South Africa's Youth Unemployment Dilemma: Whose Baby is it anyway?
Keywords:
Youth unemployment, entrepreneurship, employability, training, students, South Africa
Abstract
Youth unemployment is a major concern to various different countries, including South Africa, which ranked fourth-worst in the global youth unemployment ratings in 2013 and 2014reaching rates of more than 50 percent. Entrepreneurship development and increased employability through appropriate skills development have been considered as possible solutions to this growing problem. The aim of this study is to determine perceptions of students pertaining their entrepreneurial outlook and perceived employability. Validated Entrepreneurship- and Employability Scales were used to determine entrepreneurial outlook and perceived employability perception. A total of 293 students from a South African University participated in this study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, histograms, Pearson correlation, MANOVA and ANOVA. The findingsof this studyshow that student’sperceptions indicated that if they haveamore entrepreneurial outlook, it could strongly increase their employability. They also do not think that after the completion of their degrees that they would be more employable. A significance difference was found between year level of study, race, age, and perception of entrepreneurial outlook and employability variables of the students.They seem to have a realistic view when it comes to the risk of possible unemployment for some time after graduation. Based on these findings, it is suggested that introducing entrepreneurship training and employability programs (skills development) to students during the completion of their higher education career, could assist in the reduction of youth unemployment in South Africa.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Ambrish, D.R. (2014). Entrepreneurship development: an approach to economic empowerment of women. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach and Studies, 01(6), 224-232.
Athayde, R. (2012). The impact of enterprise education on attitudes to enterprise in young people: an evaluation study. Education and Training, 54(8/9), 709-725. Awashti, D. & Sebastian, J. (1996). Evaluation of entrepreneurship development programs. New Delhi: Sage Publications. Bagheri, A. & Pihie, Z.A.L. (2011). On becoming an entrepreneurial leader: a focus on the impacts of university entrepreneurship programs. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(9), 884-892. Bhat, S.A. & Khan, R.A. (2014). Entrepreneurship awareness programs (EAPs) impact on the promotion of youth entrepreneurship. Radix International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 3(1), 1-12. Blanchflower, D.G. & Freeman, R. (2000). Youth employment and joblessness in advanced countries. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
BusinessTech. (2015). South Africa Unemployment: 1994-2015. Retrieved from http://businesstech.co.za/news/international/77737/south-africa-unemployment-1994-2015/ Choudhry, M., Marelli, E. & Signorelli, M. (2013). Youth and total unemployment rate: the impact of policies and institutions. Rivista Internazionale di Scienze Sociali, 121, 63-86.
CIA World Fact Book. (2013). The world fact book. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2129.html#xx CIA World Fact Book. (2016). The world fact book. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html Daley, J. (2013). Are entrepreneurs born or made? Entrepreneur, September 19thpp 20-22.
Daniel, H. (2013). What are the causes of unemployment in Africa? Retrieved from http://www.hope-project.org/development/what-are-the-causes-of-unemployment-in-africa/ De Feyter, M., Smulders, P. & de Vroome, E. (2001). De inzetbaarheid van mannelijke en vrouwelijke werknemers. Kenmerken van invloed. Tijdschrift voor Arbeidsvraagstukken, 17(1), 47-59. De Jongh, J.J., Meyer, N. & Meyer, D.F. (2016). Perceptions of local businesses on the Employment Tax Incentive Act: The case of the Vaal Triangle Region. Journal of Contemporary Management, 13(1), 409-432.
