The influence of Ghana's national culture on latent entrepreneurs: An application of Social Rule System Theory
Keywords:
Latent Entrepreneur, Culture, Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs)
Abstract
The impact of Ghana's national culture on its latent entrepreneurial activities are in frequently studied on - as compare to social, economic and financial influences. The current studyexamined the impact of Ghana's national culture on its latent entrepreneurs amongSmall and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) from the view point of Social Rule System theory. The study employeda simple random sampling technique ineliciting251 respondents from the Business city of Kumasi in Ghana.It employedStructural Equation Modelling statistical technique (SEM) using Amos software version 22 in analysing the data. The results showed that, masculine and high power distance cultures in Ghana have significant positive effects on peoples' intention to become entrepreneurs. High uncertainty avoidance and collective cultures had positive and insignificant effects on latent entrepreneurs. Thestudy presents significant contribution to the existing academic literature on national culture and latent entrepreneurial activities. Italso brings additional step towards a fundamental means of empowering people into SMEs in any developing country. Recommendationsare also providedfor useful suggestionstogovernment and policy makers in Africa towards the improvement of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises.
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References
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Acs, Z. J., Desai, S. & Klapper, L. (2008). What does entrepreneurship data really show? Small Business Economics, 31(3), 265â€281.
Ahomka, M, Y. (2014) Analysis of Entrepreneurship: How does Culture Influence Risk-Taking in SMEs inthe Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis, Ghana? American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 4 (2), February 2014
Anderson, J. C. & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological bulletin, 103(3), 411.
Ansah, O. M. (2015). Cultural Dimension In Marketing Managers' Decision Making: An Application Of Geert Hofstede Index For Ghana.European Journal of Research and Reflection in Management Sciences,3(2), 2015 ISSN 2056-5992.
Aryeetey, E. & Ahene, A. A. (2005). Changing regulatory environment for small-medium size enterprises and their performance in Ghana. Centre on regulation and competition working paper series, paper no.103.
Audretsch, D. B., Grilo, I. & Thurik, A. R. (2007). Explaining entrepreneurship and the role of policy: a framework. The handbook of research on entrepreneurship policy, 1-17.
Bhaskaran, S. & Gligorovska, E. (2009). Influence of national culture on trans-national alliance relationships. Cross Cultural Management.An International Journal, 16(1), 44-61.
Blanchflower, D. G. & Oswald, A. (2000). The rising well-being of the young. Youth employment and joblessness in advanced countries (pp. 289-328) University of Chicago Press.
Boohene, R., Sheridan, A. & Kotey, B. (2008). Gender, personal values, strategies and small business performance: A Ghanaian case study. Equal Opportunities International, 27(3), 237 257.
Breuer, W. R., Michael, S. & Astrid, J. (2011). Risk Aversion vs. Individualism: What Drives Risk Taking in Household Finance? Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1956777.
Brooks, B. (2008). The natural selection of organizational and safety culture within a small to medium sized enterprise (SME).Journal of Safety Research, 39, 73–85.
Buame, C. K. (2010). Five Years of Entrepreneurship Education Program at the University of Ghana. Looking Forward to Look Back.75-92.
Burns, T, R. & Dietz, T. (1992). Cultural Evolution: Social Rule Systems, Selection and Human Agency. International Sociology, 7(3), 259-283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026858092007003001 (Accessed on November, 2015)
Burns, T, R. & Flam, H. (1987). The Shaping of Social Organization: Social Rule System Theory with Applications. London: Sage Publications.
Busenitz, L. W. & Lau, C, M. (1996). A cross-cultural cognitive model of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 20(4), 25-39.
Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble, feminist theory, and psychoanalytic discourse. Feminism/postmodernism, 327.
Chigunta, F. J. (2002). Youth entrepreneurship: Meeting the key policy challenges (pp. 1-34). Education Development Center.
