An Empirical Analysis of Sovereign Credit Risk Co-movement between Japan and ASEAN Countries
Abstract
Japan is the most developed economy in Asia. However, it has been on record for being the most heavily indebted country among OECD countries. In many circumstances, the high sovereign debt level indicates a high possibility of sovereign credit risks associated with investment in government bond. The high sovereign credit risk may also generate a number of negative externalities for private businesses operating in the host country. This paper investigates whether sovereign credit risk of Japan as measured by its sovereign credit default swap (SCDS) can better predict and commove with sovereign credit risk of selected ASEAN countries. The bivariate VAR model was used to test for Granger Causalities among these countries SCDS premiums and correlation analysis to investigate co-movements between SCDS of these countries. The results indicate that Japan’s sovereign credit risks do not co-move with those of ASEAN countries, Furthermore, Sovereign credit risks of ASEAN countries tend to lead those of Japan as evidenced by unidirectional causalities from these countries to Japan. The overall suggestion is that sovereign credit risk of Japan is not likely to influence those of ASEAN. The paper concludes with some implications for businesses.Downloads
References
Afonso, A., Gomez, P. M. & Rother, P. (2007). What hides behind sovereign debt rating? European Central Bank Working Paper, No.711.
Ang, A. & Longstaff, F. A. (2013). Systemic sovereign credit risk: Lesson from the U.S. and Europe. Journal of Monetary Economics, 60(5), 493-510. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2013.04.009
Barberis, N., Shleifer, A. & Wurgler, J. (2002). Co movement. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, No.711.
Bucholz, M. & Tonzer, L. (2013). Sovereign credit risks co-movement in Eurozone: Simple interdependence or contagion? Unicredit and Universities Foundation Working Paper Series, No. 47/13
Cabalu, H. (2000). A Review of Asian Crisis: Causes, consequences, and policy implications. The Australian Economic Review, 32(3), 304-313 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.00120
Cantor, R. & Packer, F (1996). Determinants and impacts of sovereign credit ratings. Economic Policy Review, 2(2).
Cho, D., Choi, K. & Chung, K. (2014). Interconnectedness and contagion effects in Asian sovereign CDS markets. Working Paper.
Coronado, M., Corzo, M. T. & Lazcano, L. (2012). A case of Europe: The relationship between sovereign CDS and stock indexes. Frontiers in Finance and Economics, 9(2), 32-63.
Coudert & Gex. (2013) .The interactions between credit default swaps and bond market in financial turmoil. Review of International Economics, 21(3), 492-502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12050
Das, U. S., Oliva, M. A. & Tsuda, T. (2012). Sovereign risks: A macro –financial perspective. ADBI Working Paper Series, No. 383. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2156044
Diebold, F. X. & Yilmaz, K. (2009). Measuring financial assets return and volatility spillovers, with application to global equity markets. Economic Journal, 119, 158 - 171 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02208.x
Ding, L. (2010). U.S. and Asian Pacific equity market causality test. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(9).
Doi, T. & Okimoto, T. (2011). Japanese government debt and sustainability of fiscal policy. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 25(4), 414 - 433 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2011.09.006
Duval, R., Cheang, K., Oh, K. H., Saraf, R. & Seneviratne, D. (2014). Trade integrations and business cycle synchronization: A reappraisal with focus on Asia. I.M.F Working Paper, No. WP/14/52 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781475522464.001
ECONOTE. (2013). Rising public debts in Japan: How far is too far? Societe Generale, Department of Economics studies No. 21/November 2013
Ertugrul, H. M. & Ozturk, H. (2013). The drivers of credit default swap prices: Evidence from selected emerging markets. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 49, 228 - 249 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2753/REE1540-496X4905S514
Eyssell, T., Fung, H. G. & Zhang, G. (2013). Determinants and price discovery of China sovereign credit default swap. China Economic Review, 24, 1-15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2012.09.003
Flannery, M. J., Houston, J. F. & Partnoy, F. (2010). Credit default swap spreads as viable substitutes for credit ratings. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 2, 2085 - 2123
Fontana, A. & Scheicher, M. (2010). An analysis of Euro area sovereign CDS and their relation with government bonds. European Central Bank Working Paper, No. 1271
Gapen, M. T., Gray, D. F., Lim, C. H. & Xiao, Y. (2005). Measuring and analyzing sovereign risks with contingent claims. IMF Working paper, No. wp/05/155 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451861747.001
Gelos, G. & Sahay, R. (2000). Financial market spillover in transition economies. IMF working paper wp/00/71 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.223573