Department of Government Communication and Information Systems. (2015). Understanding the root causes of unemployment, Insight Newsletter 1(13). Retrieved from http://www.gcis.gov.za/content/resourcecentre/newsletters/insight/issue13
Department of Trade and Industry. (2011). Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) Management Development Programme. Retrieved from http://www.dti.gov.za/DownloadFileAction?id=667
Economist, (2013). Global youth unemployment, the lost generation. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2013/05/global-youth-unemployment Ekpoh, U.I. & Edet, A.O. (2011). Entrepreneurship education and career intentions of tertiary education students in Akwa Ibom and Cross River States, Nigeria. International Education Studies, 4(1), 172-177. El Mansour, B. & Dean, J.C. (2016). Employability skills as perceived by employers and university faculty in the fields of Human Resource Development (HRD) for Entry Level Graduation Jobs. Journal of Human Resource Sustainability Studies, 4, 39-49. Forrier, A. & Sels, L. (2003). The concept employability: a complex mosaic. International Journal of Human Resource Development and Management, 3(2), 102-123.
Hair, J., Anderson, R. F., Tatham, R. L. & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Heckman, J., Stixrud, J. & Urzua, S. (2006). The effects of cognitive and non-cognitive abilities on labour market outcomes and social behaviour. Journal of Labour Economics, 24(3), 411-482. Herrington, M. & Kew, P. (2016). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, South Africa Report 2015/16. Is South Africa heading for a meltdown? University of Cape Town, Cape Town South Africa. Ibarraran, P., Ripani, L., Taboada, B., Villa, J.M. & Garcia, B. (2014). Life skills, employability and training for disadvantaged youth: Evidence from a randomized evaluation design. IZA Journal of Labor & Development, 3(10), 1-24. ILO (International Labour Organisation). (2013). Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013. A generation at risk. International Labour Office: Geneva. ILO (International Labour Organisation). (2016). Key Indicators of the Labor Market (KILM). Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/research-and-databases/kilm/lang--en/index.htm
Jones, G. (2013). Youth unemployment – is entrepreneurship the answer? Mail and Guardian: 5 March. Retrieved from http://www.financialmail.co.za/economy/2013/03/05/youth-unemployment---is-entrepreneurship-the-answer.
Kane-Berman, J. (2015). There’s no disguising SA’s youth unemployment problem. Financial Mail. Retrieved from http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/columnists/2015/01/26/theres-no-disguising-sas-youth-unemployment-problem Karli, U. (2016). Adaptation and validation of self-perceived employability scale: An analysis of sports department students and graduates. Educational Research and Reviews, 11(8), 848-859.
Kirk, D. (2010). Causes of unemployment in South Africa. Retrieved fromhttp://twentythirdfloor.co.za/2010/12/01/causes-of-unemployment-in-south-africa/ Kroon, J. (2002). ‘n Strategie vir entrepreneurskapsontwikkeling in Suid-Afrika. Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe, 42(3), 215-223. Levine, R. & Rubinstein, Y. (2013). Smart and illicit: Who becomes an entrepreneurs and do they earn more? Working Paper 19276, Cambridge. Mc Call, J.J. (1970). Economics of information and job search. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84, 113-126. Meyer, N. & Keyser, E. (2017a). Development of Entrepreneurial Scale for University student’s intent to start a business. Working Paper. Meyer, N. & Keyser, E. (2017b). Development of Employability Scale for University students. Working Paper. Meyer, N., Meyer, D.F. & Molefe, K.N. (2016). Barriers to small informal business development and entrepreneurship: The case of the Emfuleni Region.Polish Journal of Management Studies, 13(1), 121-133. Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, experience and earnings. New York, NY: National Bureau of Economic Research. Mlatsheni, C. & Rospabé, S. (2002). Why is youth unemployment so high and unequally spread in South Africa? Cape Town: DPRU, University of Cape Town. (Working paper no. 02/65).
Mmesi, M. (2015). South Africa’s youth unemployment problem: What we need to know. Retrieved from http://www.inonafrica.com/2015/05/26/south-africas-youth-unemployment-problem-what-we-need-to-know/ Mortensen, D.T. & Pissarides, C.A. (1994). Job creation and job destruction in the theory of unemployment. The Review of Economic Studies, 61(3), 397-415. National Treasury. (2011). Confronting youth unemployment: policy options for South Africa. Pretoria: Government Printer. Nattrass, N. & Walker, R. (2005). Unemployment and reservation wages in workingâ€class Cape Town. South African Journal of Economics,73(3), 498-509. Neilsen, J. (1999). Employability and workability amongst Danish employees. Experimental Ageing Research, 25, 393-397. Nunnally, J. C. (1967). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill. O’Higgins, N. (2001). Youth unemployment and employment policy: a global perspective. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organisation.