Christie, P. J., Kwon, I. W., Stoeberl, P. A. & Baumhart, R. (2003). A cross –cultural comparison of ethics attitudes of Business Managers: India, Korea and United States.www.proquest.umi.com (Retrieved on 12th November 2015)
Chui, A. C. W., Kwok, C. C. Y. & Zhou, G. S. (2016).National culture and the cost of debt. Journal of Banking & Finance,69, 1–19
Du Plessis, L. (2010). Customer relationship management and its influence on customer loyalty at Liberty Life in South Africa. University of Johannesburg.
Dzisi, S. (2010). Ghanaian Women and Entrepreneurship. Pent Vars Business Journal, 4(1). Jan – March, 2010 (Published by Pentecost University College).
Dzisi, S. (2014). Youth Entrepreneurship: Investigating Obstacles to Youth Enterprise Creation and Development. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management,2(7).
Esson, J. (2015). Escape to victory: Development, youth entrepreneurship and the migration of Ghanaian footballers. Geoforum, 64, 47-55.
Falco, P. & Haywood, L. (2016). Entrepreneurship versus joblessness: Explaining the rise in self-employment. Journal of Development Economics, 118, 245-265.
Fatoki, O. & Chindoga, L. (2011). An Investigation into the Obstacles to Youth Entrepreneurship in South Africa. International Business Research,4(2).
Flam, H. & Carson, M. (2008). Rule system Theory: Applications and Explorations. Berlin/New York: Peter Lang.
Fornell, C. &Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Gaskins, J. (2013). Confirmatory factor analysis. [Internet: http://statwiki.kolobkreations.com/wiki/ Confirmatory_Factor_Analysis. Downloaded 2015- 09 -20.
Geldhof, G., Preacher, K. &Zyphur, M. (2014). Reliability estimation in a multilevel confirmatory factor analysis framework. Psychological Methods, 19(1), 72-91.
Ghana statistical service. (2010). Children, Adolescents, Young People in Ghana. 2010. Population and Housing Census Report. Accra
Giordani, P. &Zamparelli, L. (2011). On robust asymmetric equilibria in asymmetric R&D-driven growth economies.Decisions in Economics and Finance, 34(1), 67-84.
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). (2004). Executive report, Babson College Babson Park, MA, USA/ LBS, London, UK.
Guiso, L., Paola, S.& Luigi, K. (2006). Does Culture Affect Economic Outcomes? Journal of Economic PerspectivesAEA, 20(2), 23-48.
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B.& Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: a global perspective. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Hayton, J. C., George, G. & Zahra, S. A. (2002). National culture and entrepreneurship: A review of behavioral research. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 26(4), 33-52.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills CA: Sage Publications.
Hofstede, G. (1991).Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, McGraw-Hill, Berkshire, England.
ILO. (2006). Stimulating Youth Entrepreneurship: Barriers and Incentives to Enterprise Start Ups by young People. SEED Working Paper No. 76.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's recent consequences: Using dimension scores in theory and research. International Journal of cross cultural management, 1(1), 11-17.
Klimas, P. (2016). Organizational culture and coopetition: An exploratory study of the features, models and role in the Polish Aviation Industry.Industrial Marketing Management, 53, 91–102.
Klotz, A. C., Hmieleski, K. M., Bradley, B. H. &Busenitz, L. W. (2014). New Venture Teams: A Review of the Literature and Roadmap for Future Research. Journal of Management, 40(1), 226-255.
Kreiser, P. M., Marino, L. D., Dickson, P.& Weaver, K. M. (2010). Cultural influences on entrepreneurial orientation: The impact of national culture on risk taking and proactiveness in SMEs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(5), 959-983.
Lee, S. M. & Peterson, S. J. (2001). Culture, entrepreneurial orientation, and global competitiveness. Journal of world business, 35(4), 401-416.
Licht, A. N., Chanan, G. & Shalom, H. S. (2005). Culture, Law, and Corporate Governance.International Review of Law and Economics, 25, 229-55.
Linán, F. & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and cross cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593-617.
López-Duartea, C., González-Loureirob, M., Vidal-Suáreza, M. & González-DÃaza, B. (2016). International strategic alliances and national culture: Mapping the Field and developing a research agenda. Journal of World Business, 51, 511–524.
Lundstrom, A. & Stevenson, L. (2001). Entrepreneurship Policy for the Future. Swedish Foundation for Small Business Research. Stockholm.
