The Library of Rudolf Steiner: The Books in English

: The New Age philosopher, Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925), was the most prolific and arguably the most influential philosopher of his era. He assembled a substantial library, of approximately 9,000 items, which has been preserved intact since his death. Most of Rudolf Steiner’s books are in German, his native language however there are books in other languages, including English, French, Italian, Swedish, Sanskrit and Latin. There are more books in English than in any other foreign language. Steiner esteemed English as “a universal world language”. The present paper identifies 327 books in English in Rudolf Steiner’s personal library. Fifty percent of the English-language books identified are on Theosophy (n=164). Rudolf Steiner was the General Secretary of the German branch of the Theosophy Society from 1902, and he hived off his own Anthroposophy Society in 1912. The present study reveals that Steiner maintained his interest in Theosophy throughout his life as he stayed up to date with the proliferating portfolio of Theosophy publications. The publication dates of Steiner’s Theosophy collection range from 1877 to 1923. The leading exponents of Theosophy in his day are well represented in Steiner’s collection, including Annie Besant (n=61), Charles Leadbeater (n=13), William Westcott (n=13) and Helena Blavatsky (n=10). Of the other 50% of the Anglo-books identified, 20% are in the category of Religion (n=67), 10% are Social Science (n=33), 6% are Philosophy (n=21), 4% are Science (n=13), and 3% each are Anthroposophy (n=11), History (n=9) and Arts (n=9). The publication dates of Steiner’s Anglo-books span the period 1659 to 1925. This demonstrates that Steiner was acquiring Anglo-books right to the end of his life. The Steiner library throws light on the development of the thoughts of this remarkable individual and the present paper reveals Steiner’s engagement throughout his life with the world of Anglo-publishing and thought.


Introduction
Rudolf Steiner (1861Steiner ( -1925) ) was a New Age philosopher, mystic and polymath who has left an enduring legacy of alternative practices in a variety of domains.The most notable and visible elements of that legacy are biodynamic farming (and thence organic agriculture), Waldorf education (there are over one thousand schools worldwide), organic architecture (the most remarkable example being the present Goetheanum building at Dornach, Switzerland), and the Anthroposophy Society (the entity charged with promulgating Steiner's 'spiritual science' and philosophy and headquartered at Dornach).By all accounts, Steiner was a voracious reader all of his life.As a young man, Steiner edited the scientific works of Goethe, Germany's most esteemed philosopher (Wachsmuth, 1989).In the course of his life, Steiner accumulated a substantial library which, during the latter years of his life, was housed in his home, Haus Hansi, in Dornach, Switzerland, where he lived from 1914 onwards (Paull, 2018).More than nine decades after his death, that library remains intact in Dornach and is re-housed in the Rudolf Steiner Archives (Figure 1).Rudolf Steiner always spoke to his English-speaking audiences in German.He requested, as he did at Oxford, "forgiveness that I cannot speak to you in the language of this country.Any disadvantage this involves will be made good, I trust, in the translation to follow" (Steiner, 1922, p.7).When the Italian/ Australian artist Ernesto Genoni first met Steiner (in 1920) he received a warm welcome but they did not find a common language: "Unfortunately he was speaking in German which I did not know, but by his long handshake and smiling expression of his face I could feel his sincere welcome" (Genoni, c.1970, p.7). Genoni relates that in 1924: "on this second visit [to Dornach, Switzerland] I could speak to Dr Steiner in the French language.On the first visit I was unaware that Dr Steiner could speak [French]" (Genoni, c.1970, p.8).Nevertheless, Rudolf Steiner's personal library reveals a trove of books in English that he acquired over a lifetime, despite not publicly speaking the language.
The library of Rudolf Steiner has survived due to the 'lucky' confluence of several factors including: (a) Steiner was revered in his lifetime; (b) during Steiner's lifetime there were already processes in place to A contemporary account reporting on Steiner speaking at Oxford, relates that: "When he spoke it was clear that he possessed the qualities of expositor and preacher to a matchless degree.Also, being an artist to his fingertips, it was obvious why he spoke in his own tongue, of which he has an absolute mastery … a large part of an English audience is unable to understand German … Ordinarily, it would be something of a strain on an audience to listen to three addresses and three translations covering a period of two and a half hours, but … Dr Steiner ... soon holds his listeners under the spell of his power… Dr Steiner does not shrink from

Methodology
Rudolf Steiner's personal library is preserved in a basement of the Rudolf Steiner Archive at Dornach Switzerland.The present account relies on the books of the library, a card file system of the books of the library, and a print-out of some of the books of the library.The library items are not shelved by language.For the present account, the English-language items have been selected out.

