Bibliometric Analysis of Technopreneurship Research in Scopus Database

: Post Covid-19 outbreak has shown a growing trend in technology adoption. Instantaneously, the research on technology entrepreneurship has surged to shed light on the impact of this research on the national economy. This research aims to explore research papers specifically research journal articles on technopreneurship that were published in the Scopus database. 489 and 106 documents were found in the Scopus database on the query of technology entrepreneurship and technopreneurship and were extracted to VOSviewer for data visualization. Key themes were identified using co-word or co-occurrence analysis, and relevant future study directions were demonstrated.


Introduction
Research on technology entrepreneurship or technopreneurship has been conducted by various researchers all over the world since the term was first used in 1968 to discuss the role of developing entrepreneurship that interacts with technology.The objective of this research is to explore research papers specifically research journal articles on technopreneurship that were published in Scopus.The data extracted from the Scopus database and search query was refined and intended to focus on technopreneurship and technology entrepreneurship.The VOSviewer software was opted for this study to envision the terms technology entrepreneurship and technopreneurship research.Previous studies on technology entrepreneurship have been conducted by scholars from various countries and the research has been published in various platforms such as conferences, conceptual papers, matrix analysis, empirical research, problem identification, etc. Bibliometric research is the analysis of the literature on a specific topic that extends beyond just compiling scientific texts and their contributions to theory and practice (Rodrigues, Daniel, and Franco, 2022).Mentzer and Kahn (1995) stated the critical value of summarizing.
The literature on the issue is under consideration and identifying gaps and developing routes for future study, with the main goal of contributing to the advancement of scientific knowledge on the subject.According to Elisabetta et al. (2019);and Geng et al. (2017), in the context of quantitative studies, bibliometric is a statistical analysis approach that is useful for assessing the research outputs, relevance, and impact exerted by authors, colleges or universities, journals, and so on within the area of study.According to Yordanova et al. (2020);and Beckman et al. (2012), technopreneurship is a combination of technology entrepreneurship that indicates entrepreneurship emerges entrepreneurship and also technology-based innovation.It contributes to the improvement and expansion of the firm by resulting in higher revenue from an improved product by employing technology (Gebrekidan, 2023).Various scholars used technopreneurship in their literature, while several others used the term technology entrepreneurship in their study.Hence, this study will analyze both key terms to get a clear visual of the trend in this research area.

Literature Review
Technopreneurship is a combination of technology and entrepreneurship.The key term has been used by many researchers since 1983, the year it was introduced.Byers (1983) defines technopreneurs as entrepreneurs who are technologically knowledgeable and employ technology in the entrepreneurship process.Technology entrepreneurship is defined as the establishment of a new firm with goods or services that are based substantially on the application of scientific or technological knowledge (Yordanova, 2021;Allen, 1992).Technopreneurship has been referred to by multiple names, including technology entrepreneurship, techno-entrepreneurship, technical entrepreneurship, and technology entrepreneurial ecosystems (Therin, 2007).In the age of technological digitization, an increasing number of technology enterprises contribute to the economy and provide job opportunities, leading educational institutions to develop technopreneurs programs to instill entrepreneurial behavior in students (Hoque et al., 2017;Barbe, Magids, and Thornton, 2003).Technopreneurship is defined as the act of breaking the conventional economic order by developing new goods or services and utilizing new raw materials to capitalize on untapped prospects (Selladurai, 2016).According to the author, a technopreneur is someone who is technologically knowledgeable, has a creative mindset, is an optimist, and is courageous and enthusiastic about pursuing a road that has never been explored.
In the business world, the rise of technopreneurship is considered an economic development engine, as technology innovation typically improves the quality of life and provides more convenience, while also opening up new prospects for firms.According to Yordanova (2021), encouraging technopreneurship is critical since creating technologies may increase wealth value creation and economic growth.There has been limited research on technopreneurship in the academic sphere.Zhang et al. (2008), Koe et al. (2020), andBoller (2018) have agreed on this.Meanwhile, Yordanova (2021) and Mosey et al. (2017) propose more studies on the role of entrepreneurial education and university efforts in the development of talent and personal experience related to technology entrepreneurship.According to several recent studies, further research is needed to understand how colleges might support student entrepreneurship.According to Yordanova (2021), understanding ways for unleashing technical potential and boosting technological entrepreneurship among STEM students may both be obtained via study on technological processes.

Methodology
The data extracted from the Scopus database analyze search results that query the code TITLE-ABS-KEY ("technopreneurship") and TITLE-ABS-KEY ("technology entrepreneurship").The data was retrieved on 1st June 2023 and the result shows 106 documents for the keyword technopreneurship and 489 documents for the keyword technology entrepreneurship.It shows that most of the research tends to use technology entrepreneurship rather than technopreneurship, however, the number of documents is expected to increase from time to time.In addition, the VOSviewer software is also being used for data collection to analyze the coauthorship networks, co-occurrence, and keyword networks.For that purpose, query expansion (QE) was employed to refine the obtained literature based on the operational definition.The research objective is to explore research in the context of technopreneurship and technology entrepreneurship that was published in Scopus.For the QE process, the search string was used as follows: TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "technology entrepreneurship" ) ensure the documents shown that may have the elements of significant usage such as printed books, e-learning, and database systems exhibit the co-occurrence of technology entrepreneurship documents.