Guimaraes, R. & Hong, G. H. (2016). Dynamics connectedness of Asian equity markets. IMF working paper, No. WP/16/57 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513572451.001
Gunduz, Y. & Kaya, O. (2013). Sovereign default swap market efficiency and country risk in Eurozone. Deutsche Bundesbank Discussion Paper, No. 08/2013
Hatchondo, J. C., Martinez, L. & Sapriza, H. (2007). The economics of sovereign default. Economics Quarterly, 93(2), 163-187
Heinz, F. F. & Sun, Y. (2014). Sovereign CDS spreads in Europe: The role of global risk aversion, economic fundamentals, liquidity and spillover. IMF working paper, No. wp/14/17 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484393017.001
Hoshi, T. & Ito, T. (2014). Defying the Gravity: Can Japanese sovereign debt continue to increase without a crisis? Economic Policy, 29(77), 5-44 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0327.12023
International Monetary Fund. (2011). Assessing the risks to the Japanese Government Bond (JGB) Market. IMF Working Paper, No. WP/11/292
International Monetary Fund. (2011). Japan: 2011 Article IV Consultation. IMF Country Report, No 11/181
Ito & Takatoshi. (2011). Sustainability of Japanese sovereign debt. ERIA project http;//eria.org/research/y2010-no 1.html
Jakpar, S. & Vejayon, V. (2013). An econometric analysis on the co-movement of stock market volatility between China and ASEAN-5. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(14).
Kalotychou, E., Remolona, E. & Wu, E. (2013). Intra-regional credit contagion and global systemic risk in international sovereign debt Markets. Hong Kong Institute of Monetary Research DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2246594
Kawai, M., Thuzar, M. & Hayton, B. (2016). ASEAN’s regional role and relations with Japan: Challenges of deeper integration. Research paper, Chatham House.
Kregzde, A. & Marauskas, G (2015). Analyzing sovereign default swaps of Baltic countries. Business: Theory and Practice, 16(2), 121-131.
Lestano & Kuper, G. H. (2016). Correlation dynamics in East Asian financial markets. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 52(2), 382-399. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2014.998560
Levy, A. (2009). The CDS bond basis spreads in emerging markets: Liquidity and counterparty risks effects. Working paper.
Levisauskaite, K., Alekneviciene, V. & Alekneviciute, E. (2014). Co-movement of financial markets in the EU Countries. Engineering Economics, 25(4), 261-272.
Longstaff, F. A., Pan, J., Pedersen, L. H. & Singleton, K. J. (2011). How sovereign is sovereign credit risk? American Economic Journal, Macroeconomics, 3, 75-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/mac.3.2.75
Norden, L. & Weber, M. (2007). The co-movement of credit default swap, bond and stock markets: An empirical analysis. European Financial Management, 15(3), 529 - 562 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-036X.2007.00427.x
Robinson, Z. (2015). An analysis of sovereign risk in South Africa with the focus on fiscal determinants. Southern African Business Review, 19(3), 154-174.
Sakuragawa, M. & Hosono, K. (2011). Fiscal sustainability in Japan. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 25(4), 434-446. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2011.10.002
Shino, J. & Takahashi, K. (2010). Sovereign credit default swap: Market developments and factors behind price changes. Bank of Japan Review, 2, 1-9.
Stolbov, M. (2014). The causal linkages between sovereign CDS prices for the BRICS and major European Economies. Open-assessment E-Journal, 8, 14 -26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2014-26
Toda, H. Y. & Phillips, P. C. (1994). Vector auto regression and causality: A theoretical overview and simulation study. Econometric reviews, 13(2), 259-285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07474939408800286
Wang, A. T., Yang, S. Y. & Yang, N. T. (2013). Information transmission between sovereign debt CDS and other financial factors: The case of Latin America. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 26, 586-601. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2013.02.023
Yoshizaki, Y., Toyoshima, Y. & Haomori, S. (2013). The causal relationship between sovereign CDS premium for Japan and selected EU countries. Applied Economic Letters, 20, 742-747. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2012.741671
Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Author (s) should affirm that the material has not been published previously. It has not been submitted and it is not under consideration by any other journal. At the same time author (s) need to execute a publication permission agreement to assume the responsibility of the submitted content and any omissions and errors therein. After submission of a revised paper in the light of suggestions of the reviewers, editorial team edits and formats manuscripts to bring uniformity and standardization in published material.
This work will be licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) and under condition of the license, users are free to read, copy, remix, transform, redistribute, download, print, search or link to the full texts of articles and even build upon their work as long as they credit the author for the original work. Moreover, as per journal policy author (s) hold and retain copyrights without any restrictions.