Results
The personal library of Rudolf Steiner is a library reportedly of about 9000 items according to the Rudolf Steiner Archiv of Dornach.In the present study, 327 items are identified as English language publications.These items are presented in Appendix A. In that appendix, the Anglo items are referenced in APA style, in alphabetical order by author.Where an author has several items in Appendix A, those items appear in chronological order.In each case, items in Appendix A bear the Rudolf Steiner Archive Number (RSA#) and a book category.In general the category specified in Appendix A follows that of the Archive, with a handful of exceptions where the category specified in Appendix A is that which seems arguably more appropriate to the present author.It needs to be borne in mind, that single-category typologies suffer the defect and the contestability of the subjectivity of selecting the most appropriate category from what may be a competing list (for example, consider a hypothetical title, The History and Philosophy of Hindu Arts and Sciences, which could arguably be classified as History, Philosophy, Religion, Arts or Science).
The overwhelming majority of books in the personal library of Rudolf Steiner are in German.That is expected and understandable given that German was Rudolf Steiner's first language.He was a master of this language and none other.Steiner travelled widely and frequently within Europe (but not beyond), his public presentations were in German, and for non-German-speaking audiences he relied on a translator.Section 3.1 identifies, in passing, some data and books of Rudolf Steiner's library of incidental or contextual interest to the present paper.Section 3.2 and Appendix A together constitute the substantive content of the present paper, and they describe and list the 327 Anglo-books identified in Rudolf Steiner's library.

The Non-Anglo Books
Books in other languages (neither German nor English): Besides the books in German (the bulk of the library) and English (Appendix A), there are other books in their original languages in Steiner's personal library.For example, there are books in Italian (e.g.Colombo, 1921), in Dutch (e.g.Vissering, 1920), in Swedish (e.g.Hellberg, 1922), in French (e.g. Maday, 1913) and in Latin (e.g.Fludd, 1687).

Books in German translated from other languages (including from English):
In general it appears that, where a German translation was available of a book, then that translation was preferred by Steiner.In his library we find, many foreign authors translated into German.German translations of English-language books in Steiner's personal library, include, for example, books by the American industrialist Henry Ford (RSA# G 0241), by US politician Theodore Roosevelt (RSA# G 0734), by British art critic John Ruskin (RSA# G 0766), and by British historian and politician Thomas Macaulay (RSA# G 0551).There are German translations of non-English-language books, for example, by, Russian revolutionary leaders Vladimir Lenin (RSA# G 0523) and Leon Trotsky (e.g.RSA# G 0898), and by Russian author Leo Tolstoy (e.g.RSA# G 0897).