Research and Discussion
Figure 1 shows that the first research article on technology entrepreneurship was published in 1969 with 489 search results.When the search string TITLE-ABS-KEY (technology AND entrepreneurship) is used, it shows that the first paper was published in 1968 with 9801 documents shown.On the other hand, for the technopreneurship keyword, the result shows that the keyword was first used in 2000, with 106 documents shown (refer to figure 2).This indicated that the word technopreneurship which is a combination of technology and entrepreneurship was first published in Scopus in the year 2000 by Arora VK.As shown in Figure 1, the search result for the keyword 'technology entrepreneurship' shows that 50 documents were published in 2019 which was the greatest number, followed by 45 documents the following year.The third and fourth highest number of documents was published in 2022 and 2014, with 39 and 38 documents respectively.Meanwhile, Figure 2 shows that the greatest number of documents published about technopreneurship was in 2020 with 17 documents, followed by 14 documents in both the years 2021 and 2022.Looking at this trend, the COVID-19 pandemic that started in 2019 has made research on technology entrepreneurship more popular as the world has shifted to digital transformation.The graph in Figure 5 shows the documents published by different authors in the Scopus database.Most of the documents were published by Walsh, S.T. with 11 documents, followed by Walsh, S with 9 documents, Elia, G with 8 documents, Giones, F with 7 documents, while the rest of the authors had published not more than 6 documents.Meanwhile, for technopreneurship documents (refer to Figure 6); the highest number of documents is 8 documents which were published by Sutopo, W. The second highest is 5 documents, published by Hisjam, M. This is followed by 3 documents each, published by Herawati, S., Hidayat, H., Koe, W.L., Milton-Smith, J. and Wong, P.K.  8 shows Scopus documents published by affiliations when the technopreneurship keyword is used.The greatest number of documents was published by Universitas Sebelas Maret with 8 documents.The second-highest number of documents was published by Universiti Teknologi MARA and the National University of Singapore with 5 documents from each university.This is followed by 4 documents published by Nanyang Technological University.For the rest of the affiliations, less than 4 documents were published.The above trend shows that the technopreneurship keyword is more familiar and popular among researchers from Asian countries, whereas most Western countries prefer to use the key term technology entrepreneurship in its full form.Details of the country of origin of the documents can be found in the next figures.the graph of documents by country or territory that were published in the Scopus database for both the key terms technology entrepreneurship and technopreneurship.Using the keywords technology entrepreneurship, the country with the highest number of documents is the United States with 170 documents.The second highest is the United Kingdom with 49 documents published.This is followed by Canada, China, and the Russian Federation with 27, 25, and 23 published documents respectively.Meanwhile, for the technopreneurship keyword, the highest number of documents is from Indonesia with a total of 33 documents.The second highest is Malaysia with 22 documents, followed by Singapore with 8 documents and India with 7 documents making them the third and fourth highest.The rest of the countries published not more than 3 documents.The graph indicated that the technopreneurship key term is widely used among researchers in Asia countries.From co-word data analysis collected from the software VOSviewer, the result was divided into clusters based on similar themes.Figure 11

Study Implication:
The findings of this study may benefit future research in the field of technopreneurship or technology entrepreneurship.This study would provide information on keywords that have been used by previous researchers, sources of documents, authors and affiliations that contribute the most to technopreneurship studies, as well as the most documents found by territory or country.From the data, it is found that the term has been used differently in different territories.Technopreneurship is most likely used by researchers from Asia countries, while the keyword technology entrepreneurship has been widely used among researchers from Western countries.On the other hand, this study would be beneficial for academicians in providing analysis information on studies that have been conducted on technopreneurship.The information may further enrich the present evidence of study, and may also help the researchers to improve the current studies.

Conclusion
In conclusion, this research has analyzed previous research, particularly in the context of technology entrepreneurship and technopreneurship.Technology entrepreneurship and technopreneurship are defined the same, however, it appears that the term technopreneurship is more widely used by researchers from Asian countries, especially Southeast Asia.In addition, it has been revealed that this research topic has been conducted in a multidisciplinary approach and has a connection to entrepreneurship education and economic growth.Nevertheless, there are still hurdles that must be addressed to ensure that the oversight of technology entrepreneurship is on the right path to alleviate unemployment among graduates and improve the standard of living domestically and worldwide.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Screenshot of Scopus Document by Year for Technology Entrepreneurship Keyword

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Screenshot of Scopus Document by Year and Sources for Technology Entrepreneurship Keyword

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Screenshot of Scopus Document by Authors for Technology Entrepreneurship Keyword

Figure 7 :
Figure 7: Screenshot of Scopus Document by Affiliations for Technology Entrepreneurship Keyword Figures 9 and 10 show the graph of documents by country or territory that were published in the Scopus database for both the key terms technology entrepreneurship and technopreneurship.Using the keywords technology entrepreneurship, the country with the highest number of documents is the United States with 170 documents.The second highest is the United Kingdom with 49 documents published.This is followed by Canada, China, and the Russian Federation with 27, 25, and 23 published documents respectively.Meanwhile, for the technopreneurship keyword, the highest number of documents is from Indonesia with a total of 33 documents.The second highest is Malaysia with 22 documents, followed by Singapore with 8 documents and India with 7 documents making them the third and fourth highest.The rest of the countries published not more than 3 documents.The graph indicated that the technopreneurship key term is widely used among researchers in Asia countries.

Figure 9 :
Figure 9: Screenshot of Scopus Document by Country/Territory for Technology Entrepreneurship Keyword illustrates the theme of the keywords which appear in different colors to indicate different clusters.The result was divided into 6 different clusters.The researcher interprets the cluster as follows: Cluster 1 Economy Impact, Cluster 2 Technology Advantage, Cluster 3 Education, Cluster 4 Technology Transfer, Cluster 5 Technology Advancement and Cluster 6 Engineering.

Figure
Figure 13: The 106 Documents on Technopreneurship via VOSviewer Co-Word Analysis