Odusegun, E. (2014.) Youth leader blames corruption for youth unemployment. Vanguard News. Retrieved from http://www.vanguardngr.com
OECD. (2015). Small business, job creation and growth: Facts, obstacles and best practice. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/cfe/smes/2090740.pdf Oladele, P.O., Akeke, N.I. & Oladunjoye, O. (2011). Entrepreneurship Development: A Panacea for Unemployment Reduction in Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 2(4), 251 – 256. Oluwajodu, F., Blaauw, D., Greyling, L. & Kleynhans, E.P.J. (2015). Graduate unemployment in South Africa: Perspectives from the banking sector. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(1), 1-9. Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS Survival Manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows. (3rd Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Patel, B. & Chavda, K. (2013). Rural entrepreneurship in India: Challenges and problems. International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies, 1(2), 28-37.
Pettinger, T. (2012). A look at the economic reasons for high youth unemployment (16-25) in the UK. Retrieved from http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/517/economics/reasons-for-youth-unemployment/ Procter, C. (2011). Employability and entrepreneurship embedded in professional placements in the business curriculum. Journal of Chinese Entrepreneurship, 3(1), 49 – 57. Qenani, E., MacDougall, N. & Sexton, C. (2014). An empirical study of self-perceived employability: Improving the prospects for student’s employment success in an uncertain environment. Active Learning Higher Education, 15(3), 199-213. Raguž, I.V. & Matić, M. (2011). Students’ perceptions and intentions towards entrepreneurship: The empirical findings from the University of Dubrovnik-Croatia. International Journal of Management Cases, Special issue: Circle Conference, 38-49. Reserve Bank. (2015). Employment. Retrieved from http://www2.resbank.co.za /internet/Glossary.nsf/0/9028ea9be02366d342256b43002f51f5?OpenDocument. Ryan, P. (2001). The school-to-work transition: a cross-national perspective. Journal of Economic Literature, 39(1), 34-92. Sivvam, M. (2012). Women entrepreneurship: an Indian perspective. Saarbrücken, Germany: LAP Lambert. Solomon, G.T., Duffy, S. & Tarabishy, A. (2002). The State of Entrepreneurship Education in the United States: a Nationwide Survey and Analysis. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 1(1), 1–22. Statistics South Africa. (2016). Quarterly Labor Force Survey – Quarter 1: 2016 (P0211). May 2015. Pretoria: Government Printer. Stiwne, E.E. & Alves, M.G. (2010). Higher education and employability of graduates: will Bologna make a difference? European Education Research Journal, 9(1), 32-44. Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th Ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Uddin, P.S.O. & Uddin, O.O. (2013). Causes, effects and solutions to youth unemployment problems in Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 4(4), 397-402. Urzua, S. (2009). Report for the Inter-American Development Bank. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank, Van der Heijden, B. (2002). Pre-requisites to guarantee life-long employability. Personnel Review, 31, 44-61. Van der Heijden, B.I.J.M., De Lange, A. H. & Van der Heijde, E.D.C.M. (2009).Age effects on the employability–career success relationship. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 156-164.
W&R SETA (Wholesale and Trade). (2016). Opportunities. Retrieved from http://www.wrseta.org.za/inner.aspx?section=2&page=235 Webster, D. (2005). Long-term unemployment, the invention of ‘hysteresis’ and the misdiagnosis of structural unemployment in the UK. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 29(6), 975-995.