The Books in English (n=327)
There are 327 books in English identified.These books are listed in Appendix A. The publication dates of Steiner's English books range from 1659 to 1925 (Fig. 2).There is a date anomaly with one item dated 1926 (Fig. 2).There is a peak at 1904, and subsidiary peaks at 1896, 1900, 1920 and 1922.What is clear is that Steiner was active right to the end of his life in building his library.Fifty per cent of the English-language books are Theosophy titles (n= 164) (Fig. 3).They range in date from 1877 to 1923 (Fig. 4).The four leading Theosophy authors Annie Besant (n=61), Leadbeater (n=13), Westcott N=13) and Blavatsky (n=10) account for 59% (n=97) of the Theosophy books of Steiner's library (Fig. 5).
Presentation copies (n=19): Of the 327 Anglo-books identified, 19 are inscribed presentation copies (6% of the Anglo-books).The various authors reflect Steiner's circle of acquaintances and interests.The remaining 308 Anglo-books can be taken to reflect Steiner's personal acquisitions.Nineteen of the Anglo-books are identified as inscribed to Rudolf Steiner.Of these, most are inscribed by the author (n=14), and the remainder by the editor (n=5).Inscribed copies are noted as such in Appendix A. The five books inscribed by the editor are all works by Steiner himself and translated into English (see Appendix A: #s 277, 278,279,283,285).The works inscribed by the author include works on Anthroposophy (Appendix A: #170), the Arts (#8), History (#96), Philosophy (#s 205, 206, 207, 208, 209), Religion (#s 123, 227, 304), Science (#s 178, 290) and Social Sciences (#250).
There are presentation copies of books by Millicent Mackenzie (1863Mackenzie ( -1942) ) and John Stuart Mackenzie (1860Mackenzie ( -1935) ) (see Appendix A) who had both spent time at Dornach, promoted Steiner's ideas on education, and Millicent was an organiser of Steiner's Oxford Conference of 1922(Paull, 2011).There appear to be no books by L P Jacks , the principal of Manchester College, Oxford where Steiner conducted his first major British Anthroposophy conference following WW1 (Paull, 2010).Jacks made his college available for the Oxford Conference, had a lively interest in education, and he was a prolific author (he wrote at least 19 books) although his books rarely managed a second print run and have not stood the test of time well.There appear to be no Anglo Theosophy books inscribed by the leading Theosophy authors (viz.Besant, Leadbeater, Westcott or Blavatsky).Timeline: The timeline of the publication dates of Steiner's Anglo-books stretches from 1659 and reveals a bimodal distribution (Fig. 2).There is a tail stretching back to 1831 (Appendix A #148, a history of England) with an outlier dated 1659, an obscure title exhibiting the spelling of a bygone era, Mosaicall Philosophy: Grounded Upon the Essentiall Truth and Eternal Sapience (sic) (#140).The two decades from 1893 to 1913 account for 65% of Steiner's Anglo-library (n= 213), with local peaks in this interval at 1896 (n=18), 1900 (n=18) and 1904 (n=20).This period includes Steiner's peak involvement with Theosophy.There is a trough during the Great War (World War 1;1914-1918)   publishing output of Britain (and other of the belligerent countries) was constrained by war-time shortages and the appropriation of resources for military purposes, and the interchange of Anglo-books into Germany was truncated by diminished trade opportunities.Steiner was based in Dornach, Switzerland by the time war broke out, but he continued to travel throughout Germany.The early Anthroposophy-style buildings were built in this period, such as the first Goetheanum and the Glass House at Dornach.Theosophy (n= 164): Theosophy books dominate the Anglo-books of Rudolf Steiner's personal library (Figure 3).The publication dates range from 1877 to 1923 (Figure 4).Steiner was the General Secretary of the German branch of the Theosophical Society from its founding in October 1902to 1912(Wachsmuth, 1989).Just over half of the Anglo-books in Steiner's library are Theosophy books (164 out of 327) (Figure 3).It was Theosophy that gave Steiner his 'break', his opportunity to voice his thoughts to an engaged audience of seekers.After a decade, he split with the Theosophists and founded the Anthroposophical Society in 1912 (Wachsmuth, 1989).The leading theosophists of the day are prominently represented in Steiner's library and what is clear is that he continued to actively acquire Theosophy titles for the following several decades.
Besant writes in her book What Theosophy Is that: "The justification of the Theosophical propaganda lies in the present condition of Christendom, to say nothing of the condition of Eastern lands.The wars, the labor strifes, the heartbreaking poverty, the unbrotherly competition, the brutality, the prostitution, the drunkenness -all these evils are rife in a civilization that calls itself Christian.And those who love man, who seek for the progress of the race, cannot but welcome into the field as allies in their warfare against sin and sorrow those who bring in their hands the priceless weapon of a knowledge which explains man's nature and the nature of the universe, and so opens up the road to his final triumph … The first principle to grasp is the Esoteric Philosophy -spoken of as Theosophy in modern times" (Appendix A #70, c.1920s, p.2).