Luthans, F., Stajkovic, A. D. &Ibrayeva, E. (2000). Environmental and psychological challenges facing entrepreneurial development in transitional economies. Journal of World Business, 35(1), 95-110.
McGrath, R. G., MacMillan, I. C. & Scheinberg, S. (1992). Elitists, risk-takers, and rugged individualists an exploratory analysis of cultural-differences between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 7(2), 115-135.
Naor, M., Linderman, K. & Schroeder, R. (2010). The globalization of operations in Eastern and Western countries: Unpacking the relationship between national and organizational culture and its impact on manufacturing performance. Journal of operations management, 28(3), 194-205.
Mueller, S. L. & Thomas, A. S. (2001). Culture and entrepreneurial potential: A nine country study of locus and control and innovativeness. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(1), 51-75.
Neighbors, C., Lostutter, T. W., Cronce, J. W. &Larimer, M. E. (2007). Exploring College Student Gambling Motivation. Journal of Gambling Studies, 18(4), 361-370.
OECD. (1998). Fostering Entrepreneurship. Paris.
Osei, B., Baah-Nuakoh, A., Tutu, K. A.& Sowa, N. K. (1993). Impact of structural adjustment on small-scale enterprises in Ghana. Small Enterprises and Changing Policies: Structural Adjustment, Financial Policy and Assistance Programmes in Africa, IT Publications, London.
Owusu-Ansah & Poku. (2012). Entrepreneurship Education. A Panacea to Graduate Unemployment in Ghana. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science,2(15)
Pihie, Z. A. L. & Akmaliah, Z. (2009). Entrepreneurship as a career choice: An analysis of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intention of university students. European Journal of Social Sciences, 9(2), 338-349.
Quartey, P. (2003). Financing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Ghana. Journal of African Business, 4(1), 37-55.
Robock, S. H. & Simmonds, K. (1989).International Business and Multinational Enterprises, Irwin, Homewood, Illinois.
Rousseau, G. G. & Venter, D. L. J. (2002). Measuring consumer attitudes towards gambling. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 28(2), 87-92.
Roxana, M. (2012). Effects of Culture on Firm Risk-Taking: A Cross-Country and Cross-Industry Analysis.IMF Working Paper, IMF Working Paper
Ryan, C. (2003). Programme Priorities 2003-2006 Youth Enterprise Development, Strategic Paper by the Common Wealth Secretariat, London. Common Wealth Secretariat.
Sathiabama, K. (2010). Rural women empowerment and entrepreneurship development [Online]. Available: http://www.microfinancegateway.org/ga (Retrieved November, 2015).
Shane, S. (1993). Cultural influences on national rates of innovation. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(1), 59-73.
Souitaris, V.,Zerbinati, S. & Al-Laham, A. (2007). Do entrepreneurship programmes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students. The effect of learning, inspiration and resources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 566-591.
Stephan, U. &Uhlaner, L. (2010). Performance-based vs. socially-supportive culture: A cross-national study of descriptive norms and entrepreneurship. Journal of International Business Studies, 41, 1347-1364.
Taylor, M. Z. & Wilson, S. (2012). Does culture still matter? The effects of individualism on national innovation rates. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(2), 234-247.
Thomas, A, S.& Mueller, S. L. (2000). A case for comparative entrepreneurship: Assessing the relevance of culture. Journal of International Business Studies, 31(2), 287-301.
Uhlaner, L. &Thurik, A. R. (2007). Post materialism influencing total entrepreneurial activity across nations. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 17(2), 161-185.
Van der Zwan, P.,Verheul, I., Thurik, A. R. & Grilo, I. (2009). Entrepreneurial progress: Climbing the entrepreneurial ladder in Europe and the US. Tinbergen Institute Discussion paper TI2009-070/3, Erasmus School of Economics.
Vesalainen, J. &Pihkala, T. (2000). Entrepreneurial Identity, Intentions and the Effect of the Push-Factor. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 3(2), 145-151.
Wagner, J. & Moch, M. (1986). Individualism–collectivism: concept and measure. Group Organ Stud, 11, 280–304.