Wise-Quote. (2016). Franklin D. Roosevelt quotes. Retrieved from http://wise-quote.com/Franklin-D-Roosevelt
World Bank. (2014). Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24). Retrieved from http://worldbank.org
World Bank. (2015). Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24). Retrieved from http://worldbank.org World Economic Forum. (2014). Global risks 2014. 9th ed. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
Athayde, R. (2012). The impact of enterprise education on attitudes to enterprise in young people: an evaluation study. Education and Training, 54(8/9), 709-725. Awashti, D. & Sebastian, J. (1996). Evaluation of entrepreneurship development programs. New Delhi: Sage Publications. Bagheri, A. & Pihie, Z.A.L. (2011). On becoming an entrepreneurial leader: a focus on the impacts of university entrepreneurship programs. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(9), 884-892. Bhat, S.A. & Khan, R.A. (2014). Entrepreneurship awareness programs (EAPs) impact on the promotion of youth entrepreneurship. Radix International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 3(1), 1-12. Blanchflower, D.G. & Freeman, R. (2000). Youth employment and joblessness in advanced countries. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
BusinessTech. (2015). South Africa Unemployment: 1994-2015. Retrieved from http://businesstech.co.za/news/international/77737/south-africa-unemployment-1994-2015/ Choudhry, M., Marelli, E. & Signorelli, M. (2013). Youth and total unemployment rate: the impact of policies and institutions. Rivista Internazionale di Scienze Sociali, 121, 63-86.
CIA World Fact Book. (2013). The world fact book. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2129.html#xx CIA World Fact Book. (2016). The world fact book. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html Daley, J. (2013). Are entrepreneurs born or made? Entrepreneur, September 19thpp 20-22.
Daniel, H. (2013). What are the causes of unemployment in Africa? Retrieved from http://www.hope-project.org/development/what-are-the-causes-of-unemployment-in-africa/ De Feyter, M., Smulders, P. & de Vroome, E. (2001). De inzetbaarheid van mannelijke en vrouwelijke werknemers. Kenmerken van invloed. Tijdschrift voor Arbeidsvraagstukken, 17(1), 47-59. De Jongh, J.J., Meyer, N. & Meyer, D.F. (2016). Perceptions of local businesses on the Employment Tax Incentive Act: The case of the Vaal Triangle Region. Journal of Contemporary Management, 13(1), 409-432.
Department of Government Communication and Information Systems. (2015). Understanding the root causes of unemployment, Insight Newsletter 1(13). Retrieved from http://www.gcis.gov.za/content/resourcecentre/newsletters/insight/issue13
Department of Trade and Industry. (2011). Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) Management Development Programme. Retrieved from http://www.dti.gov.za/DownloadFileAction?id=667
Economist, (2013). Global youth unemployment, the lost generation. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2013/05/global-youth-unemployment Ekpoh, U.I. & Edet, A.O. (2011). Entrepreneurship education and career intentions of tertiary education students in Akwa Ibom and Cross River States, Nigeria. International Education Studies, 4(1), 172-177. El Mansour, B. & Dean, J.C. (2016). Employability skills as perceived by employers and university faculty in the fields of Human Resource Development (HRD) for Entry Level Graduation Jobs. Journal of Human Resource Sustainability Studies, 4, 39-49. Forrier, A. & Sels, L. (2003). The concept employability: a complex mosaic. International Journal of Human Resource Development and Management, 3(2), 102-123.