Religion (n=67):
The second most populated category of Anglo-books in Rudolf Steiner's personal library is Religion (n=67) (Figure 3).The Anglo-books on Theosophy and Anthroposophy are dealt with separately (and are not accounted for in the Religion category).Books in this category reflect the wide-ranging interests of Steiner.Included are Anglo-titles about Christianity, Catholics, Anglicans, Jesuits, Rosicrucians, Freemasons, Occultism, angels, incarnation, and Vedanta.There is a set of lectures to the British House of Lords by Lord Seaton on The New Religion (#262).
Steiner's library contains two books by the New Age religionist American, Mary Baker Eddy (1821Eddy ( -1910)): Rudimental Divine Science (1898) and Science and Health: With Key to the Scriptures (1900) (Appendix A, #s 133, 134).Both books are out of copyright and are available free on the WWW from gutenberg.org.Eddy's battleground of ideas was the USA.She wrote at least 15 books, attracted many followers and founded the Church of Christ, Scientist.The headquarters is in Boston, Massachusetts.In the earlier book (#133), Eddy wrote of 'Divine Science' and in the later book of 'Christian Science'.Her book Science and Health is her most influential work.In it she champions 'Christian Science'.There are numerous parallels (and many differences) between Eddy and Steiner.They both recognised the prevailing zeitgeist of the times as 'science' and sought to couple it with their personal take on spirituality; it was 'Christian Science' for Eddy, and 'Spiritual Science' for Steiner.Both characterised the propagation of their ideas as a 'Movement'.Both attracted devoted followers, and made some enemies along the way.Both established impressive, imposing and architecturally distinctive headquarters (Eddy in Boston, Massachusetts, and Steiner in Dornach, Switzerland).Both envisioned their respective movements spreading beyond their own shores (that has been fulfilled for both to a limited extent).Eddy demonstrated in the USA that there was an appetite for New Age thinking and she harnessed fresh characterisations of Christian precepts.Steiner did something similar in Europe and may have taken some inspiration from Eddy's success (and perhaps lessons from her tribulations).The Great War (1914War ( -1918) (WW1) was the catastrophe of the era and it left 18 million dead.There was a scramble to understand it, to propagandise it, to report it, and to blame-shift.Books of the time make curious reading a century later (and in the light of subsequent German and world history).Dehn's 1914 book, Truth about Germany: Facts about the War was published in New York and it was addressed to Americans (remembering that USA was late into the war, joining on the side of the Entente only in 1917).Dehn asserted, of Germany, that: "Not one human being amongst us dreamt of war.We are a nation that wishes to lead a quiet and industrious life … you Americans.You, of all others, know the temper of the German who lives within your gates.Our love of peace is so strong … Never would a German government dare to contemplate a war for the sake of dynastic interest, or for the sake of glory … Do not believe the mischievous lies that our enemies are spreading about!… Who is responsible for the war?Not Germany!" (#124, pp.5-10).
The German Government (1914) published The German White-Book: How Russia and her Ruler Betrayed Germany's Confidence and Thereby Caused the European War (#146).This booklet (in English) was published in Berlin and is a translation of the booklet published in German: Das Deutsche Weißbuch.This booklet reports that Russia's Tzar Nicholas urged restraint and foresaw that a prospective European war would be a "calamity".Germany's Emperor Wilhelm foresaw such a European war would be "the most terrible war it has ever seen".This booklet presents a timeline of how the war was blundered into and the apologetics of the war from the perspective of the German Government.
The White-Book reported: "On June 28 [1914] the Austro-Hungarian successor to the throne, Arch-Duke Franz Ferdinand, and his wife, the Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated by a member of a band of Servian [=Serbian] conspirators" (#146, p.3). "We were perfectly aware that a possible warlike attitude of Austria-Hungary against Servia [=Serbia] might bring Russia upon the field, and that it might therefore involve us in a war, in accordance with our duty as allies.We could not, however, in these vital interests of Austria-Hungary, which were at stake, advise our ally to take a yielding attitude not compatible with his dignity, nor deny him our assistance in these trying days" (#146, p.4) The White-Book continued: "We, therefore, permitted Austria a completely free hand in her action towards Servia but have not participated in her preparations" (RSA#146, p.5). "From this moment Austria was in fact in a state of war with Servia, which it proclaimed officially on the 28 of July by declaring war … We emphatically took the position that no civilised country possessed the right to stay the arm of Austria in this struggle with barbarism and political crime, and to shield the Servians against their just punishment" (#146, p.6).
