republic of Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe Publishing House. Morrow, P. C., Macelroy, J. C. & Scheibe, K. V. (2012). Influencing organisational commitment through office redesign. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 81, 99-111. Mitchell, T. R., Holtom, B. H., Lee, T. W., Sablynski, C. J. & Erez, M. (2001). Why People Stay: Using Job Embeddedness to Predict Voluntary Turnover. The Academy of Management Journal, 44(6), 11021121. Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W. & Steers, R. M. (1979). The measurement of organisational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 224-227. Moxley, R. (2000). Leadership Spirit. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Mustapha, N., Ahamad, A., Uli, J. & Idris, M. (2010). Job characteristics as antecedents of intention to stay and mediating effects of work family facilitation and family satisfaction among single mothers in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 1(3), 59-74. N’Goala, G. (2007). Customer Switching Resistance (CSR); The effects of perceived equity, trust and relationship commitment. International Journal of Service Industry, 18(5), 510-524. Nicklin, J. M., Greenbaum, R., Mcnall, L. A., Folger, R. & Williams, K. J. (2011). The importance of contextual variables when judging fairness: an examination of counter factual thoughts and fairness theory. Organisational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 11(2), 127-141. Nunnally, J. C. (1998). Psychometric Theory. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Nyoni, S. (2002). Small, Micro & Medium Enterprises (SMMEs). Policy & Strategy Framework. Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House. Organ, D. W. (1988). Organisational citizenship behavior: the good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. Organ, D. W. (1990). The motivational basis of organisational citizenship behavior. In Staw, B.M. & Cummings L.L., eds. Research in Organisational Behaviour. 12th ed. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. pp. 43-72. Park, J., Ellis, G. D., Kim, S. S. & Prideaux, B. (2010). An investigation of perceptions of social equity and price acceptability judgments for campers in the U.S. national forest. Tourism Management, 31, 202-212. Podsakoff, P. M., Ahearne, M. & Mackenzie, S. B. (1997). Organisational citizenship behavior and the quantity and quality of work group performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 262-270. Podsakoff, N. P., Whiting, S. W., Podsakoff, P. M. & Blume, B. D. (2009). Individual- and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 122-141. Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T. & Boulian, P. V. (1974). Organisational commitment, job satisfaction and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 603-609. Powell, D. M. & Meyer, J. P. (2004). Side-Bet theory and three-component model of OC. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 65, 157-177.
Pratt, M. G. (1998). To be or not to be? Central questions in organisational identification. In Whetton, D.A. & Godfrey, P.C., eds. Identity in Organizations: Building Theory Through Conversations. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. pp. 171-207. Price, J. L. (2001). Reflections on the determinants of voluntary turnover. International Journal of Manpower, 22(7), 600-624. Ranida, B. (2005). Perceptions of organisational politics and cooperation as moderators of the relationship between job strains and intent to turnover. Journal of Managerial Issues, 1(1), 1-30. Ravichandran, S. & Gilmore, S. A. (2007). Formation of OCBs in students employed in university Dinging services: impact of manager and co-worker behaviors. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 10(2), 19-50. Razali, M. Z. (2004). Perception of professional engineers towards quality of work life and organisational commitment. Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 6(3), 465-476. Rego, A., Ribeiro, N., Cunha, M. P. & Jesuino, J. C. (2011). How happiness mediates the organisational virtuousness and affective commitment relationship. Journal of Business Research, 64, 524-532. Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R. & Armeli, S. (2001). Affective commitment to the organisation: The contribution of perceived organisational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 825-836. Robbins, S. P. & Judge, T. (2011). Organisational Behavior 14th ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Rosen, C. C., Chang, C. H., Johnson, R. E. & Levy, P. E. (2009). Perceptions of the organisational context and psychological contract breach: Assessing competing perspectives. Organisational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 108(2), 202-217. Rubin, R. S., Bommer, W. H. & Bachrach, G. G. (2010). Operant leadership and employee citizenship: A question of trust? The Leadership Quarterly, 21, 400-408. Ruyter, K. L., Moorman, J. & Lemmink, J. (2001). Antecedents of Commitment and Trust in Customer-Supplier Relationships in High Technology Markets. Industrial Marketing Management, 30(3), 271-286. Scott, C. R. (2007). Communication and Social Identity Theory: Existing and potential connections in organisational identification research. Communication Studies, 58, 123-138. Shelley, P. (2001). Teachers’ perceptions of gender equity in writing assessment. English Quarterly, 33(1), 2233. Sieger, P., Bernhard, F. & Frey, U. (2011), Affective commitment and job satisfaction among non-family employees: Investigating the roles of justice perceptions and psychological ownership. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 2, 78-89. Sin, L. Y. M., Tse, A. C. B., Heung, V. C. S. & Yim, F. H. K. (2005). An analysis of the Relationship between market orientation and business performance in the hotel industry. Hospitality Management, 24, 555-577. Small Enterprise Development Corporation (SEDCO) of Zimbabwe. (2004). National Economic Consultative Forum. Report on the Policy Implementation Workshop For SMEs 25-27 October 2004. Solinger, O. N., Olffen, W. V. & Roe, R. A. (2008). Beyond the three component model of organisational commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 70-83. Stamper, C. L. & Van Dyne L. (2003). Organisational citizenship: A comparison between part-time and fulltime service employees. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 44, 33-42. Steinbeis, N. & Singer, T. (2013). The effects of social comparison on social emotions and – behavior during childhood: The ontogeny of envy and Schadenfreude predicts developmental changes in equityrelated decisions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2012.11.009. Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In Austin W.G. & Worschel, S., Eds. The social psychology of intergroup relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole. pp. 33-47. Terry, D., Hogg, M. & White, K. (1999). The theory of planned behaviour: Self-identity, social identity, and group norms. British Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 225-244. Thatcher, J. B., Stepina, L. P. & Boyle, R. J. (2003). Turnover of information technology workers: examining empirically the influence of attitudes, job characteristics, and external markets. Journal of Management Information Systems, 19(3), 231-261. Thatcher, J. B., Liu, Y., Stepina, L. P., Goodman, J. M. & Treadway, D. C. (2006). IT worker turnover: an empirical examination of intrinsic motivation. The Database for Advances in Information Systems, 37(2/3), 133146. Tufail, M. S., Muneer, S. & Ishtiaq, M. (2016). Job Characteristics with Task and Contextual Performance: Moderating Role of Procedural Justice for Front Line Managers. Journal of Social Sciences, Special Issue, 299-508
Ucho, A., Mkavga, T. & Onyishi, I. E. (2012). Job satisfaction, gender, tenure and turnover intentions among civil servants in Benue State. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(11), 378-387. Van Dick, R., Christ, O., Stellmacher, J., Wagner, U., Ahlswede, O. & Grubba, C. (2004). Should I stay or should I go? Explaining turnover intentions with organisational identification and job satisfaction. British Journal of Management, 15, 351-360. Van Dyne, L. & Lepine, J. A. (1998). Helping and voice extra-role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 108-119. Van Dijke, M., Cremer, D. D., Mayer, D. M. & Quaquebeke, N. Y. (2012). When procedural fairness promote OCB? Integrating empowering leadership types in relational justice models. Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision processes, 117, 235-248. Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M. & Liden, R. C. (1997). Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 82-111. Williams, L. J. & Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job Satisfaction and organisational commitment as predictors of organisational citizenship and in-role behaviours. Journal of Management, 17(3), 601-617. Yamaguchi, I. (2013). A Japan-US cross-cultural study of relationships among team autonomy, organisational social capital, job satisfaction, and OC. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37, 58-71. Yildrim, Y., Uzum, H. & Yildirim, I. (2012). An examination of physical education teachers in terms of their OCBs and organisational loyalty according to some demographic variables. Procedia-Social and behavioural Sciences, 47, 2146-2156. Yoon, M. H. & Suh, J. (2003). OCBs and service quality as external effectiveness of contact employees. Journal of Business Research, 56, 597-611.
Published
2017-10-20
How to Cite
Chinomona, E. (2017). Antecedents of Employee Intention to Stay: A Study of Employees in Zimbabwean SMEs. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 9(5(J), 57-73. https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i5(J).1909
Issue
Section
Research Paper
Copyright (c) 2017 Elizabeth Chinomona
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Author (s) should affirm that the material has not been published previously. It has not been submitted and it is not under consideration by any other journal. At the same time author (s) need to execute a publication permission agreement to assume the responsibility of the submitted content and any omissions and errors therein. After submission of a revised paper in the light of suggestions of the reviewers, editorial team edits and formats manuscripts to bring uniformity and standardization in published material.
This work will be licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) and under condition of the license, users are free to read, copy, remix, transform, redistribute, download, print, search or link to the full texts of articles and even build upon their work as long as they credit the author for the original work. Moreover, as per journal policy author (s) hold and retain copyrights without any restrictions.