Wang, C. L., Siu, N. Y.& Barnes, B. R. (2008). The significance of trust and rending in the long-term orientation of Chinese business-to-business relationships. Industrial Marketing Management, 37(7), 819-824.
Yau, O. H. M., Lee, J. S. Y., Chow, R. P. M., Sin, L. Y. M. & Tse, A. C. B. (2000). Relationship marketing the Chinese way. Business Horizons, 43, 16–24.
Acs, Z. J., Desai, S. & Klapper, L. (2008). What does entrepreneurship data really show? Small Business Economics, 31(3), 265â€281.
Ahomka, M, Y. (2014) Analysis of Entrepreneurship: How does Culture Influence Risk-Taking in SMEs inthe Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis, Ghana? American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 4 (2), February 2014
Anderson, J. C. & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological bulletin, 103(3), 411.
Ansah, O. M. (2015). Cultural Dimension In Marketing Managers' Decision Making: An Application Of Geert Hofstede Index For Ghana.European Journal of Research and Reflection in Management Sciences,3(2), 2015 ISSN 2056-5992.
Aryeetey, E. & Ahene, A. A. (2005). Changing regulatory environment for small-medium size enterprises and their performance in Ghana. Centre on regulation and competition working paper series, paper no.103.
Audretsch, D. B., Grilo, I. & Thurik, A. R. (2007). Explaining entrepreneurship and the role of policy: a framework. The handbook of research on entrepreneurship policy, 1-17.
Bhaskaran, S. & Gligorovska, E. (2009). Influence of national culture on trans-national alliance relationships. Cross Cultural Management.An International Journal, 16(1), 44-61.
Blanchflower, D. G. & Oswald, A. (2000). The rising well-being of the young. Youth employment and joblessness in advanced countries (pp. 289-328) University of Chicago Press.
Boohene, R., Sheridan, A. & Kotey, B. (2008). Gender, personal values, strategies and small business performance: A Ghanaian case study. Equal Opportunities International, 27(3), 237 257.
Breuer, W. R., Michael, S. & Astrid, J. (2011). Risk Aversion vs. Individualism: What Drives Risk Taking in Household Finance? Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1956777.
Brooks, B. (2008). The natural selection of organizational and safety culture within a small to medium sized enterprise (SME).Journal of Safety Research, 39, 73–85.
Buame, C. K. (2010). Five Years of Entrepreneurship Education Program at the University of Ghana. Looking Forward to Look Back.75-92.
Burns, T, R. & Dietz, T. (1992). Cultural Evolution: Social Rule Systems, Selection and Human Agency. International Sociology, 7(3), 259-283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026858092007003001 (Accessed on November, 2015)
Burns, T, R. & Flam, H. (1987). The Shaping of Social Organization: Social Rule System Theory with Applications. London: Sage Publications.
Busenitz, L. W. & Lau, C, M. (1996). A cross-cultural cognitive model of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 20(4), 25-39.
Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble, feminist theory, and psychoanalytic discourse. Feminism/postmodernism, 327.
Chigunta, F. J. (2002). Youth entrepreneurship: Meeting the key policy challenges (pp. 1-34). Education Development Center.
Christie, P. J., Kwon, I. W., Stoeberl, P. A. & Baumhart, R. (2003). A cross –cultural comparison of ethics attitudes of Business Managers: India, Korea and United States.www.proquest.umi.com (Retrieved on 12th November 2015)
Chui, A. C. W., Kwok, C. C. Y. & Zhou, G. S. (2016).National culture and the cost of debt. Journal of Banking & Finance,69, 1–19
Du Plessis, L. (2010). Customer relationship management and its influence on customer loyalty at Liberty Life in South Africa. University of Johannesburg.
Dzisi, S. (2010). Ghanaian Women and Entrepreneurship. Pent Vars Business Journal, 4(1). Jan – March, 2010 (Published by Pentecost University College).
Dzisi, S. (2014). Youth Entrepreneurship: Investigating Obstacles to Youth Enterprise Creation and Development. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management,2(7).
Esson, J. (2015). Escape to victory: Development, youth entrepreneurship and the migration of Ghanaian footballers. Geoforum, 64, 47-55.