The White-Book quoted Russia's Tzar Nicholas writing to German Emperor Wilhelm: "An ignominious war has been declared against a weak country and in Russia the indignation which I fully share is tremendous.I fear that very soon I shall be unable to resist the pressure exercised upon me and that I shall be forced to take measures which will lead to war.To prevent a calamity as a European war would be, I urge you in the name of our old friendship to do all in your power to restrain your ally from going too far.July 29 [1914] signed: Nicolas" (#146, p.44).
Germany's response: "To the Tzar: I cannot -as I told you in my first telegram -consider the action of Austria-Hungary as an 'ignominious war'.Austria-Hungary knows from experience that the promises of Servia as long as they are merely on paper are entirely unreliable.According to my opinion the action of Austria-Hungary is to be considered as an attempt to receive full guaranty that the promises of Servia are effectively translated into deeds.In this opinion I am strengthened by the explanation of the Austrian cabinet that Austria-Hungary intended no territorial gain at the expense of Servia.I am therefore of opinion that it is perfectly possible for Russia to remain a spectator in the Austro-Servia war without drawing Europe into the most terrible war it has ever seen.I believe that a direct understanding is possible and desirable between Your Government and Vienna, an understanding which -as I have already telegraphed you -my Government endeavors to aid with all possible effort.Wilhelm 29 July [1914] (#146, p.45) Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914.Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August.Germany invaded neutral Belgium on 4 August.The point of no return had been passed and interlocking treaties and militaristic bombast tipped others in the maelstrom which engulfed the world, until 1918.
Steiner did not take a pacifist stance nor a condemnatory stance during the war.He published his own Thoughts During the Time of War: For Germans and those who do not believe they must hate them (tr.) (Steiner. 1915).It was not out of step with published German Government views.Steiner wrote that "The warrior is steeled by the awareness that he is fighting for the most precious good that the earth has to give to mankind … out of blood and death, the development of mankind will rise to aims for which the sacrifices were necessary, and which will justify them" (p.3).
Steiner's library contains three copies of Sergei Nilus's The Jewish Peril: The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion (Appendix A, #s 230, 231, 232).The book was controversial in its day, and probably remains so today, more than a century after its publication.The Preface addressed claims that it was a forgery.The Preface of the Fifth edition states: "it must be borne in mind that Nilus first published the Protocols in 1902; that the edition from which our translation was made was published in 1905, and that the actual copy which was used in the translation is now in the British Museum, having stamped on it the date of its reception, 10th August, 1906.There is no getting over these dates, which prove that the World War, the crucifixion of Russia, strikes, revolutions and assassinations, have all taken place 'according to plan.'And that plan was not the plan of Germany, nor the plan of England, nor the plan of any other nation except the Nation of Jewry, with its secret language and secret government -The Hidden Hand -now, at length, completely revealed in the Protocols, which, it need hardly be said, were never intended for Gentile eyes to see" (Preface in Nilus, 1921b, p.2). Consistent with the claim of a copy in the British Library, there is a copy, in Russian, of the Protocols (Nilus, 1905).There is a further copy, in the British Library, also in Russian, published several years later, but still prior to the Great War (Nilus, 1911).When the Protocols appeared in English its authenticity was attacked (e.g. by Wolf, 1920) and defended (e.g. by Nilus, 1921a).The Preface declared that: "Of course, Jews say the Protocols are a forgery.But the Great War was no forgery; the fate of Russia is no forgery; and these were predicted by the Learned Elders as long ago as 1901.The Great War was no German war -it was a Jew war.It was plotted by Jews, and was waged by Jewry on the Stock Exchanges of the world.The generals and the admirals were all controlled by Jewry.The revelations of the Jutland Battle and its sequel give one small example of how the Jews conducted the war, whether by land or sea; how they secured the 'profits' of the war for Jews, and how they obtained controlling power for Jewry over all the belligerents" (Preface in Nilus, 1921b, p.2).
During the years of WW1, Steiner continued to travel and lecture, but he did not venture beyond the bloc of the Central Powers.Civilian travel was restricted during the course of the war and, travelling on an Austrian passport, Steiner would have been officially confined to the Central Power bloc and excluded from the countries of the Entente.During WW1, Steiner lectured in Germany (Berlin, Stuttgart, Nuremberg, Elberfeld, Dusseldorf, Munich, Hamburg, Kassel, and Leipzig), and in Austria-Hungary (Vienna, Prague and Linz).In neutral Switzerland most lectures were at Dornach, with others at Bern, Liestal and St Gallen.His first visit to Britain after the war was in April 1922 to Stratford-on-Avon (Paull, 2013;Villeneuve, 2004).Just a decade after Steiner's death, the Anthroposophy Society was banned in Germany (in 1935) and the Waldorf schools in Germany were progressively closed down.