Hair, J., Anderson, R. F., Tatham, R. L. & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Heckman, J., Stixrud, J. & Urzua, S. (2006). The effects of cognitive and non-cognitive abilities on labour market outcomes and social behaviour. Journal of Labour Economics, 24(3), 411-482. Herrington, M. & Kew, P. (2016). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, South Africa Report 2015/16. Is South Africa heading for a meltdown? University of Cape Town, Cape Town South Africa. Ibarraran, P., Ripani, L., Taboada, B., Villa, J.M. & Garcia, B. (2014). Life skills, employability and training for disadvantaged youth: Evidence from a randomized evaluation design. IZA Journal of Labor & Development, 3(10), 1-24. ILO (International Labour Organisation). (2013). Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013. A generation at risk. International Labour Office: Geneva. ILO (International Labour Organisation). (2016). Key Indicators of the Labor Market (KILM). Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/research-and-databases/kilm/lang--en/index.htm
Jones, G. (2013). Youth unemployment – is entrepreneurship the answer? Mail and Guardian: 5 March. Retrieved from http://www.financialmail.co.za/economy/2013/03/05/youth-unemployment---is-entrepreneurship-the-answer.
Kane-Berman, J. (2015). There’s no disguising SA’s youth unemployment problem. Financial Mail. Retrieved from http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/columnists/2015/01/26/theres-no-disguising-sas-youth-unemployment-problem Karli, U. (2016). Adaptation and validation of self-perceived employability scale: An analysis of sports department students and graduates. Educational Research and Reviews, 11(8), 848-859.
Kirk, D. (2010). Causes of unemployment in South Africa. Retrieved fromhttp://twentythirdfloor.co.za/2010/12/01/causes-of-unemployment-in-south-africa/ Kroon, J. (2002). ‘n Strategie vir entrepreneurskapsontwikkeling in Suid-Afrika. Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe, 42(3), 215-223. Levine, R. & Rubinstein, Y. (2013). Smart and illicit: Who becomes an entrepreneurs and do they earn more? Working Paper 19276, Cambridge. Mc Call, J.J. (1970). Economics of information and job search. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84, 113-126. Meyer, N. & Keyser, E. (2017a). Development of Entrepreneurial Scale for University student’s intent to start a business. Working Paper. Meyer, N. & Keyser, E. (2017b). Development of Employability Scale for University students. Working Paper. Meyer, N., Meyer, D.F. & Molefe, K.N. (2016). Barriers to small informal business development and entrepreneurship: The case of the Emfuleni Region.Polish Journal of Management Studies, 13(1), 121-133. Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, experience and earnings. New York, NY: National Bureau of Economic Research. Mlatsheni, C. & Rospabé, S. (2002). Why is youth unemployment so high and unequally spread in South Africa? Cape Town: DPRU, University of Cape Town. (Working paper no. 02/65).
Mmesi, M. (2015). South Africa’s youth unemployment problem: What we need to know. Retrieved from http://www.inonafrica.com/2015/05/26/south-africas-youth-unemployment-problem-what-we-need-to-know/ Mortensen, D.T. & Pissarides, C.A. (1994). Job creation and job destruction in the theory of unemployment. The Review of Economic Studies, 61(3), 397-415. National Treasury. (2011). Confronting youth unemployment: policy options for South Africa. Pretoria: Government Printer. Nattrass, N. & Walker, R. (2005). Unemployment and reservation wages in workingâ€class Cape Town. South African Journal of Economics,73(3), 498-509. Neilsen, J. (1999). Employability and workability amongst Danish employees. Experimental Ageing Research, 25, 393-397. Nunnally, J. C. (1967). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill. O’Higgins, N. (2001). Youth unemployment and employment policy: a global perspective. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organisation.
Odusegun, E. (2014.) Youth leader blames corruption for youth unemployment. Vanguard News. Retrieved from http://www.vanguardngr.com
OECD. (2015). Small business, job creation and growth: Facts, obstacles and best practice. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/cfe/smes/2090740.pdf Oladele, P.O., Akeke, N.I. & Oladunjoye, O. (2011). Entrepreneurship Development: A Panacea for Unemployment Reduction in Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 2(4), 251 – 256. Oluwajodu, F., Blaauw, D., Greyling, L. & Kleynhans, E.P.J. (2015). Graduate unemployment in South Africa: Perspectives from the banking sector. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(1), 1-9. Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS Survival Manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows. (3rd Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Patel, B. & Chavda, K. (2013). Rural entrepreneurship in India: Challenges and problems. International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies, 1(2), 28-37.