Falco, P. & Haywood, L. (2016). Entrepreneurship versus joblessness: Explaining the rise in self-employment. Journal of Development Economics, 118, 245-265.
Fatoki, O. & Chindoga, L. (2011). An Investigation into the Obstacles to Youth Entrepreneurship in South Africa. International Business Research,4(2).
Flam, H. & Carson, M. (2008). Rule system Theory: Applications and Explorations. Berlin/New York: Peter Lang.
Fornell, C. &Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Gaskins, J. (2013). Confirmatory factor analysis. [Internet: http://statwiki.kolobkreations.com/wiki/ Confirmatory_Factor_Analysis. Downloaded 2015- 09 -20.
Geldhof, G., Preacher, K. &Zyphur, M. (2014). Reliability estimation in a multilevel confirmatory factor analysis framework. Psychological Methods, 19(1), 72-91.
Ghana statistical service. (2010). Children, Adolescents, Young People in Ghana. 2010. Population and Housing Census Report. Accra
Giordani, P. &Zamparelli, L. (2011). On robust asymmetric equilibria in asymmetric R&D-driven growth economies.Decisions in Economics and Finance, 34(1), 67-84.
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). (2004). Executive report, Babson College Babson Park, MA, USA/ LBS, London, UK.
Guiso, L., Paola, S.& Luigi, K. (2006). Does Culture Affect Economic Outcomes? Journal of Economic PerspectivesAEA, 20(2), 23-48.
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B.& Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: a global perspective. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Hayton, J. C., George, G. & Zahra, S. A. (2002). National culture and entrepreneurship: A review of behavioral research. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 26(4), 33-52.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills CA: Sage Publications.
Hofstede, G. (1991).Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, McGraw-Hill, Berkshire, England.
ILO. (2006). Stimulating Youth Entrepreneurship: Barriers and Incentives to Enterprise Start Ups by young People. SEED Working Paper No. 76.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's recent consequences: Using dimension scores in theory and research. International Journal of cross cultural management, 1(1), 11-17.
Klimas, P. (2016). Organizational culture and coopetition: An exploratory study of the features, models and role in the Polish Aviation Industry.Industrial Marketing Management, 53, 91–102.
Klotz, A. C., Hmieleski, K. M., Bradley, B. H. &Busenitz, L. W. (2014). New Venture Teams: A Review of the Literature and Roadmap for Future Research. Journal of Management, 40(1), 226-255.
Kreiser, P. M., Marino, L. D., Dickson, P.& Weaver, K. M. (2010). Cultural influences on entrepreneurial orientation: The impact of national culture on risk taking and proactiveness in SMEs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(5), 959-983.
Lee, S. M. & Peterson, S. J. (2001). Culture, entrepreneurial orientation, and global competitiveness. Journal of world business, 35(4), 401-416.
Licht, A. N., Chanan, G. & Shalom, H. S. (2005). Culture, Law, and Corporate Governance.International Review of Law and Economics, 25, 229-55.
Linán, F. & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and cross cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593-617.
López-Duartea, C., González-Loureirob, M., Vidal-Suáreza, M. & González-DÃaza, B. (2016). International strategic alliances and national culture: Mapping the Field and developing a research agenda. Journal of World Business, 51, 511–524.
Lundstrom, A. & Stevenson, L. (2001). Entrepreneurship Policy for the Future. Swedish Foundation for Small Business Research. Stockholm.
Luthans, F., Stajkovic, A. D. &Ibrayeva, E. (2000). Environmental and psychological challenges facing entrepreneurial development in transitional economies. Journal of World Business, 35(1), 95-110.
McGrath, R. G., MacMillan, I. C. & Scheinberg, S. (1992). Elitists, risk-takers, and rugged individualists an exploratory analysis of cultural-differences between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 7(2), 115-135.
Naor, M., Linderman, K. & Schroeder, R. (2010). The globalization of operations in Eastern and Western countries: Unpacking the relationship between national and organizational culture and its impact on manufacturing performance. Journal of operations management, 28(3), 194-205.