Philosophy (n=21):
Steiner's Anglo-books on Philosophy (n=21) (Figure 3) include four books inscribed by the author John Stuart Mackenzie, British philosopher and Anthroposophist (#s 205, 206, 207, 208) and one by his wife Millicent Mackenzie on Hegel (#209).Steiner's library hosts a copy of the Critical and Miscellaneous Essays (1888) (#98) by Scottish philosopher and historian Robert Carlyle (1795-1881).The book is dominated by Germanic themes; it includes five essays on Goethe, one on Schiller, and twelve other essays variously on German poets, writers, history and literature.There are two books about Plato (#s 136, 202), one on Yoga Philosophy (#305), and there are Volumes 1 and 2 of Pryns Hopkins' (1919) Philosophy of Helpfulness (#s 161, 162).

Anthroposophy (n=11):
There are 11 books on Anthroposophy (Figure 3) in Steiner's library.Ten of these are by Steiner himself, they are Anglo-editions, translations of works previously published in German.The remaining Anthropop-book is by his acolyte and translator, George Kaufmann, Fruits of Anthroposophy: An Introduction to the Work of Rudolf Steiner (#170).George Kaufmann was a remarkable linguist who translated "well over a hundred" of Steiner's lectures to English-speaking audiences, beginning with the teachers conference at Dornach in December 1921 and quickly followed by the Stratford-on-Avon and Oxford visits of 1922 (Adams, 1958, p.11;Paull, 2011Paull, , 2013) ) and translated Steiner's writings into English, including the Agriculture Course (Steiner, 1924a).Kaufmann was the son of an Australian father and an English mother.He was born on the oilfields of Eastern Europe and educated at boarding school in England and took a degree in chemistry at Cambridge University.Kaufmann was a Quaker, a pacifist, and in 1940 changed his name to Adams, his mother's maiden name.
In Fruits of Anthroposophy, Kaufmann writes: "This book is an attempt to meet a need that is making itself more and more widely felt … The number of those who have come to respect this great thinker … is considerable.In recent years the Anthroposophical Movement of which he is the leader has come into evidence as an active spiritual force in European life, a centre of fruitful pioneering work in almost every sphere … considerable interest has lately been aroused on this side of the Channel, in America, and in the Colonies" (Kaufmann, 1922, p.v).

History (n=9):
Steiner's nine Anglo-books in the History category (n=9) (Figure 3) range from Ancient Egypt (n=3: #s 93, 94, 322) through to contemporary biography (n=3).There are single works on the histories of England (#148), Poland (#203), and the Rosicrucians (#321).There are three works of contemporary biography (#s 96, 183, 291).Emily Cape's account of Lester F Ward (#96) (inscribed to Steiner by the author) has the hallmarks of a work of adulation, if not infatuation: "For several years I was closely associated with Dr. Ward as co-editor … Month after month I worked with him … I found in the wonderful and beautiful friendship thus developed a revelation of qualities of mind and heart which could be perceived only through intimate and harmonious relations.Naturally I learned much of the man and of his life.From the many letters and much data in my possession I shall be able to offer a more intimate portrait … and many of his thoughts never before in print.Dr. Ward's emotional nature was sublime, and only one knowing him through the heart as through the brain, realized how the following pages will reveal that nothing is more true of Lester F. Ward than that he had: 'The mind of a sage, the heart of a woman, the soul of a poet'''.
At the outset, Rabindranath Tagore in his My Reminisces (#291) distances his flavour of autobiography from history, he writes: "I know not who paints the pictures on memory's canvas; but whoever he may be, what he is painting are pictures; by which I mean that he is not there with his brush simply to make a faithful copy of all that is happening.He takes in and leaves out according to his taste.He makes many a big thing small and small thing big.He has no compunction in putting into the background that which was to the fore, or bringing to the front that which was behind.In short he is painting pictures and not writing history (p.1).
Countess Marie Larisch in My Past (#183) presents an autobiographical account of various goings on, intrigues and scandals in the Bavarian and Austrian Royal families: "I was educated at home and hated all of my many excellent and long-suffering governesses.I learned to fence and to ride six horses a day, and I was certainly to all intents and purposes a very boyish girl.After the war of 1866 we went to live in Munich, first at a house in the town, and then at my father's own palace; there more teachers worried me and were worried by me, but I succeeded in acquiring a fair knowledge of Latin" (p.6).