Pettinger, T. (2012). A look at the economic reasons for high youth unemployment (16-25) in the UK. Retrieved from http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/517/economics/reasons-for-youth-unemployment/ Procter, C. (2011). Employability and entrepreneurship embedded in professional placements in the business curriculum. Journal of Chinese Entrepreneurship, 3(1), 49 – 57. Qenani, E., MacDougall, N. & Sexton, C. (2014). An empirical study of self-perceived employability: Improving the prospects for student’s employment success in an uncertain environment. Active Learning Higher Education, 15(3), 199-213. Raguž, I.V. & Matić, M. (2011). Students’ perceptions and intentions towards entrepreneurship: The empirical findings from the University of Dubrovnik-Croatia. International Journal of Management Cases, Special issue: Circle Conference, 38-49. Reserve Bank. (2015). Employment. Retrieved from http://www2.resbank.co.za /internet/Glossary.nsf/0/9028ea9be02366d342256b43002f51f5?OpenDocument. Ryan, P. (2001). The school-to-work transition: a cross-national perspective. Journal of Economic Literature, 39(1), 34-92. Sivvam, M. (2012). Women entrepreneurship: an Indian perspective. Saarbrücken, Germany: LAP Lambert. Solomon, G.T., Duffy, S. & Tarabishy, A. (2002). The State of Entrepreneurship Education in the United States: a Nationwide Survey and Analysis. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 1(1), 1–22. Statistics South Africa. (2016). Quarterly Labor Force Survey – Quarter 1: 2016 (P0211). May 2015. Pretoria: Government Printer. Stiwne, E.E. & Alves, M.G. (2010). Higher education and employability of graduates: will Bologna make a difference? European Education Research Journal, 9(1), 32-44. Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th Ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Uddin, P.S.O. & Uddin, O.O. (2013). Causes, effects and solutions to youth unemployment problems in Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 4(4), 397-402. Urzua, S. (2009). Report for the Inter-American Development Bank. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank, Van der Heijden, B. (2002). Pre-requisites to guarantee life-long employability. Personnel Review, 31, 44-61. Van der Heijden, B.I.J.M., De Lange, A. H. & Van der Heijde, E.D.C.M. (2009).Age effects on the employability–career success relationship. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 156-164.
W&R SETA (Wholesale and Trade). (2016). Opportunities. Retrieved from http://www.wrseta.org.za/inner.aspx?section=2&page=235 Webster, D. (2005). Long-term unemployment, the invention of ‘hysteresis’ and the misdiagnosis of structural unemployment in the UK. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 29(6), 975-995.
Wise-Quote. (2016). Franklin D. Roosevelt quotes. Retrieved from http://wise-quote.com/Franklin-D-Roosevelt
World Bank. (2014). Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24). Retrieved from http://worldbank.org
World Bank. (2015). Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24). Retrieved from http://worldbank.org World Economic Forum. (2014). Global risks 2014. 9th ed. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
Published
2017-03-12
How to Cite
Meyer, N. (2017). South Africa’s Youth Unemployment Dilemma: Whose Baby is it anyway?. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 9(1(J), 56-68. https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i1(J).1557
Issue
Section
Research Paper
Copyright (c) 2017 Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Author (s) should affirm that the material has not been published previously. It has not been submitted and it is not under consideration by any other journal. At the same time author (s) need to execute a publication permission agreement to assume the responsibility of the submitted content and any omissions and errors therein. After submission of a revised paper in the light of suggestions of the reviewers, editorial team edits and formats manuscripts to bring uniformity and standardization in published material.
This work will be licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) and under condition of the license, users are free to read, copy, remix, transform, redistribute, download, print, search or link to the full texts of articles and even build upon their work as long as they credit the author for the original work. Moreover, as per journal policy author (s) hold and retain copyrights without any restrictions.