Mueller, S. L. & Thomas, A. S. (2001). Culture and entrepreneurial potential: A nine country study of locus and control and innovativeness. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(1), 51-75.
Neighbors, C., Lostutter, T. W., Cronce, J. W. &Larimer, M. E. (2007). Exploring College Student Gambling Motivation. Journal of Gambling Studies, 18(4), 361-370.
OECD. (1998). Fostering Entrepreneurship. Paris.
Osei, B., Baah-Nuakoh, A., Tutu, K. A.& Sowa, N. K. (1993). Impact of structural adjustment on small-scale enterprises in Ghana. Small Enterprises and Changing Policies: Structural Adjustment, Financial Policy and Assistance Programmes in Africa, IT Publications, London.
Owusu-Ansah & Poku. (2012). Entrepreneurship Education. A Panacea to Graduate Unemployment in Ghana. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science,2(15)
Pihie, Z. A. L. & Akmaliah, Z. (2009). Entrepreneurship as a career choice: An analysis of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intention of university students. European Journal of Social Sciences, 9(2), 338-349.
Quartey, P. (2003). Financing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Ghana. Journal of African Business, 4(1), 37-55.
Robock, S. H. & Simmonds, K. (1989).International Business and Multinational Enterprises, Irwin, Homewood, Illinois.
Rousseau, G. G. & Venter, D. L. J. (2002). Measuring consumer attitudes towards gambling. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 28(2), 87-92.
Roxana, M. (2012). Effects of Culture on Firm Risk-Taking: A Cross-Country and Cross-Industry Analysis.IMF Working Paper, IMF Working Paper
Ryan, C. (2003). Programme Priorities 2003-2006 Youth Enterprise Development, Strategic Paper by the Common Wealth Secretariat, London. Common Wealth Secretariat.
Sathiabama, K. (2010). Rural women empowerment and entrepreneurship development [Online]. Available: http://www.microfinancegateway.org/ga (Retrieved November, 2015).
Shane, S. (1993). Cultural influences on national rates of innovation. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(1), 59-73.
Souitaris, V.,Zerbinati, S. & Al-Laham, A. (2007). Do entrepreneurship programmes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students. The effect of learning, inspiration and resources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 566-591.
Stephan, U. &Uhlaner, L. (2010). Performance-based vs. socially-supportive culture: A cross-national study of descriptive norms and entrepreneurship. Journal of International Business Studies, 41, 1347-1364.
Taylor, M. Z. & Wilson, S. (2012). Does culture still matter? The effects of individualism on national innovation rates. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(2), 234-247.
Thomas, A, S.& Mueller, S. L. (2000). A case for comparative entrepreneurship: Assessing the relevance of culture. Journal of International Business Studies, 31(2), 287-301.
Uhlaner, L. &Thurik, A. R. (2007). Post materialism influencing total entrepreneurial activity across nations. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 17(2), 161-185.
Van der Zwan, P.,Verheul, I., Thurik, A. R. & Grilo, I. (2009). Entrepreneurial progress: Climbing the entrepreneurial ladder in Europe and the US. Tinbergen Institute Discussion paper TI2009-070/3, Erasmus School of Economics.
Vesalainen, J. &Pihkala, T. (2000). Entrepreneurial Identity, Intentions and the Effect of the Push-Factor. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 3(2), 145-151.
Wagner, J. & Moch, M. (1986). Individualism–collectivism: concept and measure. Group Organ Stud, 11, 280–304.
Wang, C. L., Siu, N. Y.& Barnes, B. R. (2008). The significance of trust and rending in the long-term orientation of Chinese business-to-business relationships. Industrial Marketing Management, 37(7), 819-824.
Yau, O. H. M., Lee, J. S. Y., Chow, R. P. M., Sin, L. Y. M. & Tse, A. C. B. (2000). Relationship marketing the Chinese way. Business Horizons, 43, 16–24.
Published
2017-03-12
How to Cite
Ansah, M. O., & Chinomona, R. (2017). The influence of Ghana’s national culture on latent entrepreneurs: An application of Social Rule System Theory. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 9(1(J), 113-126. https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i1(J).1562
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Research Paper
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