Arts (n=9):
There are a small number of Anglo-books in the Arts category (n=9) (Figure 3).Most of these are catalogues and guides, including exhibition catalogues (n=6).These include: British Museum: A Guide to Babylonian and Assyrian Antiquities (#87), and catalogues from the Victoria & Albert Museum (#303), the Wallace Collection of Old Masters (#306), the exhibition of Russian Theosophist artist Nicholas Roerich (#86), and a Hollyer catalogue of reproductions (#159).
Two of Steiner's Anglo-books on the Arts are lectures.There is a lecture on painting with sound, presented to the Linnean Society, London (#8) and an Oxford Professor of Poetry's rather turgid lecture titled The Art of Poetry (#171).There is Walter Pater's The Renaissance: Studies in Art and Poetry (1909) (#243).Pater writes that: "Many attempts have been made by writers on art and poetry to define beauty in the abstract, to express it in the most general terms, to find a universal formula for it.The value of these attempts has most often been in the suggestive and penetrating things said by the way.Such discussions help us very little to enjoy what has been well done in art or poetry, to discriminate between what is more and what is less excellent in them, or to use words like beauty, excellence, art, poetry, with a more precise meaning than they would otherwise have.Beauty, like all other qualities presented to human experience, is relative; and the definition of it becomes unmeaning and useless in proportion to its abstractness.To define beauty, not in the most abstract, but in the most concrete terms possible, to find, not a universal formula for it, but the formula which expresses most adequately this or that special manifestation of it, is the aim of the true student of aesthetics" (Preface, #243).
Pater continues: "What is important, then, is not that the critic should possess a correct abstract definition of beauty for the intellect, but a certain kind of temperament, the power of being deeply moved by the presence of beautiful objects.He will remember always that beauty exists in many forms.To him all periods, types, schools of taste, are in themselves equal.In all ages there have been some excellent workmen, and some excellent work done.The question he asks is always:-In whom did the stir, the genius, the sentiment of the period find itself?Where was the receptacle of its refinement, its elevation, its taste?'The ages are all equal,' says William Blake, 'but genius is always above its age.'''(Preface, # 243) Vol. 9, No. 3, pp.21-46, September 2018 Steiner was keenly interested in art.According to Steiner: "anthroposophy is not only a theoretical conception of the world, but from its nature gives rise to a special style of art" (quoted in Wachsmuth, 1958, p.188).Steiner developed his own distinctive styles of art (Paull, 2016), architecture (Steiner, 1914), sculpture (Selg, 2009), and dance (Steiner, 1923).Steiner encouraged visiting artists to paint in the 'Anthroposophic style' (Paull, 2016).He designed many buildings at Dornach, Switzerland, and his architectural masterpiece is the remarkable Goetheanum.It is Steiner's creation, the Goetheanum that perhaps best epitomizes what Pater wrote in 1909 of as "genius" that "is always above its age" (#243).

Discussion and Conclusion
Despite the public persona of Rudolf Steiner as thoroughly German, the present paper reveals that his library, while predominantly German as we would expect, also contained some hundreds of books in English, as well as other languages less well represented.The Anglo-books identified in the present study reveal a Rudolf Steiner very engaged with the Anglosphere of publishing.The wide variety of topics reveals a Steiner whose intellectual curiosity ranged widely.His remarkable and extensive personal collection of Theosophy imprints reveals his abiding interest and curiosity in all things Theosophy.The 327 books identified in the present study should be regarded as a lower bound on the Anglo-books in Steiner's personal library; for reasons of constraints of time and access it seems probable that some Anglo-books of the library have escaped this listing, and that offers an opportunity for supplementary further research.
Perhaps a personal library, acquired over a lifetime, is a window to the soul.In any event, there are conclusions that can be drawn from the present tally of Steiner's English language books, and from these Anglo-holdings within the context of his total library.Firstly, it is clear that Steiner was actively engaged with Anglo acquisitions right up to the time of his passing.His books include items published up to and including the final year of his life (viz.1925).
Secondly, it is clear that Steiner preferred a book translated into his native language of German where that was available.Where no such translation was available he acquired books of interest in the original language.
Thirdly, Steiner maintained a keen interest in Theosophy, right to the end of his life.His departure from the Theosophy Society and his founding of the Anthroposophical Society as a breakaway entity in 1912 appears to have not diminished in any way his interest in Theosophy and the Theosophists.The Theosophists turned eastward in their spiritual quest, drawing heavily on Hindu and Vedic thought and establishing their headquarters in Adyar, Madras (now Chennai, capital of Tamil Nadu state, India).Steiner's teachings drew heavily on Christian themes but he also drew on Vedic traditions and Sanskrit terminology.There were many lectures on karma, he talked of the world as maya (illusion), and he would prescribe a mantra for a seeker.Other Sanskrit terms used by Steiner include kamaloca, kundalini and pralaya.Steiner also talked of reincarnation, a core concept in the canon of Anthroposophy, but an idea much more firmly embedded in Eastern thought rather than Christian tradition.
Fourthly, a consideration of Steiner's library can, and ought to, inform future biographers and revise current analyses.For example, Lindenberg (2017, p.471), writes of the Treaty of Versailles (of 1919) that: "To challenge this unilateral assignment of guilt [to Germany], Steiner demanded … 'an unvarnished' report of the events leading up to the outbreak of war … there should be a simple report of what took place, step by step, hour to hour.Such a report … would also show just how surprised everyone was by the sequence of events … Rudolf Steiner hoped … that a straightforward documentation of the events would show that the initiative to begin a war had not originated in Germany".What purports to be just such a report was in Steiner's library (German Government, 1914, #146).That item offers no support for Lindenberg's contention of "just how surprised everyone was by the sequence of events" (p.471).
Fifthly, the diversity of books reveals the breadth of Steiner's interests and engagement with a broad spectrum of topics including spiritual matters, religion, arts, science, politics, and history.These topics were woven into his lectures and books.
Sixthly, the Anglo-books offer a small window, or perhaps just a key-hole glimpse, into the mind of Rudolf Steiner.What is clear is that further research into Steiner's personal library is warranted and will reveal fresh insights into the life and times of this remarkable individual.Rudolf Steiner's personal library was collected over five decades, spanning the closing decades of the nineteenth century and the opening decades of the twentieth century.This library cannot be regarded in any way as a typical personal library of the era.It is, instead, a most personal and idiosyncratic collection.What makes it particularly interesting, and worthy of the present study as well as further study, is (a) its owner and (b) the fact that it has been 'frozen-in-time' and preserved intact for the best part of a century after the owner's death.

Figure1.
Figure1.The personal library of Rudolf Steiner is rehoused at the Rudolf Steiner Archive, Dornach, Switzerland.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: The publication dates of Anglo-books in the personal library of Rudolf Steiner (n=327).
After the Great War (WW1), Anglo-book acquisitions for Steiner's library peak for the publication years of 1920 (n=18) and 1922 (n=18), and then trail off to just 5 acquisitions for 1923 (the year following the Goetheanum burning to the ground), to 3 in 1924 (#94 about Ancient Egypt, #210 a presentation copy on contemporary philosophy, #303 a Victoria & Albert Museum catalogue) (it was the year following the claimed poisoning of Steiner), and down to just one for 1925 (#95, about Ancient Egypt) (the final year of his life).There is a 1926 imprint book by Bhagawan Das (#123).The date is an anomaly givenSteiner's  death in 1925;  this is either a posthumous addition or a transcription error.The book is a presentation copy from the author based in India with a publisher in Calcutta.This book is not listed in wordcat.orgwhich indicates it is a very obscure title.News of Rudolf Steiner's death in 1925 was reported as far away as in the Australian press (and so most probably in the Indian press) but may have not reachedDas.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: The distribution by category of Anglo-books in the personal library of Rudolf Steiner (n=327).

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: The publication dates of Anglo-books on Theosophy (n=164) in the personal library of Rudolf Steiner.

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: The distribution by author of Theosophy Anglo-Books in the personal library of Rudolf Steiner (n=164) (2 books have dual authors, Leadbeater & Besant).
a time when there were no trips to Britain bySteiner, the